Accommodatıon Establıshments’ Awareness Of Clımate Change And Adaptatıon Strategıes

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the awareness of the managers working in accommodation establishments regarding climate change, the adaptation strategies they apply to climate change in their establishments, the obstacles they encounter in their adaptation strategies, and their needs. To achieve the aim of the study, the interview technique, one of the qualitative research approaches, was used. The criterion sampling method was used to determine the accommodation establishments operating in Rize. 7 managers from accommodation establishments operating in Rize voluntarily participated in the interview held within the scope of the study. The data obtained from the interview were analyzed in the MAXQDA program. The data obtained were analyzed by using descriptive analysis, a deductive data analysis technique. In the light of the findings obtained as a result of the analysis, it was concluded that the participants’ awareness of climate change was at a low level. It was determined that there was no strategy applied for climate change in the majority of enterprises, but there were implementations for saving in enterprises. On the other hand, establishments having an adaptation strategy for climate change adopted a strategy only in terms of education and management. In addition, among the obstacles faced by establishments in their climate change adaptation strategies are lack of awareness, limited knowledge, and lack of financial power and sufficient leadership. In order for establishments to adopt adaptation strategies for climate change, increased awareness of this phenomenon, sufficient information, good leadership and incentives are needed. As a result of the study, various suggestions were made for scientific studies and implementations for the future.

Keywords

• Climate Change
• Accommodation Establishments
• Adaptation Strategies
• Rize

Konaklama İşletmelerinin İklim Değişikliğine Yönelik Farkındalıkları ve Adaptasyon Stratejileri

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, konaklama işletmelerinde çalışan yöneticilerin iklim değişikliğine yönelik farkındalıklarını, işletmelerinde iklim değişikliğine yönelik uyguladıkları adaptasyon stratejilerini, adaptasyon stratejilerinde karşılaştıkları engelleri ve ihtiyaçları belirlemektir. Çalışmanın amacına ulaşmak için nitel araştırma yaklaşımından görüşme tekniği kullanılmıştır. Rize’de faaliyet gösteren konaklama işletmelerinin belirlenmesi için ölçüt örnekleme yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yapılan görüşmeye, Rize’de faaliyet gösteren konaklama işletmelerinden 7 yönetici gönüllü olarak katılım sağlamıştır. Görüşme sonunda elde edilen veriler MAXQDA programında analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler tümdengelimci veri analiz tekniğinden betimsel analizden faydalanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgular ışığında, katılımcıların iklim değişikliğine yönelik farkındalıklarının düşük seviyede olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. İşletmelerin çoğunluğunda iklim değişikliğine yönelik uygulanan herhangi bir stratejinin olmadığı ancak işletmelerde tasarruf amaçlı uygulanan uygulamaların olduğu belirlenmiştir. İklim değişikliğine yönelik adaptasyon stratejisine sahip olan işletmeler ise yalnızca eğitimsel ve yönetimsel açıdan bir strateji benimsemektedirler. Ayrıca işletmelerin iklim değişikliği adaptasyon stratejilerinde karşılaştıkları engeller arasında farkındalığın olmaması, sınırlı bilgi, maddi güç ve yeterli düzeyde liderliğin olmaması yer almaktadır. İşletmelerin iklim değişikline yönelik adaptasyon stratejilerini benimsenmesi için bu olguya ilişkin farkındalığın arttırılmasına, yeterli düzeyde bilginin olmasına, iyi bir liderliğin olmasına ve teşviklere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda gelecek dönemde yapılacak bilimsel çalışmalara ve uygulamalara çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İklim Değişikliği
• Konaklama İşletmeleri
• Adaptasyon Stratejileri
• Rize.

References

1. Adger, W. N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D. R. vd.,. (2009). “Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change?”. Climatic Change, 93(3–4), 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-008-9520-z
2. Aydemir, B., ve Şenerol, H. (2014). İklim değişikliği ve Türkiye turizmine etkileri: Delfi anket yöntemiyle yapılan bir uygulama çalışması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(31), 381-416
3. Aygün, A. (2021). Impacts of climate change on tourism sector in Turkey: Challenges and future prospects (Doktora Tezi). İstanbul: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi
4. Bayazıt, S. (2018). “İklim değişikliği ve turizm ilişkisinin Türkiye iç turizmi açısından incelenmesi”. Anatolia: Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 29 (2), 221-231. https://doi.org/0000-0001-5502-4251
5. Becken, S. (2013). A review of tourism and climate change as an evolving knowledge domain. Tourism Management Perspectives, 6, 53-62. . http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2012.11.006
6. Becken, S., Garofano, N., McLennan, C., Moore, S., Rajan, R., and Watt M. (2014). “From challenges to solutions. 2nd white paper on tourism and water.”. Griffith Institute for Tourism Research Report Series, No. 1.
7. Becken, S., Marquardt, M., and McKenzie, S. (2006). Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of small to medium-sized tourism businesses: A case-study approach (Landcare Research Internal Report). Lincoln: Manaki Whenua Press.
8. Bode, S., Hapke, J., and Zisler, S. (2003). “Need and options for a regenerative energy supply in holiday facilities”. Tourism Management, 24, 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00067-5

