Research Article
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Sahra altı Afrika Ülkelerinde İklim Değişikliğinin Tarımsal Üretim Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2026, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 133 - 157, 06.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1601098
https://izlik.org/JA58KY39LE

Abstract

İklim değişikliği günümüzde bütün ülkelerin ve kurumların üzerine düşünmek ve harekete geçmek zorunda kaldığı bir hal almakta, tarımsal üretimi hem kısa hem uzun vadede ilgilendiren en önemli unsur haline gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, 38 Sahra-altı Afrika ülkesi için 1991-2020 yılları arasında iklim değişikliğinin tarımsal üretim üzerindeki olası etkilerini araştırmaktadır. Söz konusu etkinin araştırılması amacıyla ülkelerin ekonomik, tarımsal, demografik ve meteorolojik özelliklerini gösteren bir panel veri seti kullanılarak gıda üretim endeksinin sıcaklık, yağış gibi değişkenlerle olan ilişkisi tahmin edilmektedir. Buna göre, iklim değişikliği ile ilişkili olan sera gazı emisyonu, yağış ve sıcaklık değişkenlerinin gıda üretim endeksini açıklamakta anlamlı ve zıt yönlü etkileri olduğu görülmektedir. Bölgenin gelişmiş ülkelerinde yüksek olan sera gazı emisyonu değerlerinin gıda üretim endeksi ile aynı yönlü hareket ettiği görülmektedir. Benzer biçimde, kurak iklim yapısına sahip bu bölgede gıda üretiminin beklendiği biçimde yağış oranları ile aynı yönlü hareket ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Diğer yandan, bölgede iklim değişikliği sonucu artan sıcaklıkların tarımsal üretim üzerindeki negatif etkilerinin, diğer iklim değişikliği göstergelerinin etkilerini çok geride bıraktığı gözlenmektedir. Sıcaklık için bulunan negatif esneklik katsayısı, yağış değişkeninin pozitif esneklik katsayısından çok daha yüksek düzeydedir. Diğer yandan, gıda üretim sorunlarıyla karşı karşıya olan bölgede kent nüfusundaki artışın tarımsal üretim üzerindeki etkilerinin negatif olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

