Toplumsal Hafıza, Kültürel Miras ve Savaş Alanları Turizmi Üzerine Kavramsal Bir Çalışma

Abstract

Toplumsal hafıza, kültürel miras, kültür turizmi ve savaş alanları turizmi konularındaki araştırmalar bilim insanları tarafından odak olarak ele alındıkça ve hafızalar ile şimdiki eylemler arasındaki ilişkiler de türlü biçimlerde sorgulandıkça bu alanların kesişimi üzerine gerçekleştirilen araştırmalar son yıllarda ciddi biçimde artmıştır. Bu alanlara eğilen araştırmacılar toplumsal hafıza ve miras görünümlerinin yeniden üretilmesinde rolü olan türlü paydaşların temsillerini, deneyimlerini, düşüncelerini, duygularını ve kimliklerini anlamaya çalışmışlardır. Bu kavramsal çalışmada ortak yönleri bulunan bu kavramların çerçeveleri ve tanımlarıyla birlikte akademik çalışmalarda bu anahtar kelimeleri içeren yayınlarla ilgili özet bilgiler sunulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, sözü edilen alanlarda çalışacak olan araştırmacılar için yol gösterici bir temel kaynak olması amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Toplumsal hafıza
• Kültür turizmi
• Kültürel miras
• Savaş alanları turizmi

A Conceptual Study on Social Memory, Cultural Heritage and Battlefield Tourism

Abstract

As research on social memory, cultural heritage, cultural tourism, and battlefield tourism has become the focus of scholars, and the relationships between memories and present actions have been questioned in various ways, research on the intersection of these fields has increased significantly in recent years. Researchers focusing on these areas have tried to understand the representations, experiences, thoughts, feelings, and identities of various stakeholders who play a role in the reproduction of social memory and heritage aspects. In this conceptual study, it has been tried to present the frameworks and definitions of these concepts that have common aspects, as well as summary information about the publications containing these keywords in academic studies. In this context, it is aimed that the study will be a guiding resource for researchers who would like to work in the mentioned fields.

Keywords

• Social memory
• cultural tourism
• cultural heritage
• battlefield tourism

References

1. Ahmad, R. ve Hertzog, A. (2016). Tourism, memory and place in a globalizing World. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358416641254
2. Assmann, J. (2011). Cultural Memory and Early Civilization: Writing, Remembrance, and Political Imagination, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3. Bajc, V. (2006). Collective memory and tourism: globalizing transmission through localized experience. Journeys,7, (2), 1-14. doi: 10.3167/jys.2006.070201
4. Bartoletti, R. (2010). Memory tourism and the commodification of nostalgia in P. Burns, C. Palmer, ve J.-A. Lester (Eds.). Tourism and Visual Culture (Vol. 1, pp. 23–42). Wallingford, Uk: Cabi.
5. Bechtel, D. (2016). Remembrance tourism in former multicultural Galicia: The revival of the Polish–Ukrainian borderlands Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358415620464
6. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü (2021, Haziran). Tourism and Culture, Ethics, Culture and Social Responsibility. https://www.unwto.org/tourism-and-culture
7. Birleşmiş Milletler Dünya Turizm Örgütü ve Avrupa Seyahat Konseyi (2005, Haziran). City Tourism and Culture The European Experience. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284407798
8. Bodnar, J. E. (1992). Remaking America: Public memory, commemoration and patriotism in the 20th century, Princeton: Princeton University Press.

