Research Article
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Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 177 - 189, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.1415309

Abstract

References

  • Adnyana, I. B. P., Anwar, N., Soemitro, R. A., & Utomo, C. (2015). Critical Success Factors of Public-Private-Community Partnership in Bali Tourism Infrastructure Development. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(6), 208-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n6p208
  • Armenski, T., Dwyer, L., & Pavluković, V. (2018). Destination competitiveness: Public and private sector tourism management in Serbia. Journal of travel research, 57(3), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517692445
  • Augustyn, M. M., & Knowles, T. (2000). Performance of tourism partnerships: a focus on York. Tourism Management, 21(4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00068-0
  • Barkin, D., & Bouchez, C. P. (2002). NGO–community collaboration for ecotourism: A strategy for sustainable regional development. Current issues in Tourism, 5(3-4), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667921
  • Barkin, D., & Pailles, C. (1999). NGO-Community Collaboration for Ecotourism: A strategy for sustainable regional development. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(2) 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1999.11014878
  • Berkowitz, H., & Dumez, H. (2016). The concept of meta‐organization: Issues for management studies. European Management Review, 13(2), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12076
  • Bhattacharya, A., & Fayezi, S. (2021). Ameliorating food loss and waste in the supply chain through multi-stakeholder collaboration. Industrial Marketing Management, 93, 328-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.01.009
  • Bopape, M. M. (2017). Private companies and community collaboration: Towards building community resilience in Diepsloot (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa), Potchefstroom Campus). http://hdl.handle.net/10394/26238
  • Bowman, A., Froud, J., Johal, S., & Williams, K. (2017). Trade Associations, Narrative and Elite Power. Theory, Culture and Society, 34(5–6), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276417717793
  • Bradley, C. (1992). The roles of professional and trade associations. Publishing Research Quarterly, 8, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02677987
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Bree, R., & Gallagher, G. (2016). Using Microsoft Excel to code and thematically analyse qualitative data: a simple, cost-effective approach. All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (AISHE-J), 8(2), 2811-28114.
  • Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
  • Buiatti, S. (2011). Food and tourism: the role of the “Slow Food” association. In Food, Agri-Culture and Tourism (pp. 92-101). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11361-1_6
  • Can, A. S., Ekinci, Y., Viglia, G., & Buhalis, D. (2020). Stronger together? Tourists’ behavioural responses to joint brand advertising. Journal of Advertising, 49(5), 525-539.
  • Cehan, A., Eva, M., Iațu, C., & Costa, C. (2020). Inquiring structure and forms of collaboration in tourism through social network analysis. Sustainability, 12(19), 8161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198161
  • Clarke, J. (2004). Trade associations: An appropriate channel for developing sustainable practice in SMEs? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(3), 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667233
  • Esparza, N., Walker, E. T., & Rossman, G. (2014). Trade associations and the legitimation of entrepreneurial movements: Collective action in the emerging gourmet food truck industry. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(2_suppl), 143S-162S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013512723
  • Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2017). Collaborative destination marketing at the local level: Benefits bundling and the changing role of the local tourism association. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(7), 668-690. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1165657
  • Goeldner, C. R. (2015.) Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA). Anatolia, 26(2), 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2014.882734
  • Glen, N., & Mearns, K. (2018). The role of tourism associations in supporting sustainable tourism industries: as study of N3 Gateway Tourism Association. Marketing Sustainable Tourism Products, 109-119.
  • Graci, S. (2013). Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 25-42.
  • Gray, B. (1985). Conditions facilitating interorganizational collaboration. Human Relations, 38(10), 911–936. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678503801001
  • Grunwell, S. S. (2014). How to revitalize a small rural town? An empirical study of factors for success. University-community collaboration with a small historic rural tourism town. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 9(2), 32-50.
  • Harris, M. (1998). Doing it their Way: Organizational Challenges for Voluntary Associations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 27(2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764098272003
  • Hwang, D., & Stewart, W. P. (2017). Social capital and collective action in rural tourism. Journal of travel research, 56(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515625128
  • Jamal, T. B., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of tourism research, 22(1), 186-204.
  • Kim, D. K., & Woo Park, Y. (2007). Facilitating Tourism Investment in the Asia-Pacific Region: Public and Private Partnership. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 7(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2007.11434597
