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The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 5, 1156 - 1162, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1505669

Abstract

Urgency: Effect of Centella asiatica (CA) and aerobic exercise on Amyloid beta-42 (Aβ42) and phosphorylated tau (p-tau) as biomarkers of dementia is not yet known. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the effect of CA, aerobic exercise, and their combination on Aβ42 and p-tau in older women with dementia. Design: It was a 24-week randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Partisipant: Subjects were divided into four groups: the Centella asiatica group (CA, 1x500 mg/day, n = 16), the aerobic exercise group (AE, 3x60 minutes/week, n = 16), the CA-AE combination group (1x500 mg/day and exercise, n = 15), and the placebo group (n = 15). Instruments: The dementia screening test used the Mini Mental State Examination (Intraclass correlation coefficients : ranging from 0.60 to 0.93, sensitivity of 88.3%) and Clinical Dementia Rating questionnaires (sensitivity 93.6% and specificity 100%). The Wilcoxon, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data. Results: Plasma amyloid beta-42 showed an increase in all groups: CA (p<0.001), AE (p=0.001), CA-AE combination (p<0.001), and placebo (p<0.001). Meanwhile, plasma p-tau also decreased in CA (p<0.001), AE (p<0.001), and CA-AE combination (p=0.001). The Mann-Whitney test showed that Centella asiatica caused the highest increase in Aβ42 (∆=233.5; p<0.001). Conclusion: This study indicate that Centella asiatica, aerobic exercise, and the CA-AE combination were effective in improving plasma Aβ42 and decreasing p-tau in older women with dementia. Contributions: This study can be an alternative therapy for the prevention and treatment of cognitive decline. Research with a larger sample size is recommended.

