Validity and Reliability Testing of the Indonesian Version of the Exercise and Menstruation Questionnaire (EMQ-I) Assessing the Phenomenon of Menstruation in Sports

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 5, 1053 - 1061

Prisca Widiawati , Muhammad Putra Ramadhan Dinda Arisetya Purwadi , Muhammad Zulqarnain Mohd Nasir , Nasnoor Juzaily Mohd Nasiruddin

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1506126

Abstract

Menstruation is a natural biological process that occurs in women and is controlled by hormonal fluctuations. This study can support the achievements of female athletes, especially in Indonesia, where communication and perceptions related to menstruation have not been included in the criteria for creating training programs. This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Indonesian version of the Exercise and Menstruation Questionnaire (EMQ-I) measuring the phenomenon of menstruation in sport. The population for this study was female athletes in Malang, Indonesia, aged 18-35 years, who participated in various sports with a total of 57 athletes. This study uses a methodological approach that combines qualitative and quantitative components. The qualitative stage involves translators and experts in the field of menstruation and sports to validate the content. The quantitative stage tests the validity and reliability using statistical analysis with results ranging from 0.628 to 0.909 and reliability ranging from 0.856 to 0.927. The results of the data analysis showed that 88.5% of the question items were valid to be announced to respondents. The total items to be announced were 33 items and had been tested for validity and reliability by experts and in-depth data analysis. This research is expected to be a literature material and input for coaches in Indonesia to create training programs that are suitable for women and improve sports achievements in Indonesia.

Keywords

Validity, Reliability, Exercise Menstruation Questionnaire, Sports

Ethical Statement

This hereby states 1. Able to comply with applicable regulations at the University and related agencies. 2. Able to carry out a research code of ethics.

Supporting Institution

the Ministry of Education and Technology, Indonesian Education University

Project Number

1323/UN40.A6/KP/2024

Thanks

We would like to thank the Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Malang for providing funding for the implementation and publication of this research.