  • Lawton, T. C., Rajwani, T., & Minto, A. (2018). Why trade associations matter: Exploring function, meaning, and influence. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(1), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616688853
  • March, R., & Wilkinson, I. (2009). Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnerships. Tourism Management, 30(3), 455-462.
  • McCartney, G., Ung, C. O. L., & Pinto, J. F. (2022). Living with COVID-19 and sustaining a tourism recovery—adopting a front-line collaborative response between the tourism industry and community pharmacists. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(1), 47-68.
  • McKercher, B. (2022). The politics of tourism: The unsung role of trade associations in tourism policymaking. Tourism Management, 90, 104475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104475
  • Morrison, A., Lynch, P., & Johns, N. (2004) International tourism networks. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(3), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410531195
  • Morse, T. D., Masuku, H., Rippon, S., & Kubwalo, H. (2018). Achieving an integrated approach to food safety and hygiene—Meeting the sustainable development goals in sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainability, 10(7), 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072394
  • Nazarudin, H., Sayd, A. I., & Lao, H. (2022). Recommendation Model of Tourism Recovery Policy After Covid 19 in Lembata Regency. In International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science 2021 (iCAST-SS 2021) (pp. 640-645). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220301.105
  • Nguyen, T. Q. T., Young, T., Johnson, P., & Wearing, S. (2019). Conceptualising networks in sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100575
  • Niezgoda, A., & Czernek, K. (2008). Development of cooperation between residents and local authority in tourism destination. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 56(4), 385-398.
  • Novolodskaya, G. I., Kramarova, T. Y., Lebedev, K. A. E., Ponkratova, L. A., & Chicherova, E. Y. (2018). Public-private partnership as innovative form of attraction of financial resources in sphere of tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.4(28).04
  • Palmer, A., & Bejou, D. (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of tourism research, 22(3), 616-629.
  • Pansiri, J. (2013). Collaboration and partnership in tourism: The experience of Botswana. Tourism Planning and Development, 10(1), 64-84.
  • Presenza, A., Sheehan, L., & Ritchie, J. B. (2005). Towards a model of the roles and activities of destination management organizations. Journal of hospitality, tourism and leisure science, 3(1), 1-16.
  • Rajwani, T., Lawton, T., & Phillips, N. (2015). The “Voice of Industry”: Why management researchers should pay more attention to trade associations. Strategic Organization, 13(3), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127015590963
  • Rasethuntsa, B. C. (2021). The dimensions of tourism businesses-and associations collaborations to promote tourism development Lesotho. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(9), 392-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i9/10445
  • Roe, D., Grieg-Gran, M., & Schalken, W. (2001). Getting the lion's share from tourism: private sector-community partnerships in Namibia (Vol. 1). London: IIED.
  • Rogerson, J. M. (2021). Tourism business responses to South Africa's COVID-19 pandemic emergency. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 35(2), 338-347.
  • Schultz, J., & Bricker, K. (2020). Thriving Private-Community Partnerships: Perspectives from Fiji’s Upper Navua Conservation Area. Journal of Tourism Insights, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.9707/2328-0824.1107
  • Smalinskis, J., & Auzina, A. (2017, May). Preconditions for establishment and historical development stages of Latvian Rural Tourism Association ‘Country Holidays’. In Economic Science for Rural Development Conference Proceedings (No. 45), pp. 221 – 227.
  • Smythe, T. C. (2017). Marine spatial planning as a tool for regional ocean governance? An analysis of the New England ocean planning network. Ocean and Coastal Management, 135, 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.10.015
  • Spillman, L. (2018). Meta-Organization Matters. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616688856
  • Tucker, A. (2008). Trade associations as industry reputation agents: A model of reputational trust. Business and Politics, 10(1), 1-26.
  • Ullah, Z., Jehangir, M., & Ul Haq, Z. (2020). Prospects for collaborative tourism planning in Pakistan: A case study of Sindh Coast. Journal of Business and Economics, 11(1), 73-86.
  • Wan, Y. K. P., Li, X., Lau, V. M. C., & Dioko, L. D. (2022). Destination governance in times of crisis and the role of public-private partnerships in tourism recovery from Covid-19: The case of Macao. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 51, 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.03.012
  • Williams, E., White, A., & Spenceley, A. (2001). UCOTA–the Uganda Community Tourism Association: a comparison with NACOBTA. Pro-Poor tourism working paper, 5.
  • Worley, C. G., & Parker, S. B. (2011). Building multi-stakeholder sustainability networks: The Cuyahoga Valley initiative. In Organizing for sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2045-0605(2011)0000001012
  • Xiao, H. (2011). The capacity of a scientific community: A study of the travel and tourism research association. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35(2), 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348010380597
  • Yu, X. (2017). The significance and role of tour guide association in China—under the background of tourism law. Journal of Service Science and Management, 10, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2017.102013