References

  • Agovino, M., Casaccia, M., Ciommi, M., Ferrara, M., & Marchesano, K. (2019). Agriculture, climate change and sustainability: The case of EU-28. Ecological Indicators, 105, 525-543.
  • Arellano, M. (1987). Computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 49(4).
  • Atwoli, L., Erhabor, G. E., Gbakima, A. A., Haileamlak, A., Ntumba, J. M. K., Kigera, J., ... & Zielinski, C. (2023). COP27 climate change conference: urgent action needed for Africa and the world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 19-21.
  • Ayodimeji, Z. (2024, 05 20). FAO. Family Farming Knowledge Platform: https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1507024/ adresinden alındı
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham.
  • Beck, H. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., Lutsko, N. J., Dufour, A., ... & Miralles, D. G. (2023). High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. Scientific data, 10(1), 724.
  • Belloumi, M. (2014). Investigation of the Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Eastern and Southern African Countries. AGRODEP.
  • Blanc, E. (2012). The impact of climate change on crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of climate change, 1(1), 1-13.
  • BM. (1992). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi. New York.
  • Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi (2006). Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi ve Kyoto Protokolü Metinler ve Diğer Bilgiler. Ankara.
  • Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2011). Robust inference with multiway clustering. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29(2), 238-249.
  • Coumou, D., & Robinson, A. (2016, Haziran). Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions. Regional Environmental Change.
  • Dixon, J., Gulliver, A., & Gibbon, D. (2001). Improving farmer's livelihoods in a changing world. farming systems and poverty: Rome and Washington DC: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Bank.
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • EDGAR. (2025, 02 17). Global greenhouse gas Emissions. EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg2024#intro adresinden alındı
  • Emediegwu, L. E., Wossink, A., & Hall, A. (2022, Ekim). The impacts of climate change on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: A spatial panel data approach. World Development.
  • Eruygur, H. O., & Özokcu, S. (2016). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin buğday verimi üzerine etkileri: bir heterojen panel çalışması. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 27(101),219-255.
  • FAO. (2022). Strategy on Climate Change 2022-2031. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2023). FAO in Africa: Highlights in 2022. Accra: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • FAO. (2025, Ocak). Land and Environmental degradation and desertification in Africa: The magnitude of problem. FAO: https://www.fao.org/4/x5318e/x5318e02.htm adresinden alındı
  • Fuglie, K., Gautam, M., Goyal, A., & Maloney, F. W. (2020). Harvesting prosperity: Technology and productivity growth in agriculture. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Galbert, J., & Olinga, O. (2023, Nisan 12). Agricultural productivity and climate change: An evidence of a non-linear relationship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Hille, C. B. (2024, 12 3). Carbon dioxide fertilization greening earth, study finds. NASA: https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/carbon-dioxide-fertilization-greening-earth-study-finds/ adresinden alındı
  • IPCC. (2013). Climate system scenario tables. IPCC.
  • Jobarteh, M. (2023). Sectoral scenarios for Sub Saharan Africa. ISS.
  • Köppen, W. (1884). The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 215-226.
  • Lovei, M. (2017, 11 11). Climate impacts on African fisheries: The Imperative to Understand and Act. World Bank Blogs: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/climate-impacts-on-african-fisheries-the-imperative-to-understand-and-act#:~:text=In%20East%20Africa%2C%20ocean%20warming,the%20vulnerability%20of%20coastal%20populations. adresinden alındı
  • Mahrous, W. (2019). Climate change and food security in EAC region: a panel data analysis. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(4), 270-284.
  • NASA. (2024, 05 15). NASA climate change. NASA: https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/ adresinden alındı
  • Özdemir, D. (2022). The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Asian countries: a heterogeneous panel data approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 8205-8217.
  • Paris Anlaşması (2015). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi 21. Taraflar Konferansı, Paris.
  • Pickson, R. B., Boateng, E., Gui, P., & Chen, A. (2024). The impacts of climatic conditions on cereal production: implications for food security in Africa: RB Pickson et al. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(7), 18333-18360.
  • Rosenzweig, C., Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Ruane, A. C., Müller, C., Arneth, A., ... & Jones, J. W. (2014). Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 111(9), 3268-3273.
  • De Salvo, M., Begalli, D., & Signorello, G. (2013). Measuring the effect of climate change on agriculture: A literature review of analytical models. Journal of development and agricultural economics, 5(12), 499-509.
  • Schlenker, W., & Lobell, D. B. (2010, Şubat). Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture. Environmental Research Letters.
  • WDI. (2022, 05 20). WDI. WDI: https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.2 adresinden alındı
  • WDI. (2024, 12 05). Metadata glossary. World Bank: https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/AG.PRD.FOOD.XD adresinden alındı
  • WMO. (2025, Ocak). Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs. World Meteorological Organization: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs adresinden alındı

Year 2026, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 133 - 157, 06.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1601098
https://izlik.org/JA58KY39LE