References

• Ahmed, I., & Ishtiaq, S. (2021). Reliability and Validity: Importance in Medical Research. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 71(10), 2401–2406. [PubMed]
• Armour, M., & Smith, C. (2023). Exercise and Menstruation in Australia. Western Sydney University.
• Brown, N., & Knight, C. J. (2022). Understanding Female Coaches’ and Practitioners’ Experience and Support Provision in Relation to the Menstrual Cycle. International Journal of Sport Sciences and Coaching, 17(2), 235–243. [CrossRef]
• Campbell, S. E., Angus, D. J., & Febbraio, M. A. (2001). Glucose Kinetics and Exercise Performance during Phases of the Menstrual Cycle: Effect of Glucose Ingestion. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism, 281(4), 817–825. [PubMed]
• Campbell, S. et al. (2020) ‘Purposive sampling: complex or simple? Research case examples’, Journal of Research in Nursing, 25(8), pp. 652–661 [Pubmed]
• Carmichael, Mikaeli A., Thomson, R. L., Moran, L. J., Dunstan, J. R., Nelson, M. J., Mathai, M. L., & Wycherley, T. P. (2021). A Pilot Study on the Impact of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Elite Australian Football Athletes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18). [PubMed]
• Carmichael, Mikaeli Anne, Thomson, R. L., Moran, L. J., & Wycherley, T. P. (2021). The Impact of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Athletes’ Performance: A Narrative Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–24. [PubMed]
• Clarke, A., Govus, A., & Donaldson, A. (2021). What Male Coaches Want to Know About the Menstrual Cycle in Women’s Team Sports: Performance, Health, and Communication. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 16(3), 544–553. [CrossRef]
• Cockerill, I. ., Nevill, Bs., & Byrne, N. . (1992). Mood, Mileage and the Menstrual Cycle. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(3), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1429.040 [PubMed]
• Cook, C. J., Fourie, P., & Crewther, B. T. (2021). Menstrual Variation in the Acute Testosterone and Cortisol Response to Laboratory Stressors Correlate with Baseline Testosterone Fluctuations at a Within- and between-Person Level. The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 24(4), 458–467.[PubMed]
• Cook, C. J., Kilduff, L. P., & Crewther, B. T. (2018). Basal and Stress-Induced Salivary Testosterone Variation Across the Menstrual Cycle and Linkage to Motivation and Muscle Power. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 28(4), 1345–1353.[PubMed]
• Crewther, B. T., & Cook, C. J. (2018). A Longitudinal Analysis of Salivary Testosterone Concentrations and Competitiveness in Elite and non-Elite Women Athletes. Physiology and Behavior, 188, 157–161. [PubMed]
• Dasa, M. S., Kristoffersen, M., Ersvær, E., Bovim, L. P., Bjørkhaug, L., Moe-Nilssen, R., Sagen, J. V., & Haukenes, I. (2021). The Female Menstrual Cycles Effect on Strength and Power Parameters in High-Level Female Team Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology, 12(February), 1–9. [PubMed]
• Direkvand-Moghadam, A., Sayehmiri, K., Delpisheh, A., & Satar, K. (2014). Epidemiology of Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(2), 106–109. [PubMed]
• Frandsen, J., Pistoljevic, N., Quesada, J. P., Amaro-Gahete, F. J., Ritz, C., Larsen, S., Dela, F., & Helge, J. W. (2020). Menstrual Cycle Phase does not Affect Whole Body Peak Fat Oxidation Rate during a Graded Exercise Test. Journal of Applied Physiology, 128(3), 681–687. [PubMed]
• Goldstuck, N. D. (2020). Modern Menstruation: Is It Abnormal and Unhealthy? Medical Hypotheses, 144. [PubMed]
• Gordon, D., Hughes, F., Young, K., Scruton, A., Keiller, D., Caddy, O., Baker, J., & Barnes, R. (2013). The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on the Development of Peak Torque Under Isokinetic Conditions. Isokinetics and Exercise Science, 21(4), 285–291. [CrossRef]
• Hackney, A. C., McCracken-Compton, M. A., & Ainsworth, B. (1994). Substrate Responses to Submaximal Exercise in the Midfollicular and Midluteal Phases of the Menstrual Cycle. International Journal of Sport Nutrition, 4, 299–308.[PubMed]
• Jonge, X. A. K. J. De. (2003). Effects of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Performance. Sports Medicine, 33(11), 833–851. [PubMed]
• Kiesner, J., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., & Mendle, J. (2020). Evolution, the Menstrual Cycle, and Theoretical Overreach. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15(4), 1113–1130. [PubMed]
• Koley, A. and Bandyopadhyay, N. (2024) ‘Construction of A Physical Fitness Test Battery for Middle-Aged Women’, International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(1), pp. 51–65. [CrossRef]
