Nutritional Status and Cardiometabolic Markers to Determine Athlete’s Achievement: A Cross-Sectional Study

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 5, 1106 - 1115, 25.09.2024

Syifa Syihab , Novrizal Achmad Novan , Mulyana Mulyana , Nuryadi Nuryadi , Adriyan Pramono , Hamid Jan B. Jan Mohammed

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1503971

Abstract

The health, physiological, and nutritional status of an athlete is a top priority in achieving success and career sustainability. Information about an athlete's health, such as blood biochemistry, anthropometry, and adequate nutritional intake, might indicate their ability to perform exceptionally well in different levels of competition. Objective: This research objective is to examine the correlation between athletes' sports achievements in Bandung and their anthropometric traits, nutritional status, and blood biochemical indicators. Methods: This study utilised a cross-sectional design and incidental data collection techniques. Participants: The study comprised 84 athletes from 27 different sports who received achievement allowances from KONI Bandung City. Instruments: n this study, we employed reliable and validated techniques to assess anthropometrics, body composition, somatotype, blood biochemistry, nutritional intake adequacy, and energy adequacy. Data analysis: Both the bivariate and multivariate analyses used logistic regression. Results: The findings of the analysis indicate a significant relationship between athlete performance and two variables: blood pressure (p=0.026) and dietary diversity (p=0.048). The findings from the multivariate analysis revealed a significant relationship between blood pressure and dietary variety, which influences the achievement of athletes. The calculation of the odds ratio (OR) revealed that among all the variables examined, the athlete's blood pressure exhibited strongest correlation with their performance. Conclusion: Blood pressure is a physiological measurement that can serve as an indicator of cardiac function and overall well-being. As a result, it is critical to regularly assess the physical well-being of athletes in Bandung to ensure their consistent optimal performance.

Keywords

Athlete, Athlete’s Achievement, Blood Pressure, Health, Nutrition

Ethical Statement

the document above meets the ethical principle outlined in the International and National Guidelines on ethical standards and procedures for researches with human beings.

Supporting Institution

Universitas Gadjah Mada

Project Number

KE/FK/0962/EC/2022

Thanks

We would like to express our appreciation to the Research and Community Service Institutions at Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia for providing financial support for this research