References

  • Burhaein, E., Demirci, N.,Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza, D.T.P.,Nadzalan, A., And Niksic, E. (2024). Is Walking a Miracle Cure for Active and Healthy Aging?. Int. J. Act. Health Aging, 2(1),10-17. [CrossRef]
  • Cancela, J. M., Vila Suárez, M. H., Vasconcelos, J., Lima, A., & Ayán, C. (2015). Efficacy of brain gym training on the cognitive performance and fitness level of active older adults: A preliminary study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. [CrossRef]
  • Chiroma, S. M., Baharuldin, M. T. H., Taib, C. N. M., Amom, Z., Jagadeesan, S., Adenan, M. I., Mahdi, O., & Moklas, M. A. M. (2019). Centella asiatica protects D-galactose/AlCl3 mediated alzheimer’s disease-like rats via PP2A/GSK-3β signaling pathway in their hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. [CrossRef]
  • Davey, D. A. (2013). Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment and the menopause: A “window of opportunity”? In Women’s Health. [PubMed]
  • Dhanasekaran, M., Holcomb, L. A., Hitt, A. R., Tharakan, B., Porter, J. W., Young, K. A., & Manyam, B. V. (2009). Centella asiatica extract selectively decreases amyloid β levels in hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease animal model. Phytotherapy Research, 23(1), 14–19. [PubMed]
  • Fitriana, L. A., Pragholapati, A., Rohaedi, S., Anggadiredja, K., Setiawan, I., & Adnyana, I. K. (2021). Differences of electroencephalography wave with eyes-closed between older women with dementia and without dementia. Journal of Engineering Research. [CrossRef]
  • Frederiksen, K. S., Madsen, K., Andersen, B. B., Beyer, N., Garde, E., Høgh, P., Waldemar, G., Hasselbalch, S. G., & Law, I. (2015). O5-04-02: Effect of moderate-high intensity aerobic exercise on beta-amyloid accumulation measured with 11 C-PiB-PET in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease . Alzheimer’s & Dementia. [CrossRef]
  • Head, D., Bugg, J. M., Goate, A. M., Fagan, A. M., Mintun, M. A., Benzinger, T., Holtzman, D. M., & Morris, J. C. (2012). Exercise engagement as a moderator of the effects of APOE genotype on amyloid deposition. Archives of Neurology. [CrossRef]
  • Jensen, C. S., Portelius, E., Siersma, V., Høgh, P., Wermuth, L., Blennow, K., et al., (2016). Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta and tau concentrations are not modulated by 16 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity physical exercise in patients with Alzheimer disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. [Crossref]
  • Kang, E.-B., & Cho, J.-Y. (2015). Effect of treadmill exercise on PI3K/AKT/mTOR, autophagy, and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex of NSE/htau23 transgenic mice. The Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry. [Crossref]
  • Lee, S. H., Han, J. H., Jin, Y. Y., Lee, I. H., Hong, H. R., & Kang, H. S. (2016). Poor physical fitness is independently associated with mild cognitive impairment in elderly Koreans. Biology of Sport. [Crossref]
  • Liang, K. Y., Mintun, M. A., Fagan, A. M., Goate, A. M., Bugg, J. M., Holtzman, D. M., Morris, J. C., & Head, D. (2010). Exercise and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in cognitively normal older adults. Annals of Neurology. [Crossref]
  • Meyer, C., & O’Keefe, F. (2020). Non-pharmacological interventions for people with dementia: A review of reviews. Dementia, 19(6), 1927–1954. [PubMed]
  • Meyer, J. C., Harirari, P., & Schellack, N. (2016). Overview of Alzheimer’s disease and its management. In SA Pharmaceutical Journal.
  • Mielke, M. M., Leoutsakos, J. M., Corcoran, C. D., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Tschanz, J. T., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2012). Effects of Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for Alzheimer’s disease on clinical progression. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. [CrossRef]
  • Nam, E., Lee, Y. B., Moon, C., & Chang, K. A. (2020). Serum tau proteins as potential biomarkers for the assessment of alzheimer’s disease progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 1–20. [Crossref]
  • Olsson, B., Lautner, R., Andreasson, U., Öhrfelt, A., Portelius, E., Bjerke, M., Hölttä, M., Rosén, C., Olsson, C., Strobel, G., Wu, E., Dakin, K., Petzold, M., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2016). CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology. [PubMed]
  • Ozbeyli, D., & Cakir, O. K. (2017). The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities in Alzheimer’s Disease. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. [CrossRef]
  • Prince, M., Ali, G.-C., Guerchet, M., Prina, A. M., Albanese, E., & Wu, Y.-T. (2016). Recent global trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia, and survival with dementia. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 8(1), 23. [Crossref]
  • Ramesh, B. N., Indi, S. S., & Rao, K. S. J. (2010). Studies to understand the effect of Centella asiatica on Aβ(42) aggregation in vitro. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy.
  • Rather, M. A., Thenmozhi, A. J., Manivasagam, T., Bharathi, M. D., Essa, M. M., & Guillemin, G. J. (2018). Neuroprotective role of asiatic acid in aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Bioscience - Scholar. [Crossref]
  • Sari, D. C. R., Arfian, N., Tranggono, U., Setyaningsih, W. A. W., Romi, M. M., & Emoto, N. (2019). Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) ethanol extract up-regulates hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling in chronic electrical stress model in rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. [PubMed]
  • Schneider, L. S., Kennedy, R. E., & Cutter, G. R. (2010). Requiring an amyloid-β1-42 biomarker for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment does not lead to more efficient clinical trials. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. [Crossref]
  • Shimizu, Y., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Shikimoto, R., Nozaki, S., Mimura, M., Tsugane, S., & Group, J. P. H. C. P. S. (2019). Reproductive history and risk of cognitive impairment in Japanese women. Maturitas, 12(8), 22–28. [Crossref]
  • Soumyanath, A., Zhong, Y. P., Henson, E., Wadsworth, T., Bishop, J., Gold, B. G., & Quinn, J. F. (2012). Centella asiatica extract improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: Investigation of a possible mechanism of action. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012:381974 [Crossref]
  • Yu, J.T., Tan, L., & Hardy, J. (2014). Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37:79-100 [Crossref]
Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 5, 1156 - 1162, 25.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1505669