9. Bohdanowicz, P. (2006). “Environmental awareness and initiatives in the Swedish and Polish hotel industries – survey results”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 25, 662–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2005.06.006
10. Bohdanowicz, P., and Martinac, I. (2007). “Determinants and benchmarking of resource consumption in hotels – case study of Hilton International and Scandic in Europe”. Energy and Buildings, 39, 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2006.05.005
11. Bohdanowicz, P., Churie-Kallhauge, A., and Martinac, I. (2001). Energy-efficiency and conservation in hotels – towards sustainable tourism. Paper presented at the 4th international symposium on Asia Pacific architecture, Hawai’I.
12. Burroughs, W. R. (2007). Climate change: A multidisciplinary approach (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chan, E.S.W. (2008). “Barriers to EMS in the hotel industry”. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 27, 187–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.07.011
13. Chan, W.W., Mak, L.M., Chen, Y.M., Wang, Y.H., Xie, H.R., Hou, G.Q., and Li, D. (2008). “Energy saving and tourism sustainability: Solar control window film in hotel rooms”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(5), 563–574. https://doi:10.2167/jost803.0
14. Chan, W.W., and Lam, J.C. (2003). “Energy-saving supporting tourism: A case study of hotel swimming pool heat pump”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 11(1), 74–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580308667194
15. Cowie, J. (2007). Climate Change: Biological and human aspects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. (2000). “8. Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı İklim Değişikliği Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu”. Erişim Tarihi:20.11.2022 https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Iklim-Degisikligi-OIK-Raporu.pdf
17. Dodds, R., and Kelman, I. (2008). “How climate change is considered in sustainable tourism policies: a case of the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Mallorca”. Tourism Review International, 12(1), 57-70. https://doi.org/10.3727/154427208785899920
18. Dube, K., and Nhamo, G. (2019). “Climate change and the aviation sector: A focus on the Victoria Falls tourism route”. Environmental Development, 29, 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2018.12.006
19. Georgopoulou, E., Mirasgedis, S., Sarafidis, Y., Hontou, V., Gakis, N. and Lalas, D.P., (2019). “Climatic preferences for beach tourism: An empirical study on Greek islands”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 137(1–2), 667–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-018-2612-4
20. Gilani, H. R., Innes, J. L., and de Grave, A. (2018). “The effects of seasonal business diversification of British Columbia ski resorts on forest management”. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism-Research Planning and Management, 23, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2018.07.005
21. Gossling, S., and Hall, C. M. (2006). Tourism and global environmental change ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. London: Routledge
22. Hadwen, W. L., Arthington, A. H., Boon, P. I., Taylor, B., and Fellows, C. S. (2011). “Do climatic or institutional factors drive seasonal patterns of tourism visitation to protected areas across diverse climate zones in Eastern Australia?”. Tourism Geographies, 13(2), 187–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2011.569568
23. Michael Hall, C., and Saarinen, J. (2021). “20 years of Nordic climate change crisis and tourism research: A review and future research agenda. Scandinavian”, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(1), 102-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2020.1823248
24. Hall, C. M. (2006). “New Zealand tourism entrepreneur attitudes and behaviours with respect to climate change adaptation and mitigation”. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 1(3), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2006.012424
25. Hamilton, J.M., and Lau, M.A. (2006). The role of climate information in tourist destination choice decision making. In S. G¨ossling & C.M. Hall (Eds.), Tourism and global environmental change: Ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships (pp. 229–250). London: Routledge.
26. Heigl, J. C. (2012). Tourism Providers’ Engagement and Willingness to Adapt to and Mitigate Climate Change with a Focus on Skiing Areas.
27. Hess, J. S. (2021). “Private sector climate change adaptation of accommodation suppliers in the small island of Koh Tao, Thailand”. Asian Geographer, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2021.1981956
28. Hess, J. S., Dodds, R., and Kelman, I. (2021). “Assessing Accommodation Suppliers’ Perceptions of Climate Change Adaptation Actions on Koh Phi Phi Island, Thailand”. ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism, 19(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.5614/ajht.2021.19.1.01