References

• Anderson, L., Orme, P., Naughton, R. J., Close, G. L., Milsom, J., Rydings, D., O’Boyle, A., Di Michele, R., Louis, J., Hambly, C., Speakman, J. R., Morgans, R., Drust, B., & Morton, J. P. (2017). Energy Intake and Expenditure of Professional Soccer Players of the English Premier League: Evidence of Carbohydrate Periodization. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 27(3), 228–238. [PubMed]
• Arent, S. M., Cintineo, H. P., McFadden, B. A., Chandler, A. J., & Arent, M. A. (2020). Nutrient Timing: A Garage Door of Opportunity? Nutrients, 12(7), 1948. [PubMed]
• Berge, H. M., Isern, C. B., & Berge, E. (2015). Blood pressure and hypertension in athletes: a systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(11), 716–723. [PubMed]
• Brzezinski, W. A. (1990). Blood Pressure. In Walker HK, Hall WD, & Hurst JW (Eds.), Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. (3rd ed., pp. 95–97). Butterworths. [PubMed]
• Bytomski, J. R. (2018). Fueling for Performance. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 10(1), 47–53. [CrossRef]
• Caselli, S., Serdoz, A., Mango, F., Lemme, E., Vaquer Seguì, A., Milan, A., Attenhofer Jost, C., Schmied, C., Spataro, A., & Pelliccia, A. (2019). High blood pressure response to exercise predicts future development of hypertension in young athletes. European Heart Journal, 40(1), 62–68. [CrossRef]
• Corrado, D., Basso, C., Rizzoli, G., Schiavon, M., & Thiene, G. (2003). Does sports activity enhance the risk of sudden death in adolescents and young adults? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 42(11), 1959–1963. [CrossRef]
• De Souza, M. J., Koltun, K. J., & Williams, N. I. (2019). The Role of Energy Availability in Reproductive Function in the Female Athlete Triad and Extension of its Effects to Men: An Initial Working Model of a Similar Syndrome in Male Athletes. In Sports Medicine (Vol. 49, pp. 125–137). Springer. [CrossRef]
• Dewi, M., Hanifah, G., Purnawan, A. I., Putri, W. P., & Mulyo, G. P. E. (2021). The Effect of Nutrition Education on Nutrition Knowledge and Macronutrition Intake in Muay Thai Athletes. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 9(E), 1544–1548. [CrossRef]
• Doustmohammadian, A., Omidvar, N., Keshavarz-Mohammadi, N., Eini-Zinab, H., Amini, M., Abdollahi, M., Amirhamidi, Z., & Haidari, H. (2020). Low food and nutrition literacy (FNLIT): a barrier to dietary diversity and nutrient adequacy in school age children. BMC Research Notes, 13(1), 286. [PubMed]
• Etxebarria, N., Mujika, I., & Pyne, D. (2019). Training and Competition Readiness in Triathlon. Sports, 7(5), 101. [PubMed]
• Foo, W., Faghy, M. A., Sparks, A., Newbury, J. W., & Gough, L. A. (2021). The effects of a nutrition education intervention on sports nutrition knowledge during a competitive season in highly trained adolescent swimmers. Nutrients, 13(8). [PubMed]
• Garcia, E. P., David Gonzalez, G., & Barreto, G. (2022). Association of variants in ACE, ACTN3, AGT, IL6 and BDKRB2 genes with athlete status and playing position in Colombian amateur rugby athletes. BioRxiv. , 1–11. [CrossRef]
• Gina Kennedy, Terri Ballard, & Marie Claude Dop. (2013). Guidelines for Measuring Household and Individual Dietary Diversity. www.foodsec.org
• Guo, J., Zhang, X., Wang, L., Guo, Y., & Xie, M. (2013). Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Chinese Professional Athletes of Strength Sports with Different Body Weight Categories. PLoS ONE, 8(11), e79758. [PubMed]
• Habte, T.-Y., & Krawinkel, M. (2016). Dietary Diversity Score: A Measure of Nutritional Adequacy or an Indicator of Healthy Diet? Journal of Nutrition and Health Sciences, 3(3). [CrossRef]
• Hauser, A. M., Dressendorfer, R. H., Vos, M., Hashimoto, T., Gordon, S., & Timmis, G. C. (1985). Symmetric cardiac enlargement in highly trained endurance athletes: A two-dimensional echocardiographic study. American Heart Journal, 109(5), 1038–1044. [PubMed]
• Helzberg, J. H., Waeckerle, J. F., Camilo, J., Selden, M. A., Tang, F., Joyce, S. A., Browne, J. E., & O’Keefe, J. H. (2010). Comparison of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Risk Factors in Professional Baseball Players Versus Professional Football Players. The American Journal of Cardiology, 106(5), 664–667. [PubMed]
• Holtzman, B., & Ackerman, K. E. (2021). Recommendations and Nutritional Considerations for Female Athletes: Health and Performance. Sports Medicine, 51(S1), 43–57. [PubMed]
• Holway, F. E., & Spriet, L. L. (2011). Sport-specific nutrition: Practical strategies for team sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(SUPPL. 1). [PubMed]
• Hornstrom, G. R., Friesen, C. A., Ellery, J. E., & Pike, K. (2011). Nutrition Knowledge, Practices, Attitudes, and Information Sources of Mid-American Conference College Softball Players. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 02(02), 109–117. [CrossRef]
• Hosseinzadeh, J., Maghsoudi, Z., Abbasi, B., Daneshvar, P., Hojjati, A., & Ghiasvand, R. (2017). Evaluation of Dietary Intakes, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Adolescent Team Sports Elite Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study. Advanced Biomedical Research, 6(1), 107. [PubMed]
• Isabirye, N., Bukenya, J. N., Nakafeero, M., Ssekamatte, T., Guwatudde, D., & Fawzi, W. (2020). Dietary diversity and associated factors among adolescents in eastern Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 534. [PubMed]
• Kiely, M., Warrington, G., McGoldrick, A., & Cullen, S. (2019). Physiological and Performance Monitoring in Competitive Sporting Environments: A Review for Elite Individual Sports. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 41(6), 62–74. [CrossRef]