Abstract

References

  • Burhaein, E., Demirci, N.,Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza, D.T.P.,Nadzalan, A., And Niksic, E. (2024). Is Walking a Miracle Cure for Active and Healthy Aging?. Int. J. Act. Health Aging, 2(1),10-17. [CrossRef]
  • Cancela, J. M., Vila Suárez, M. H., Vasconcelos, J., Lima, A., & Ayán, C. (2015). Efficacy of brain gym training on the cognitive performance and fitness level of active older adults: A preliminary study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity. [CrossRef]
  • Chiroma, S. M., Baharuldin, M. T. H., Taib, C. N. M., Amom, Z., Jagadeesan, S., Adenan, M. I., Mahdi, O., & Moklas, M. A. M. (2019). Centella asiatica protects D-galactose/AlCl3 mediated alzheimer’s disease-like rats via PP2A/GSK-3β signaling pathway in their hippocampus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. [CrossRef]
  • Davey, D. A. (2013). Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment and the menopause: A “window of opportunity”? In Women’s Health. [PubMed]
  • Dhanasekaran, M., Holcomb, L. A., Hitt, A. R., Tharakan, B., Porter, J. W., Young, K. A., & Manyam, B. V. (2009). Centella asiatica extract selectively decreases amyloid β levels in hippocampus of Alzheimer’s disease animal model. Phytotherapy Research, 23(1), 14–19. [PubMed]
  • Fitriana, L. A., Pragholapati, A., Rohaedi, S., Anggadiredja, K., Setiawan, I., & Adnyana, I. K. (2021). Differences of electroencephalography wave with eyes-closed between older women with dementia and without dementia. Journal of Engineering Research. [CrossRef]
  • Frederiksen, K. S., Madsen, K., Andersen, B. B., Beyer, N., Garde, E., Høgh, P., Waldemar, G., Hasselbalch, S. G., & Law, I. (2015). O5-04-02: Effect of moderate-high intensity aerobic exercise on beta-amyloid accumulation measured with 11 C-PiB-PET in patients with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease . Alzheimer’s & Dementia. [CrossRef]
  • Head, D., Bugg, J. M., Goate, A. M., Fagan, A. M., Mintun, M. A., Benzinger, T., Holtzman, D. M., & Morris, J. C. (2012). Exercise engagement as a moderator of the effects of APOE genotype on amyloid deposition. Archives of Neurology. [CrossRef]
  • Jensen, C. S., Portelius, E., Siersma, V., Høgh, P., Wermuth, L., Blennow, K., et al., (2016). Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta and tau concentrations are not modulated by 16 weeks of moderate- to high-intensity physical exercise in patients with Alzheimer disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. [Crossref]
  • Kang, E.-B., & Cho, J.-Y. (2015). Effect of treadmill exercise on PI3K/AKT/mTOR, autophagy, and Tau hyperphosphorylation in the cerebral cortex of NSE/htau23 transgenic mice. The Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry. [Crossref]
  • Lee, S. H., Han, J. H., Jin, Y. Y., Lee, I. H., Hong, H. R., & Kang, H. S. (2016). Poor physical fitness is independently associated with mild cognitive impairment in elderly Koreans. Biology of Sport. [Crossref]
  • Liang, K. Y., Mintun, M. A., Fagan, A. M., Goate, A. M., Bugg, J. M., Holtzman, D. M., Morris, J. C., & Head, D. (2010). Exercise and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in cognitively normal older adults. Annals of Neurology. [Crossref]
  • Meyer, C., & O’Keefe, F. (2020). Non-pharmacological interventions for people with dementia: A review of reviews. Dementia, 19(6), 1927–1954. [PubMed]
  • Meyer, J. C., Harirari, P., & Schellack, N. (2016). Overview of Alzheimer’s disease and its management. In SA Pharmaceutical Journal.
  • Mielke, M. M., Leoutsakos, J. M., Corcoran, C. D., Green, R. C., Norton, M. C., Welsh-Bohmer, K. A., Tschanz, J. T., & Lyketsos, C. G. (2012). Effects of Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for Alzheimer’s disease on clinical progression. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. [CrossRef]
  • Nam, E., Lee, Y. B., Moon, C., & Chang, K. A. (2020). Serum tau proteins as potential biomarkers for the assessment of alzheimer’s disease progression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 1–20. [Crossref]
  • Olsson, B., Lautner, R., Andreasson, U., Öhrfelt, A., Portelius, E., Bjerke, M., Hölttä, M., Rosén, C., Olsson, C., Strobel, G., Wu, E., Dakin, K., Petzold, M., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H. (2016). CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Neurology. [PubMed]
  • Ozbeyli, D., & Cakir, O. K. (2017). The Effects of Different Exercise Modalities in Alzheimer’s Disease. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. [CrossRef]
  • Prince, M., Ali, G.-C., Guerchet, M., Prina, A. M., Albanese, E., & Wu, Y.-T. (2016). Recent global trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia, and survival with dementia. Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, 8(1), 23. [Crossref]
  • Ramesh, B. N., Indi, S. S., & Rao, K. S. J. (2010). Studies to understand the effect of Centella asiatica on Aβ(42) aggregation in vitro. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy.
  • Rather, M. A., Thenmozhi, A. J., Manivasagam, T., Bharathi, M. D., Essa, M. M., & Guillemin, G. J. (2018). Neuroprotective role of asiatic acid in aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Frontiers in Bioscience - Scholar. [Crossref]
  • Sari, D. C. R., Arfian, N., Tranggono, U., Setyaningsih, W. A. W., Romi, M. M., & Emoto, N. (2019). Centella asiatica (Gotu kola) ethanol extract up-regulates hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling in chronic electrical stress model in rats. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. [PubMed]
  • Schneider, L. S., Kennedy, R. E., & Cutter, G. R. (2010). Requiring an amyloid-β1-42 biomarker for prodromal Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment does not lead to more efficient clinical trials. Alzheimer’s and Dementia. [Crossref]
  • Shimizu, Y., Sawada, N., Iwasaki, M., Shikimoto, R., Nozaki, S., Mimura, M., Tsugane, S., & Group, J. P. H. C. P. S. (2019). Reproductive history and risk of cognitive impairment in Japanese women. Maturitas, 12(8), 22–28. [Crossref]
  • Soumyanath, A., Zhong, Y. P., Henson, E., Wadsworth, T., Bishop, J., Gold, B. G., & Quinn, J. F. (2012). Centella asiatica extract improves behavioral deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease: Investigation of a possible mechanism of action. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2012:381974 [Crossref]
  • Yu, J.T., Tan, L., & Hardy, J. (2014). Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s Disease: An Update. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 37:79-100 [Crossref]
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sport and Exercise Nutrition, Sports Medicine
Journal Section Original Article
Authors

