Jeopolitik Risk ve Altın Getirileri Arasındaki İlişkinin Zaman-Frekans Analizi: Wavelet Yaklaşımı

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, jeopolitik risk ile altın getirileri arasındaki ilişkinin zaman ve frekans boyutunda nasıl değiştiğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu doğrultuda, jeopolitik risk endeksi (GPR) ile altın getirilerine ait Ocak 2000-Mart 2026 dönemini kapsayan aylık veriler kullanılmıştır. Yöntem olarak, değişkenler arasındaki dinamik etkileşimi zaman ve frekans düzleminde incelemeye imkân tanıyan Wavelet Coherence (WTC) ve Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT) analizleri uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisinin hem şokların yönüne hem de farklı zaman ufuklarına göre değerlendirilmesi amacıyla Hatemi-J asimetrik nedensellik testi ile Breitung-Candelon frekans nedensellik testinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, jeopolitik risk ile altın getirileri arasındaki ilişkinin sabit olmadığını ve zaman-frekans boyunca değişkenlik gösterdiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle kısa vadede güçlü ve anlamlı bir eş hareket tespit edilirken, orta vadede ilişkinin dönemsel olarak sürdüğü, uzun vadede ise zayıfladığı gözlemlenmiştir. Faz farkı bulguları, jeopolitik riskteki artışların çoğunlukla altın getirilerini önden etkilediğini göstermektedir. Buna karşılık, asimetrik ve frekans nedensellik testlerinden elde edilen sonuçlar, değişkenler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve kalıcı bir nedensellik ilişkisinin bulunmadığına işaret etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel katkısı, söz konusu ilişkinin doğrusal olmayan, zamana bağlı ve çok boyutlu yapısını ortaya koyarak literatüre zaman-frekans perspektifinden yeni kanıtlar sunmasıdır. Sonuç olarak, altının jeopolitik belirsizlik dönemlerinde özellikle kısa vadede güvenli liman özelliği taşıdığı, ancak bu etkinin uzun vadede zayıfladığı belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Jeopolitik risk
• Wavelet analizi
• zaman-frekans analizi
• Hatemi-J
• Breitung-Candelon
• finansal piyasalar

Time-Frequency Analysis of the Relationship Between Geopolitical Risk and Gold Returns: A Wavelet Approach

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine how the relationship between geopolitical risk and gold returns evolves across time and frequency dimensions. For this purpose, monthly data covering the period from January 2000 to March 2026 for the Geopolitical Risk Index (GPR) and gold returns are employed. Methodologically, Wavelet Coherence (WTC) and Cross Wavelet Transform (XWT) analyses are utilized to investigate the dynamic interaction between the variables in the time-frequency domain, while the Hatemi-J asymmetric causality approach together, with the Breitung–Candelon frequency-domain causality framework, is employed to examine causal interactions by considering both shock asymmetries and varying temporal horizons. The results indicate that the association between geopolitical risk and gold returns is dynamic rather than constant, exhibiting changes over time and across frequencies. In particular, a strong and statistically significant co-movement is identified in the short term, while the relationship persists periodically in the medium term and weakens in the long term. The phase difference results indicate that increases in geopolitical risk generally precede movements in gold returns. In contrast, the results obtained from the asymmetric and frequency-domain causality tests suggest the absence of a statistically significant and persistent causal relationship between the variables. The main contribution of the study is that it provides new evidence from a time–frequency perspective by revealing the nonlinear, time-varying, and multidimensional nature of the relationship. Overall, the findings indicate that gold serves as a safe haven during periods of geopolitical uncertainty, particularly in the short term, although this effect weakens over longer horizons.

Keywords

• Geopolitical risk
• gold returns
• Wavelet analysis
• time-frequency analysis
• Hatemi-J
• Breitung-Candelon
• financial markets

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