9. Boniface, P. ve Fowler, P. J. (1993). Heritage and Tourism in the ‘Global Village’, Usa: Routledge.
10. Catrina, S. (2016). Branding an authentic rural Maramure¸s in tourism practices: Interplay of hospitality, heritage and social memory, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358415622683
11. Cohen, E. ve Cohen, S. A. (2012). Current sociological theories and issues in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(4), 2177-2202.
12. DeLyser, D. (2004). Recovering Social Memories of the Past: The 1884 Novel Ramona and Tourist Practices, Social and Cultural Geography 5(3): 483-496.
13. Edensor, T. (2005). The ghosts of industrial ruins: ordering and disordering memory in excessive space. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 23, doi: 10.1068/d58j
14. Erll, A. (2011). Memory in Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
15. Fentress, J. ve Wickham, C. (1992). Social memory (p. 68). Oxford: Blackwell.
16. Fernandez, B. M. C., Gonzoles, R. C. L. ve Lopezi L. (2016). Historic city, tourism performance and development: The balance of social behaviours in the city of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358415578473
17. Foley, M. ve Lennon, J. J. (2000). Dark Tourism: The Attraction of Death and Disaster, New York: Continuum,
18. Gross, A. S. (2006). Holocaust Tourism in Berlin: Global Memory, Trauma and the'Negative Sublime'. Journeys, 7(2), 73-100.
19. Halbwachs, M. (1925) On Collective Memory, London: The University of Chicago Press.
20. Hall, S. (1997). The work of representation, in S. Hall (Eds.) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, (pp. 13-64), London: Sage.
21. Harvey, J. H., Carlson, H. R., Huff, T. M. ve Green, M. A. (2001). Embracing their memory: The construction of accounts of loss and hope.
22. Hodgkin, K. (2006). Introduction: Contested pasts, K. Hodgkin, S. Radstone. Memory, History, Nation: Contested Pasts.
23. Hoelscher S. ve Alderman D. H. (2004) Memory and place: geographies of a critical relationship, Social and Cultural Geography, 5:3, 347355
24. Jedlowski, P. (2001) Memory and sociology: Themes and issues, Time & Society, 10, (1), doi: 10.1177/0961463X01010001002
25. Kansteiner, K. (2002). Finding meaning in memory: A methodologtcal critique of collective memory studies. History and Theory: Studies in the Philosophy of History, 41, (2), doi: 10.1111/0018-2656.00198
26. Lambek, P. ve Antze. M. (1996). Tense past: Cultural essays in trauma and memory. Psychology Press.
27. Larkham, P. J. (1985). Voluntary amenity societies and conservation planning (No. 30).
28. Lowenthal, D. (1979). Environmental perception: preserving the past. Progress in Human Geography, 3(4), 549-559.
29. Lowenthal, D. (1998). The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. MacCannell, D. (1999). The Tourist: A New Theory of The Leisure Class, California: California University Press.
31. Marschall, S. (2012a). Tourism and memory. Annals of Tourism Research, 39 (4), 2216-2219. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2012.07.001
32. Marschall, S. (2012b). ‘Personal memory tourism’ and a wider exploration of the tourism−memory nexus, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 10, (4), doi:10.1080/14766825.2012.742094
33. Marschall, S. (2014). Tourism and remembrance: the journey into the self and its past. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 12 (4)4,doi: 10.1080/14766825.2014.890208 Misztal, B. A. (2003). Durkheim on collective memory, Journal of Classical Sociology, 3, (2), doi: 10.1177/1468795X030032002
34. Neto, A. H. (2016). ‘Brazilians’ houses’: an example of nostalgia and a proposal of touristic empowerment, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: : 10.1177/1467358415602956
35. Pine J. ve Gilmore P. (2011). The Experience Economy, Usa: Harward Business Press.
36. Richards, G. (2005). Introduction: Culture and tourism in Europe. G. Richards (Eds.), Cultural Tourism in Europe (pp. 8-21). ATLAS.
37. Sarapina, L. (2016). Memory heterotopias in Ukraine: Sites to re-imagine the past Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358415589657
38. Seaton, A.V. (1996). Guided by the dark: From thanatopsis to thanatourism, International Journal of Heritage Studies 2, (4), 1996, doi: 10.1080/13527259608722178
39. Scott, A (2012). Publics versus professionals: Agency and engagement with ‘Robin Hood’ and the ‘Pilgrim Fathers’ in Nottinghamshire in: Smith, L, Waterton, E. & Watson, S. (Eds.) The Cultural Moment in Tourism (pp. 131-158). Oxon: Routledge.
40. Stokowski, P. A. (2016). Re-interpreting the past to shape the future: The uses of memory discourses in community tourism development, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358415600213
41. Swedenburg, T. (1995). With Genet in the Palestinian field. Fieldwork under fire: Contemporary studies of violence and survival, 25-40.
42. Timothy, D. J. ve Prideaux, B. (2004). Issues in heritage and culture in the Asia Pacific region. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 9(3), 213-223.
43. Tizzoni, E. (2016). The touristification of Great War heritage in the province of Trento between European History and Local Identity, Alma Tourism Special Issue, 5, Doi: 10.6092
44. Winter, J. (1999). Setting the framework in Winter J. & Sivan E. (Eds.) War and Remembrance in the Twentieth Century (pp. 6-39). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Winter, J. (2001). The generation of memory: Reflections on the “memory boom” in contemporary historical studies. Canadian Military History 10, (3).
46. Winter, C. (2009). Tourism social memory and the Great War. Annals of Tourism Research, 36, (4), doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2009.05.002
47. Winter, C. (2011). First World War cemeteries: Insights from visitor books, Tourism Geographies, 13, (3), doi: 10.1080/14616688.2011.575075
48. Winter, C. (2015). Ritual, remembrance and war: Social memory at Tyne Cot. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2015.05.001
49. Winter, C. (2016). Social memory and battle names: Exploring links between travel, memory and the media. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 16, (3), doi: 10.1177/1467358415624006