Reviving tourism in Malawi: Assessing the capacity of tourism trade associations

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 177 - 189, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.1415309

Abstract

This study examines the nature of tourism associations in Malawi and assesses their effectiveness in promoting the interests of private tourism operators. A qualitative research approach was used, and 43 semi-structured interviews were carried out with key tourism stakeholders. The study found that the Malawi tourism association plays a critical role in tourism development and private sector growth but also faces a number of challenges that include financial constraints, limited linkages with key stakeholders, inadequate human resources, internal conflicts, and power disparities which pose significant obstacles to the effective operation of tourism association. To increase efficacy during the COVID-19 recovery period, it is recommended that the tourism association should strengthen its relationship and coordination with tourism sub-sector associations, the Malawi Confederation of Chambers of Commerce and Industry, and the Ministry of Trade to increase its lobbying and negotiating power. Additionally, the study suggests that the tourism association should develop more direct business development services and diversify its revenue streams by seeking financial assistance from developmental organizations, negotiating with financial institutions for better borrowing rates, and providing direct services at a fee. The study also recommends intensifying awareness programmes to dispel misconceptions about the association and increase stakeholder engagement.

References

  • Adnyana, I. B. P., Anwar, N., Soemitro, R. A., & Utomo, C. (2015). Critical Success Factors of Public-Private-Community Partnership in Bali Tourism Infrastructure Development. Journal of Sustainable Development, 8(6), 208-215. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v8n6p208
  • Armenski, T., Dwyer, L., & Pavluković, V. (2018). Destination competitiveness: Public and private sector tourism management in Serbia. Journal of travel research, 57(3), 384-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517692445
  • Augustyn, M. M., & Knowles, T. (2000). Performance of tourism partnerships: a focus on York. Tourism Management, 21(4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00068-0
  • Barkin, D., & Bouchez, C. P. (2002). NGO–community collaboration for ecotourism: A strategy for sustainable regional development. Current issues in Tourism, 5(3-4), 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500208667921
  • Barkin, D., & Pailles, C. (1999). NGO-Community Collaboration for Ecotourism: A strategy for sustainable regional development. Tourism Recreation Research, 24(2) 69-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1999.11014878
  • Berkowitz, H., & Dumez, H. (2016). The concept of meta‐organization: Issues for management studies. European Management Review, 13(2), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.1111/emre.12076
  • Bhattacharya, A., & Fayezi, S. (2021). Ameliorating food loss and waste in the supply chain through multi-stakeholder collaboration. Industrial Marketing Management, 93, 328-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2021.01.009
  • Bopape, M. M. (2017). Private companies and community collaboration: Towards building community resilience in Diepsloot (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (South Africa), Potchefstroom Campus). http://hdl.handle.net/10394/26238
  • Bowman, A., Froud, J., Johal, S., & Williams, K. (2017). Trade Associations, Narrative and Elite Power. Theory, Culture and Society, 34(5–6), 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276417717793
  • Bradley, C. (1992). The roles of professional and trade associations. Publishing Research Quarterly, 8, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02677987
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Bree, R., & Gallagher, G. (2016). Using Microsoft Excel to code and thematically analyse qualitative data: a simple, cost-effective approach. All Ireland Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education (AISHE-J), 8(2), 2811-28114.
  • Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
  • Buiatti, S. (2011). Food and tourism: the role of the “Slow Food” association. In Food, Agri-Culture and Tourism (pp. 92-101). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11361-1_6
  • Can, A. S., Ekinci, Y., Viglia, G., & Buhalis, D. (2020). Stronger together? Tourists’ behavioural responses to joint brand advertising. Journal of Advertising, 49(5), 525-539.