• Kurtoğlu, A. et al. (2024) ‘The Effect of Eight Weeks of Zumba Exercises on Kinesiophobia Views in Sedentary Women’, International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(3), pp. 648–654. [CrossRef]
• Marsh, S. A., & Jenkins, D. G. (2002). Physiological Responses to the Menstrual Cycle: Implications for the Development of Heat Illness in Female Athletes. Sports Medicine, 32(10), 601–614. [PubMed]
• Martínez-Cantó, A., Moya-Ramón, M., & Pastor, D. (2018). Could Dysmenorrhea Decrease Strength Performance when a Velocity-based Resistance Testing is Used? Science and Sports, 33(6), 375–379. [CrossRef]
• Meignié, A., Duclos, M., Carling, C., Orhant, E., Provost, P., Toussaint, J. F., & Antero, J. (2021). The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Elite Athlete Performance: A Critical and Systematic Review. Frontiers in Physiology, 12. [PubMed]
• Mitsuhashi, R., Sawai, A., Kiyohara, K., Shiraki, H., & Nakata, Y. (2023). Factors Associated with the Prevalence and Severity of Menstrual-Related Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(1), 569. [PubMed]
• Motta-Mena, N. V., & Puts, D. A. (2017). Endocrinology of Human Female Sexuality, Mating, and Reproductive Behavior. Hormones and Behavior, 91, 19–35. [PubMed]
• Oosthuyse, T., & Bosch, A. N. (2010). The Effect of the Menstrual Cycle on Exercise Metabolism. Sports Medicine, 40(3), 207–227. [PubMed]
• Paludo, A. C., Paravlic, A., Dvořáková, K., & Gimunová, M. (2022). The Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Perceptual Responses in Athletes: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. [PubMed]
• Pasaribu, R. E. E., Yarmani, & Raibowo, S. (2023). Hubungan Siklus Menstruasi Terhadap Perfomance Atlet Atletik Lompat Jauh Putri PPLP Provinsi Bengkulu. SPORT GYMNASTICS : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani, 4(1), 23–30. [CrossRef]
• Passoni, P., Inzoli, A., De Ponti, E., Polizzi, S., Ceccherelli, A., Fantauzzi, M., Procaccianti, C., Cattoni, A., Villa, S., Riva, A., Righetti, S., Landoni, F., & Fruscio, R. (2023). Association Between Physical Activity and Menstrual Cycle Disorders in Young Athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine. [CrossRef]
• Pitchers, G., & Elliott-Sale, K. (2019). Considerations for Coaches Training Female Athletes. Uksca, 55, 19–30. Silberstein, S., & Merriam, G. (2000). Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle. Cephalalgia, 20, 148–154. [CrossRef]
• Smith, M. J., Adams, L. F., Schmidt, P. J., Rubinow, D. R., & Wassermann, E. M. (2002). Effects of Ovarian Hormones on Human Cortical Excitability. Annals of Neurology, 51(5), 599–603. [PubMed]
• Sung, E. S., & Kim, J. H. (2018). The Difference Effect of Estrogen on Muscle Tone of Medial and Lateral Thigh Muscle during Ovulation. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 14(3), 419–423. [PubMed]
• Surucu, L., & Maslakci, A. (2020). Validity and Reliability in Quantitative Research. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 2694–2726. [CrossRef]
• Tasmektepligil, M. Y., Agaoglu, S. A., Türkmen, L., & Türkmen, M. (2010). The Motor Performance and Some Physical Characteristics of the Sportswomen and Sedentary Lifestyle Women during Menstrual Cycle. Archives of Budo, 6(4), 195–203.
• Thein, L. A., Thein, J. M., & Landry, G. L. (1995). Ergogenic Aids. Physical Therapy, 75(5), 426–439. [PubMed]
• Vaiksaar, S., Jürimäe, J., Mäestu, J., Purge, P., Kalytka, S., Shakhlina, L., & Jürimäe, T. (2011). No Effect of Menstrual Cycle Phase on Fuel Oxidation during Exercise in Rowers. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 111(6), 1027–1034. [PubMed]
• Vecchio, A. Del, Negro, F., Holobar, A., Casolo, A., Folland, J. P., Felici, F., & Farina, D. (2019). You are as Fast as Your Motor Neurons: Speed of Recruitment and Maximal Discharge of Motor Neurons Determine the Maximal Rate of Force Development in Humans. The Journal of Physiology, 597(9), 2445–2456. [PubMed]
• Witkoś, J., Luberda, E., Błażejewski, G., & Strój, E. (2024). Menstrual Cycle Disorders as an Early Symptom of Energy Deficiency among Female Physique Athletes Assessed using the Low Energy Availability in Females Questionnaire (LEAF-Q). PloS One, 19(6). [PubMed]
• Yim, J. E., Petrofsky, J., & Lee, H. (2018). Correlation between Mechanical Properties of the Ankle Muscles and Postural Sway during the Menstrual Cycle. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 244(3), 201–207. [PubMed]
• Zderic, T. W., Coggan, A. R., & Ruby, B. C. (2001). Glucose Kinetics and Substrate Oxidation during Exercise in the Follicular and Luteal Phases. Journal of Applied Physiology, 90(2), 447–453. [PubMed]