Abstract

References

  • Agovino, M., Casaccia, M., Ciommi, M., Ferrara, M., & Marchesano, K. (2019). Agriculture, climate change and sustainability: The case of EU-28. Ecological Indicators, 105, 525-543.
  • Arellano, M. (1987). Computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 49(4).
  • Atwoli, L., Erhabor, G. E., Gbakima, A. A., Haileamlak, A., Ntumba, J. M. K., Kigera, J., ... & Zielinski, C. (2023). COP27 climate change conference: urgent action needed for Africa and the world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 19-21.
  • Ayodimeji, Z. (2024, 05 20). FAO. Family Farming Knowledge Platform: https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1507024/ adresinden alındı
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham.
  • Beck, H. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., Lutsko, N. J., Dufour, A., ... & Miralles, D. G. (2023). High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. Scientific data, 10(1), 724.
  • Belloumi, M. (2014). Investigation of the Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Eastern and Southern African Countries. AGRODEP.
  • Blanc, E. (2012). The impact of climate change on crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of climate change, 1(1), 1-13.
  • BM. (1992). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi. New York.
  • Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi (2006). Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi ve Kyoto Protokolü Metinler ve Diğer Bilgiler. Ankara.
  • Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2011). Robust inference with multiway clustering. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29(2), 238-249.
  • Coumou, D., & Robinson, A. (2016, Haziran). Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions. Regional Environmental Change.
  • Dixon, J., Gulliver, A., & Gibbon, D. (2001). Improving farmer's livelihoods in a changing world. farming systems and poverty: Rome and Washington DC: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Bank.
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • EDGAR. (2025, 02 17). Global greenhouse gas Emissions. EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg2024#intro adresinden alındı
  • Emediegwu, L. E., Wossink, A., & Hall, A. (2022, Ekim). The impacts of climate change on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: A spatial panel data approach. World Development.
  • Eruygur, H. O., & Özokcu, S. (2016). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin buğday verimi üzerine etkileri: bir heterojen panel çalışması. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 27(101),219-255.
  • FAO. (2022). Strategy on Climate Change 2022-2031. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2023). FAO in Africa: Highlights in 2022. Accra: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • FAO. (2025, Ocak). Land and Environmental degradation and desertification in Africa: The magnitude of problem. FAO: https://www.fao.org/4/x5318e/x5318e02.htm adresinden alındı
  • Fuglie, K., Gautam, M., Goyal, A., & Maloney, F. W. (2020). Harvesting prosperity: Technology and productivity growth in agriculture. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Galbert, J., & Olinga, O. (2023, Nisan 12). Agricultural productivity and climate change: An evidence of a non-linear relationship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Hille, C. B. (2024, 12 3). Carbon dioxide fertilization greening earth, study finds. NASA: https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/carbon-dioxide-fertilization-greening-earth-study-finds/ adresinden alındı
  • IPCC. (2013). Climate system scenario tables. IPCC.
  • Jobarteh, M. (2023). Sectoral scenarios for Sub Saharan Africa. ISS.
  • Köppen, W. (1884). The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 215-226.
  • Lovei, M. (2017, 11 11). Climate impacts on African fisheries: The Imperative to Understand and Act. World Bank Blogs: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/climate-impacts-on-african-fisheries-the-imperative-to-understand-and-act#:~:text=In%20East%20Africa%2C%20ocean%20warming,the%20vulnerability%20of%20coastal%20populations. adresinden alındı
  • Mahrous, W. (2019). Climate change and food security in EAC region: a panel data analysis. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(4), 270-284.
  • NASA. (2024, 05 15). NASA climate change. NASA: https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/ adresinden alındı
  • Özdemir, D. (2022). The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Asian countries: a heterogeneous panel data approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 8205-8217.
  • Paris Anlaşması (2015). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi 21. Taraflar Konferansı, Paris.
  • Pickson, R. B., Boateng, E., Gui, P., & Chen, A. (2024). The impacts of climatic conditions on cereal production: implications for food security in Africa: RB Pickson et al. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(7), 18333-18360.
  • Rosenzweig, C., Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Ruane, A. C., Müller, C., Arneth, A., ... & Jones, J. W. (2014). Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 111(9), 3268-3273.
  • De Salvo, M., Begalli, D., & Signorello, G. (2013). Measuring the effect of climate change on agriculture: A literature review of analytical models. Journal of development and agricultural economics, 5(12), 499-509.
  • Schlenker, W., & Lobell, D. B. (2010, Şubat). Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture. Environmental Research Letters.
  • WDI. (2022, 05 20). WDI. WDI: https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.2 adresinden alındı
  • WDI. (2024, 12 05). Metadata glossary. World Bank: https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/AG.PRD.FOOD.XD adresinden alındı
  • WMO. (2025, Ocak). Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs. World Meteorological Organization: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs adresinden alındı

The Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Sub-Saharan African Countries