  • Cehan, A., Eva, M., Iațu, C., & Costa, C. (2020). Inquiring structure and forms of collaboration in tourism through social network analysis. Sustainability, 12(19), 8161. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198161
  • Clarke, J. (2004). Trade associations: An appropriate channel for developing sustainable practice in SMEs? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12(3), 194-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669580408667233
  • Esparza, N., Walker, E. T., & Rossman, G. (2014). Trade associations and the legitimation of entrepreneurial movements: Collective action in the emerging gourmet food truck industry. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 43(2_suppl), 143S-162S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764013512723
  • Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2017). Collaborative destination marketing at the local level: Benefits bundling and the changing role of the local tourism association. Current Issues in Tourism, 20(7), 668-690. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1165657
  • Goeldner, C. R. (2015.) Travel and Tourism Research Association (TTRA). Anatolia, 26(2), 325-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2014.882734
  • Glen, N., & Mearns, K. (2018). The role of tourism associations in supporting sustainable tourism industries: as study of N3 Gateway Tourism Association. Marketing Sustainable Tourism Products, 109-119.
  • Graci, S. (2013). Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies, 15(1), 25-42.
  • Gray, B. (1985). Conditions facilitating interorganizational collaboration. Human Relations, 38(10), 911–936. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872678503801001
  • Grunwell, S. S. (2014). How to revitalize a small rural town? An empirical study of factors for success. University-community collaboration with a small historic rural tourism town. Journal of Rural and Community Development, 9(2), 32-50.
  • Harris, M. (1998). Doing it their Way: Organizational Challenges for Voluntary Associations. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 27(2), 144–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764098272003
  • Hwang, D., & Stewart, W. P. (2017). Social capital and collective action in rural tourism. Journal of travel research, 56(1), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287515625128
  • Jamal, T. B., & Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of tourism research, 22(1), 186-204.
  • Kim, D. K., & Woo Park, Y. (2007). Facilitating Tourism Investment in the Asia-Pacific Region: Public and Private Partnership. International Journal of Tourism Sciences, 7(1), 95-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15980634.2007.11434597
  • Lawton, T. C., Rajwani, T., & Minto, A. (2018). Why trade associations matter: Exploring function, meaning, and influence. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(1), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616688853
  • March, R., & Wilkinson, I. (2009). Conceptual tools for evaluating tourism partnerships. Tourism Management, 30(3), 455-462.
  • McCartney, G., Ung, C. O. L., & Pinto, J. F. (2022). Living with COVID-19 and sustaining a tourism recovery—adopting a front-line collaborative response between the tourism industry and community pharmacists. Tourism and Hospitality, 3(1), 47-68.
  • McKercher, B. (2022). The politics of tourism: The unsung role of trade associations in tourism policymaking. Tourism Management, 90, 104475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104475
  • Morrison, A., Lynch, P., & Johns, N. (2004) International tourism networks. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(3), 197–202. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110410531195
  • Morse, T. D., Masuku, H., Rippon, S., & Kubwalo, H. (2018). Achieving an integrated approach to food safety and hygiene—Meeting the sustainable development goals in sub-Saharan Africa. Sustainability, 10(7), 2394. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072394
  • Nazarudin, H., Sayd, A. I., & Lao, H. (2022). Recommendation Model of Tourism Recovery Policy After Covid 19 in Lembata Regency. In International Conference on Applied Science and Technology on Social Science 2021 (iCAST-SS 2021) (pp. 640-645). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220301.105
  • Nguyen, T. Q. T., Young, T., Johnson, P., & Wearing, S. (2019). Conceptualising networks in sustainable tourism development. Tourism Management Perspectives, 32, 100575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100575
  • Niezgoda, A., & Czernek, K. (2008). Development of cooperation between residents and local authority in tourism destination. Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal, 56(4), 385-398.