Lisna Anisa Fitriana 0000-0002-0004-9125

I Ketut Adnyana 0000-0001-5217-2312

Kusnandar Anggadiredja 0000-0001-9879-6112

Iwan Setiawan 0000-0002-1689-3398

Ria Maria Theresa This is me 0000-0001-8028-0898

Puu Taa Luu 0009-0000-3269-8894

Early Pub Date September 7, 2024
Publication Date September 25, 2024
Submission Date July 4, 2024
Acceptance Date September 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Fitriana, L. A., Adnyana, I. K., Anggadiredja, K., Setiawan, I., et al. (2024). The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(5), 1156-1162. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1505669
AMA Fitriana LA, Adnyana IK, Anggadiredja K, Setiawan I, Theresa RM, Luu PT. The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. September 2024;7(5):1156-1162. doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1505669
Chicago Fitriana, Lisna Anisa, I Ketut Adnyana, Kusnandar Anggadiredja, Iwan Setiawan, Ria Maria Theresa, and Puu Taa Luu. “The Effectiveness of Centella Asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women With Dementia”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 7, no. 5 (September 2024): 1156-62. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1505669.
EndNote Fitriana LA, Adnyana IK, Anggadiredja K, Setiawan I, Theresa RM, Luu PT (September 1, 2024) The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 7 5 1156–1162.
IEEE L. A. Fitriana, I. K. Adnyana, K. Anggadiredja, I. Setiawan, R. M. Theresa, and P. T. Luu, “The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia”, International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 1156–1162, 2024, doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.1505669.
ISNAD Fitriana, Lisna Anisa et al. “The Effectiveness of Centella Asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women With Dementia”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 7/5 (September 2024), 1156-1162. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1505669.
JAMA Fitriana LA, Adnyana IK, Anggadiredja K, Setiawan I, Theresa RM, Luu PT. The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2024;7:1156–1162.
MLA Fitriana, Lisna Anisa et al. “The Effectiveness of Centella Asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women With Dementia”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, vol. 7, no. 5, 2024, pp. 1156-62, doi:10.33438/ijdshs.1505669.
Vancouver Fitriana LA, Adnyana IK, Anggadiredja K, Setiawan I, Theresa RM, Luu PT. The Effectiveness of Centella asiatica Extract and Aerobic Exercise on Plasma Levels of Amyloid Beta-42 and Phosphorylated Tau in Older Women with Dementia. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2024;7(5):1156-62.


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