29. Hess, J. S., P. Pauw, and E. Papyrakis. (2015). “Can the Tourism Industry Contribute to International Adaptation Finance?” 2/2015. Briefing Paper. Bonn: German Development Institute (GDI-DIE). http://www.die-gdi.de/briefing-paper/article/can-the-tourism-industry-contribute -to-international-adaptation-finance/.
30. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment, Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. and Hanson, C.E. (Eds.): Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
31. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2014). In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, et al. (Eds.), Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of working group II to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental Panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Jones, B., and D. Scott. 2006. “Climate Change, Seasonality and Visitation to Canada’s National Parks”. Journal of Parks and Recreation Administration, 24 (2): 42–62.
33. Kara, E. (2019). Yeşil Yönetim ve Çevre Bilinci, Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi. Keesman, A.T., Blanco, J.M., Schillemans, R.A.A., Quiros, K., ve Keskin, B. (2006). Drivers and barriers for energy efficiency in the hotel sector in Costa Rica.
34. Kourula, A., Pisani, N. and Kolk, A., 2017, “Corporate sustainability and inclusive development: Highlights from international business and management research”. Sustainability Science, 24, 14–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.003 Levine, M., Urge-Vorsatz, D., Blok, K., Geng, L., Harvey, D., Lang, S., Yoshin, H. (2007). Residential and commercial buildings. In B. Metz, O. Devidson, P. Bosch, R. Dave, & L. Meyer (Eds.), Climate change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of working group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35. Maddison, D. (2001). “In search of warmer climates? The impact of climate change on flows of British tourists”. Climatic Change, 49(1–2), 193–208.
36. Matthews, L., Scott, D. and Andrey, J. (2019). “Development of a data-driven weather index for beach parks tourism”. International Journal of Biometeorology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-019-01799-7
37. Moghal, Z. (2015). “A climate change vulnerability assessment of a tourism destinationcommunity (a case-study of Oistins, Barbados)”. (PhD Thesis). Waterloo, Ontario, Canada,University of Waterloo.
38. Morrison, C., and Pickering, C. M. (2013). “Perceptions of climate change impacts, adaptation and limits to adaption in the Australian Alps: the ski-tourism industry and key stakeholders”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(2), 173-191. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2012.681789
39. Muchoki, E. N. (2018). Adaptatıon of wıldlıfe tourısm to clımate varıabılıty. MSc thesis, Netherlands: Wageningen University. Nalau, J., Handmer, J. and Dalesa, M. (2017). ‘The role and capacity of government in a climate crisis: Cyclone pam in Vanuatu’, in W. Leal Filho (ed.), Climate change adaptation in pacific countries. climate change management, pp. 151–161, Springer, Cham.
40. NASA. (2018a). Global Climate Change Vital Sciences of the Planet, “Carbon Dioxide, (http://climate.nasa.gov/vitalsigns/carbon-dioxide/, 19.11.2022).
41. NASA. (2018b). Global Climate Change Vital Sciences of the Planet, “Global Temperature, (http://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/global-temperature/, 19.11.2022).
42. Nicholls, M. (2014). IPCC Climate Science Business Briefings, Climate Change: Implications for Tourism, Key Findings from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report, University of Cambridge,(http://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/business-action/low-carbon-transformation/ipcc-briefings/tourism, 20.11.2022).
43. Nhep, T. (2019). Climate change adaptation in a coastal hotel sector: The case of Sihanoukville, Cambodia. (Doctoral thesis)Victoria University of Wellington.
44. Pandy, W. R., and Rogerson, C. M. (2019). “Urban tourism and climate change: Risk perceptions of business tourism stakeholders in Johannesburg, South Africa”. Urbani izziv, 30, 225-243. . https://doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2019-30-supplement-015
45. Pandy, W.R. (2017). “Tourism enterprises and climate change: Some research imperatives”. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(4), 1–18.
46. Patterson, T. (2004). Knowledge Management for Tourism, Recreation and Bioclimatology: Mapping the Interactions (Part II), In: Matzarakis, A., De Freitas, C.R., Scott, D.(Eds.) Advances in Tourism Climatology, Berichte des Meteorologischen Institutes der Universität Freiburg Nr. 12, 215-222.
47. Patterson, T., Bastianoni, S., and Simpson, M. (2006). “Tourism and climate change: Two-way street, or vicious/virtuous circle?”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(4), https://doi.org/10.2167/jost605.0