Year 2026, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 133 - 157, 06.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1601098
https://izlik.org/JA58KY39LE

Abstract

Today, climate change has become a situation that all countries and institutions have to think about and take action on, and it has become the most important factor that concerns agricultural production in both the short and long term. This study investigates the possible effects of climate change on agricultural production between 1991 and 2020 for 38 sub-Saharan African countries. In order to investigate the effect in question, the relationship of the food production index with variables such as temperature and precipitation is estimated by using a panel data set showing the economic, agricultural, demographic, and meteorological characteristics of the countries. Accordingly, it is seen that greenhouse gas emissions, precipitation, and temperature variables associated with climate change have significant and opposite effects in explaining the food production index. It is seen that the greenhouse gas emission values, which are high in the developed countries of the region, move in the same direction as the food production index. Similarly, it is understood that food production in this region with an arid climate structure moves in the same direction as rainfall rates, as expected. On the other hand, it is observed that the negative effects of increasing temperatures as a result of climate change in the region on agricultural production far exceed the effects of other climate change indicators. The negative elasticity coefficient found for temperature is much higher than the positive elasticity coefficient of the precipitation variable. On the other hand, it is understood that the effects of the increase in urban population on agricultural production are negative in the region, which is faced with food production problems.

References

  • Agovino, M., Casaccia, M., Ciommi, M., Ferrara, M., & Marchesano, K. (2019). Agriculture, climate change and sustainability: The case of EU-28. Ecological Indicators, 105, 525-543.
  • Arellano, M. (1987). Computing robust standard errors for within-groups estimators. Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, 49(4).
  • Atwoli, L., Erhabor, G. E., Gbakima, A. A., Haileamlak, A., Ntumba, J. M. K., Kigera, J., ... & Zielinski, C. (2023). COP27 climate change conference: urgent action needed for Africa and the world. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 23(1), 19-21.
  • Ayodimeji, Z. (2024, 05 20). FAO. Family Farming Knowledge Platform: https://www.fao.org/family-farming/detail/en/c/1507024/ adresinden alındı
  • Baltagi, B.H. (2021). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Springer Texts in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham.
  • Beck, H. E., McVicar, T. R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A., Lutsko, N. J., Dufour, A., ... & Miralles, D. G. (2023). High-resolution (1 km) Köppen-Geiger maps for 1901–2099 based on constrained CMIP6 projections. Scientific data, 10(1), 724.
  • Belloumi, M. (2014). Investigation of the Impact of Climate Change on Agricultural Production in Eastern and Southern African Countries. AGRODEP.
  • Blanc, E. (2012). The impact of climate change on crop yields in Sub-Saharan Africa. American Journal of climate change, 1(1), 1-13.
  • BM. (1992). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi. New York.
  • Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi (2006). Bölgesel Çevre Merkezi Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi ve Kyoto Protokolü Metinler ve Diğer Bilgiler. Ankara.
  • Cameron, A. C., Gelbach, J. B., & Miller, D. L. (2011). Robust inference with multiway clustering. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 29(2), 238-249.
  • Coumou, D., & Robinson, A. (2016, Haziran). Climate change impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa: from physical changes to their social repercussions. Regional Environmental Change.
  • Dixon, J., Gulliver, A., & Gibbon, D. (2001). Improving farmer's livelihoods in a changing world. farming systems and poverty: Rome and Washington DC: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations and World Bank.
  • Driscoll, J. C., & Kraay, A. C. (1998). Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data. Review of economics and statistics, 80(4), 549-560.
  • EDGAR. (2025, 02 17). Global greenhouse gas Emissions. EDGAR - Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg2024#intro adresinden alındı
  • Emediegwu, L. E., Wossink, A., & Hall, A. (2022, Ekim). The impacts of climate change on agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa: A spatial panel data approach. World Development.