• Kim, N., Kim, J., Lim, K., & Park, J. (2018). Role of dihydrotestosterone in whole-body energy utilization during acute running exercise in mice. Journal of Exercise Nutrition & Biochemistry, 22(2), 7–11. [PubMed]
• Larson-Meyer, D. E., Woolf, K., & Burke, L. (2018). Assessment of nutrient status in athletes and the need for supplementation. In International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism (Vol. 28, Issue 2, pp. 139–158). Human Kinetics Publishers Inc. [PubMed]
• Melin, A. K., Heikura, I. A., Tenforde, A., & Mountjoy, M. (2019). Energy Availability in Athletics: Health, Performance, and Physique. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), 152–164. [PubMed]
• Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Maroto-Sánchez, B., Luzardo-Socorro, R., Palacios, G., Palacios Gil-Antuñano, N., & González-Gross, M. (2015). Evaluation of nutritional status and energy expenditure in athletes. In Nutricion hospitalaria (Vol. 31, pp. 227–236). [PubMed]
• Molina-López, J., Molina, J. M., Chirosa, L. J., Florea, D., Sáez, L., Jiménez, J., Planells, P., de la Cruz, A. P., & Planells, E. (2013). Implementation of a nutrition education program in a handball team; consequences on nutritional status. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 28(4), 1065–1076. [PubMed]
• Murathan, G. (2023). Exploring Attitudes Towards Healthy Nutrition Among Athletes In Diverse Disciplines. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 6, 351–359. [CrossRef]
• Nebl, J., Schuchardt, J. P., Ströhle, A., Wasserfurth, P., Haufe, S., Eigendorf, J., Tegtbur, U., & Hahn, A. (2019). Micronutrient Status of Recreational Runners with Vegetarian or Non-Vegetarian Dietary Patterns. Nutrients, 11(5), 1146. [PubMed]
• Pelliccia, A., Kinoshita, N., Pisicchio, C., Quattrini, F., DiPaolo, F. M., Ciardo, R., Di Giacinto, B., Guerra, E., De Blasiis, E., Casasco, M., Culasso, F., & Maron, B. J. (2010). Long-Term Clinical Consequences of Intense, Uninterrupted Endurance Training in Olympic Athletes. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(15), 1619–1625. [PubMed]
• Pentikäinen, H., Toivo, K., Kokko, S., Alanko, L., Heinonen, O. J., Korpelainen, R., Selänne, H., Vasankari, T., Kujala, U. M., Villberg, J., Parkkari, J., & Savonen, K. (2021). Resting Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure in Young Endurance and Nonendurance Athletes and Nonathletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 56(5), 484–490. [CrossRef]
• Pereira, V., Pacheco, M. S., Coelho, H., Faria, P., Pietro, D., Altenburg De Assis, M. A., De Assis, F., & De Vasconcelos, G. (2007). Athletes’ food intake: reflections on nutritional recommendations, food habits and methods for assessing energy expenditure and energy intake. Rev. Nutr., Campinas, 20(6), 681–692. [CrossRef]
• Rodrigues, V. B., Ravagnani, C. de F. C., Nabuco, H. C. G., Ravagnani, F. C. de P., Fernandes, V. L. S., & Espinosa, M. M. (2017). Adequacy of energy and macronutrient intake of food supplements for athletes. Revista de Nutricao, 30(5), 593–603. [CrossRef]
• Rowland, T. (2012). Iron Deficiency in the Young Athletes. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 6(4), 319–327. [CrossRef]
• Scharhag, J., Schneider, G., Urhausen, A., Rochette, V., Kramann, B., & Kindermann, W. (2002). Athlete’s heart: Right and Left Ventricular Mass and Function in Male Endurance Athletes and Untrained Individuals Determined by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 40(10), 1856–1863. [PubMed]
• Schweiger, V., Niederseer, D., Schmied, C., Attenhofer-Jost, C., & Caselli, S. (2021). Athletes and Hypertension. Current Cardiology Reports, 23(12), 176. [PubMed]
• Seal, C. J., Courtin, C. M., Venema, K., & Vries, J. (2021). Health benefits of whole grain: effects on dietary carbohydrate quality, the gut microbiome, and consequences of processing. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 20(3), 2742–2768. [PubMed]
• Shrestha, V., Paudel, R., Sunuwar, D. R., Lyman, A. L. T., Manohar, S., & Amatya, A. (2021). Factors associated with dietary diversity among pregnant women in the western hill region of Nepal: A community based cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 16(4), e0247085. [PubMed]
• Stoltzfus, R. J. (2001). Summary: Implications for Research and Programs. The Journal of Nutrition, 131(2), 697S-701S. [CrossRef]
• Taguchi, M., Moto, K., Lee, S., Torii, S., & Hongu, N. (2020). Energy Intake Deficiency Promotes Bone Resorption and Energy Metabolism Suppression in Japanese Male Endurance Runners: A Pilot Study. American Journal of Men’s Health, 14(1). [PubMed]
• Thomas, D. T., Erdman, K. A., & Burke, L. M. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(3), 501–528. [PubMed]
• Toptaş Demirci, P & Lourenço, C. (2024). Effect of Exercise and Nutritional Lifestyle Intervention on Weight Control and Behavior Change Processes in Among Inactive Older Adults. Int. J. Act. Health Aging, 2(1),1-9. [CrossRef]
• Verger, E. O., Le Port, A., Borderon, A., Bourbon, G., Moursi, M., Savy, M., Mariotti, F., & Martin-Prevel, Y. (2021). Dietary Diversity Indicators and Their Associations with Dietary Adequacy and Health Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review. Advances in Nutrition, 12(5), 1659–1672. [PubMed]
• Victor Lun, Kelly Anne Erdman, & Raylene A. Reimer. (2009). Evaluation of Nutritional Intake in Canadian High-Performance Athletes. Clin J Sport Med, 19(5), 405–411. [PubMed]