48. Perch-Nielsen, S.L. (2010). “The vulnerability of beach tourism to climate change – an index approach”. Climatic Change, 100(3–4), 579–606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9692-1
49. Priyadarsini, R., Xuchao, W., and Eang, L.S. (2009). “A study on energy performance of hotel buildings in Singapore”. Energy and Buildings, 41, 1319–1324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2009.07.028
50. Rize İl Kültür Turizm Müdürlüğü. (2022). Konaklama İşletmeleri, Erişim Tarihi: 15.09.2022. https://rize.ktb.gov.tr/TR-331064/turizm-isletme-belgeli-konaklama-tesisleri.html
51. Saarinen, J., and Tervo, K. (2006). “Perceptions and adaptation strategies of the tourism industry to climate change: The case of Finnish nature-based tourism entrepreneurs”. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 1(3), 214-228. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJISD.2006.012423
52. Scott, D., De Freitas, C. and Matzarakis, A. (2008). ‘Adaptation in the tourism and recreation sector’, in Ebi, K.L. and Burton, I. (Eds.): Biometeorology for Adaptation to Climate Variability and Change, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht. Simpson, M.C., Gossling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C.M. and Gladin, E. (2008). Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation in the Tourism Sector: Frameworks, Tools and Practices, UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO and WMO, Paris.
53. Sinclair-Maragh, G. (2016). “Climate change and the hospitality and tourism industry in developing countries. In Climate Change and the 2030 Corporate Agenda for Sustainable Development”. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 19, 7-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2051-503020160000019001
54. Solimar International. (2014). Climate change and tourism. Retrieved from http://www.solimarinternational. com/tourism-development/climate-change-tourism. Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2022.
55. Somuncu, M. (2018). “İklim Değişikliği Türkiye Turizmi için Bir Tehdit mi, Bir Fırsat mı?”. TÜCAUM 30. Yıl Uluslararası Coğrafya Sempozyumu, 748-771.
56. Steiger, R., Knowles, N., Pöll, K., and Rutty, M. (2022). “Impacts of climate change on mountain tourism: a review”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-34. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2112204
57. T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı. (2016). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi Kapsamında Türkiye’nin Birinci ve İkinci İki Yıllık Raporu, Ankara.
58. Takashima, Y. (2017). Accommodation Providers’ Responses to Climate Change in Kyoto, Japan.
59. Tang, C., Zhong, L. and Ng, P. (2017). ‘Factors that influence the tourism industry’s carbon emissions: A tourism area life cycle model perspective’, Energy Policy 109, 704–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.050
60. Taylor, S., Peacock, A., Banfill, P., and Shao, L. (2010). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from UK hotels in 2030. Building and environment, 45(6), 1389-1400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.12.001
61. Tekin, Z., ve Uslu, F. (2022). “Turizm işletmelerinde sürdürülebilirlik ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadele: bir model önerisi”. Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality And Travel, 5(1), 34-44. https://doi.org/10.33083/joghat.2022.111
62. Tervo-Kankare, K., Kaján, E., and Saarinen, J. (2018). “Costs and benefits of environmental change: tourism industry's responses in Arctic Finland”. Tourism Geographies, 20(2), 202-223.
63. Trung, D.N., and Kumar, S. (2004). “Resource use and waste management in Vietnam hotel industry”. Journal of Cleaner Production, 13, 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2003.12.014
64. United Nations World Tourism Organization/UNWTO. (2008). Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges. Davos, Switzerland (October 3, 2007 Davos Declaration).
65. UNWTO ve UNEP. (2008). Climate Change and Tourism – Responding to Global Challenges, Madrid, Spain.
66. Walters, G., and Ruhanen, L. (2015). “From white to green: Identifying viable visitor segments for climate-affected alpine destinations”. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 39(4), 517–539. https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348013491603
67. Weir, B. (2017). “Climate change and tourism–Are we forgetting lessons from the past?”. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 32, 108-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2017.05.002
68. Yılmaz, B. S., ve Yumuk, Y. (2013). Türk Turizm Pazarında Çevreye Duyarlı Bir Eğilim:“Yeşil Yıldız” Uygulaması ve “Yeşil Yıldız” Sahibi Otel İşletmeleri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, 14. Ulusal Turizm Kongresi, 5(08), 1288-1300.