  • Eruygur, H. O., & Özokcu, S. (2016). Türkiye’de iklim değişikliğinin buğday verimi üzerine etkileri: bir heterojen panel çalışması. Ekonomik Yaklaşım, 27(101),219-255.
  • FAO. (2022). Strategy on Climate Change 2022-2031. Rome: FAO.
  • FAO. (2023). FAO in Africa: Highlights in 2022. Accra: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
  • FAO. (2025, Ocak). Land and Environmental degradation and desertification in Africa: The magnitude of problem. FAO: https://www.fao.org/4/x5318e/x5318e02.htm adresinden alındı
  • Fuglie, K., Gautam, M., Goyal, A., & Maloney, F. W. (2020). Harvesting prosperity: Technology and productivity growth in agriculture. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Galbert, J., & Olinga, O. (2023, Nisan 12). Agricultural productivity and climate change: An evidence of a non-linear relationship in Sub-Saharan Africa. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Hille, C. B. (2024, 12 3). Carbon dioxide fertilization greening earth, study finds. NASA: https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/carbon-dioxide-fertilization-greening-earth-study-finds/ adresinden alındı
  • IPCC. (2013). Climate system scenario tables. IPCC.
  • Jobarteh, M. (2023). Sectoral scenarios for Sub Saharan Africa. ISS.
  • Köppen, W. (1884). The thermal zones of the earth according to the duration of hot, moderate and cold periods and to the impact of heat on the organic world. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 215-226.
  • Lovei, M. (2017, 11 11). Climate impacts on African fisheries: The Imperative to Understand and Act. World Bank Blogs: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/nasikiliza/climate-impacts-on-african-fisheries-the-imperative-to-understand-and-act#:~:text=In%20East%20Africa%2C%20ocean%20warming,the%20vulnerability%20of%20coastal%20populations. adresinden alındı
  • Mahrous, W. (2019). Climate change and food security in EAC region: a panel data analysis. Review of Economics and Political Science, 4(4), 270-284.
  • NASA. (2024, 05 15). NASA climate change. NASA: https://science.nasa.gov/climate-change/ adresinden alındı
  • Özdemir, D. (2022). The impact of climate change on agricultural productivity in Asian countries: a heterogeneous panel data approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 8205-8217.
  • Paris Anlaşması (2015). Birleşmiş Milletler İklim Değişikliği Çerçeve Sözleşmesi 21. Taraflar Konferansı, Paris.
  • Pickson, R. B., Boateng, E., Gui, P., & Chen, A. (2024). The impacts of climatic conditions on cereal production: implications for food security in Africa: RB Pickson et al. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(7), 18333-18360.
  • Rosenzweig, C., Elliott, J., Deryng, D., Ruane, A. C., Müller, C., Arneth, A., ... & Jones, J. W. (2014). Assessing agricultural risks of climate change in the 21st century in a global gridded crop model intercomparison. Proceedings of the national academy of sciences, 111(9), 3268-3273.
  • De Salvo, M., Begalli, D., & Signorello, G. (2013). Measuring the effect of climate change on agriculture: A literature review of analytical models. Journal of development and agricultural economics, 5(12), 499-509.
  • Schlenker, W., & Lobell, D. B. (2010, Şubat). Robust negative impacts of climate change on African agriculture. Environmental Research Letters.
  • WDI. (2022, 05 20). WDI. WDI: https://wdi.worldbank.org/table/4.2 adresinden alındı
  • WDI. (2024, 12 05). Metadata glossary. World Bank: https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/AG.PRD.FOOD.XD adresinden alındı
  • WMO. (2025, Ocak). Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs. World Meteorological Organization: https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs adresinden alındı
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Panel Data Analysis
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Berk Can Konuş 0000-0002-2384-3102

Pelin Akçagün Narin 0000-0003-1441-109X

Submission Date December 18, 2024
Acceptance Date May 27, 2025
Publication Date March 6, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1601098
IZ https://izlik.org/JA58KY39LE
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 41 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Konuş, B. C., & Akçagün Narin, P. (2026). Sahra altı Afrika Ülkelerinde İklim Değişikliğinin Tarımsal Üretim Üzerindeki Etkisi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 41(1), 133-157. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1601098
İzmir Journal of Economics
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