  • Novolodskaya, G. I., Kramarova, T. Y., Lebedev, K. A. E., Ponkratova, L. A., & Chicherova, E. Y. (2018). Public-private partnership as innovative form of attraction of financial resources in sphere of tourism. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, https://doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.4(28).04
  • Palmer, A., & Bejou, D. (1995). Tourism destination marketing alliances. Annals of tourism research, 22(3), 616-629.
  • Pansiri, J. (2013). Collaboration and partnership in tourism: The experience of Botswana. Tourism Planning and Development, 10(1), 64-84.
  • Presenza, A., Sheehan, L., & Ritchie, J. B. (2005). Towards a model of the roles and activities of destination management organizations. Journal of hospitality, tourism and leisure science, 3(1), 1-16.
  • Rajwani, T., Lawton, T., & Phillips, N. (2015). The “Voice of Industry”: Why management researchers should pay more attention to trade associations. Strategic Organization, 13(3), 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476127015590963
  • Rasethuntsa, B. C. (2021). The dimensions of tourism businesses-and associations collaborations to promote tourism development Lesotho. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(9), 392-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i9/10445
  • Roe, D., Grieg-Gran, M., & Schalken, W. (2001). Getting the lion's share from tourism: private sector-community partnerships in Namibia (Vol. 1). London: IIED.
  • Rogerson, J. M. (2021). Tourism business responses to South Africa's COVID-19 pandemic emergency. Geo Journal of Tourism and Geosites, 35(2), 338-347.
  • Schultz, J., & Bricker, K. (2020). Thriving Private-Community Partnerships: Perspectives from Fiji’s Upper Navua Conservation Area. Journal of Tourism Insights, 10(1), https://doi.org/10.9707/2328-0824.1107
  • Smalinskis, J., & Auzina, A. (2017, May). Preconditions for establishment and historical development stages of Latvian Rural Tourism Association ‘Country Holidays’. In Economic Science for Rural Development Conference Proceedings (No. 45), pp. 221 – 227.
  • Smythe, T. C. (2017). Marine spatial planning as a tool for regional ocean governance? An analysis of the New England ocean planning network. Ocean and Coastal Management, 135, 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2016.10.015
  • Spillman, L. (2018). Meta-Organization Matters. Journal of Management Inquiry, 27(1), 16–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492616688856
  • Tucker, A. (2008). Trade associations as industry reputation agents: A model of reputational trust. Business and Politics, 10(1), 1-26.
  • Ullah, Z., Jehangir, M., & Ul Haq, Z. (2020). Prospects for collaborative tourism planning in Pakistan: A case study of Sindh Coast. Journal of Business and Economics, 11(1), 73-86.
  • Wan, Y. K. P., Li, X., Lau, V. M. C., & Dioko, L. D. (2022). Destination governance in times of crisis and the role of public-private partnerships in tourism recovery from Covid-19: The case of Macao. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 51, 218-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.03.012
  • Williams, E., White, A., & Spenceley, A. (2001). UCOTA–the Uganda Community Tourism Association: a comparison with NACOBTA. Pro-Poor tourism working paper, 5.
  • Worley, C. G., & Parker, S. B. (2011). Building multi-stakeholder sustainability networks: The Cuyahoga Valley initiative. In Organizing for sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2045-0605(2011)0000001012
  • Xiao, H. (2011). The capacity of a scientific community: A study of the travel and tourism research association. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 35(2), 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1096348010380597
  • Yu, X. (2017). The significance and role of tour guide association in China—under the background of tourism law. Journal of Service Science and Management, 10, 150-155. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2017.102013
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Tourism Management
Journal Section Original Scientific Article
Authors

Mathews Lambulira 0000-0003-2008-0100

Felix Bello 0000-0002-7442-4768

Early Pub Date December 31, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date January 6, 2024
Acceptance Date December 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Lambulira, M., & Bello, F. (2024). Reviving tourism in Malawi: Assessing the capacity of tourism trade associations. Uluslararası Güncel Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(2), 177-189. https://doi.org/10.30625/ijctr.1415309