İhracat Piyasasına Giriş Yapmanın Verimlilik ve Diğer Firma Göstergeleri Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İmalat Sanayii Örneği

Abstract

Bu çalışmada ihracatın firma göstergeleri üzerindeki etkisi test edilmektedir. Bu amaçla imalat firmalarının 2003-2015 dönemine ait veri seti eğilim skoru eşleştirme ve fark içinde fark tahmincisi yöntemleriyle analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ihracat ile verimlilik arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisini literatürde iki yönlü olarak açıklayan kendi kendini seçim ve ihracat yaparak öğrenme hipotezleri desteklenmiştir. Ayrıca ihracat piyasasına giriş yapmanın firmaların faaliyet ölçeği, sermaye girdisi, işgücü yapısı ve maliyette rekabet edebilme gücü hakkında fikir veren değişkenler üzerinde de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkilerinin olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma, ihracatın firma üzerindeki etkisini çok sayıda değişken açısından değerlendiren kapsayıcı bir çalışma olarak literatüre katkı sağlamaktadır.

Keywords

• Toplam Faktör Verimliliği
• Kendi Kendini Seçim
• İhracat Yoluyla Öğrenme
• Türkiye İmalat Endüstrisi

The Impact of Entering the Export Market on Productivity and Other Firm Indicators: The Case of the Turkish Manufacturing Industry

Abstract

In this study, the effect of exports on firm indicators is tested. For this purpose, the data set of manufacturing companies for the period 2003-2015 was analyzed by propensity score matching and difference in difference estimator methods. According to the results of the analysis, self-selection and learning by exporting hypotheses, which explain the causality relationship between export and productivity in two ways in the literature were supported. In addition, it was concluded that entering the export market has statistically significant effects on the variables that give an idea about the scale of operation, capital input, workforce composition and cost competitiveness of the companies. The study contributes to the literature as an inclusive study that evaluates the effect of exports on the firm in terms of many variables.

Keywords

• Total Factor Productivity
• Self-selection
• Learning by Exporting
• Turkish Manufacturing Industry

References

1. Albornoz, F. ve Ercolani, M. (2007). Learning by Exporting: Do Firm Characteristics Matter? Evidence from Argentinian Panel Data. University of Birmingham Discussion Papers in Economics Series, 07/17.
2. Aldan, A. ve Gunay, M. (2008). Entry to Export Markets and Productivity: Analysis of Matched Firms in Turkey. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Working Paper, 08/05.
3. Alvarez, R. ve López, R. A. (2005). Exporting and Performance: Evidence from Chilean Plants. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(4), 1384-1400.
4. Arellano, M. ve Bover, O. (1995). Another Look at the Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29-51.
5. Arnold, J. M. ve Hussinger, K. (2005). Export Behavior and Firm Productivity in German Manufacturing: A Firm-Level Analysis. Review of World Economics (Weltwirtschaft-liches Archiv), 141(2), 219-243.
6. Arrow, K. (1962). The Economic Implications of Learning-by-Doing. Review of Economic Studies 29, no. 3, 155-173.
7. Austin, P. C. (2009). Balance Diagnostics for Comparing the Distribution of Baseline Covariates Between Treatment Groups in Propensity-Score Matched Samples. Statistics in Medicine, 28(25), 3083-3107.
8. Aw, B. Y., Chung, S. ve Roberts, M. J. (2000). Productivity and Turnover in the Export Market : Micro-Level Evidence from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (China). World Bank Economic Review, 14(1), 65-90.

9. Becker, S. O. ve Ichino, A. (2002). Estimation of Average Treatment Effects Based on Propensity Scores. The Stata Journal, 2(4), 358-377.
10. Berlemann, M. ve Wesselhöft, J. E. (2014). Estimating Aggregate Capital Stocks Using the Perpetual Inventory Method - A Survey of Previous Implementations and New Empirical Evidence for 103 Countries. Review of Economics, 65, 1-34.
11. Bernard, A., Eaton, J., Jensen, J.B. ve Kortum, S. (2003). Plants and productivity in internatio-nal trade. American Economic Review, 93, 1268-1290.
12. Bernard, A. B. ve Jensen, J. B. (1995). Exporters, Jobs, and Wages in U.S. Manufacturing: 1976-1987. Brooking Papers on Economic Activity (Microeconomics), 67-119.
13. Bernard, A. B. ve Jensen, J. B. (1999). Exceptional Exporter Performance: Cause, Effect, or Both?. Journal of International Economics, 47(1), 1-25.
14. Bernard, A. B. ve Jensen, J. B. (2004). Why Some Firms Export. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 86(2), 561-569.
15. Bernard, A. B. ve Wagner, J. (2001). Export Entry and Exit by German Firms. Review of World Economics, 137(1), 105-123.
16. Blundell, R. ve Costa Dıas, M. (2000). Evaluation Methods for Non- Experimental Data. Fiscal Studies, 21(4), 427-468.
17. Caliendo, M. ve Kopeinig, S. (2008). Some Practical Guidance for the Implementation of Propensity Score Matching. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 31-72.
18. Cirera, X., Lederman, D., Máñez, J. A., Rochina, M. E. ve Sanchis, J. A. (2015). The Export-Productivity Link for Brazilian Manufacturing Firms. Economics, The Open-Access, Open-Assessment E-Journal, 9 (22), 1–31.
19. Clerides, S., Lach, S. ve Tybout, J. (1998). Is learning by exporting important? Micro-dynamic evidence from Columbia, Mexico and Morocco. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113, 903-948.
20. Crespi, G., Criscuolo, C. ve Haskel, J. (2008). Productivity, Exporting, and the Learning-by-Exporting Hypothesis: Direct Evidence from UK Firms. Canadian Journal of Economics, 41(2), 619-638.
21. Dalgıç, B., Fazlıoğlu, B. ve Gasiorek, M. (2015a). Does it Matter Where You Export and Does Real Productivity Really Rise with Exporting?. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 69956.
22. Dalgıç, B., Fazlıoğlu, B. ve Karaoğlan, D. (2015b). Entry to Foreign Markets and Productivity: Evidence from A Matched Sample of Turkish Manufacturing Firms. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24(5), 638-659.
23. Damijan, J. P. ve Kostevc, C. (2006). Learning-by-exporting: Continuous productivity improvements or capacity utilization effects? Evidence from Slovenian firms. Review of World Economics/ Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 142(3), 599–614.
24. Damijan, J. P., Polanec, S. ve Prasnikar, J. (2004). Self-Selection, Export Market Heterogeneity and Productivity Improvements: Firm Level Evidence from Slovenia. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LICOS Discussion Paper, No: 148.
25. De Loecker, J. (2007). Do Exports Generate Higher Productivity? Evidence from Slovenia. Journal of International Economics, 73(1), 69-98.
26. Dehejia, R. H. ve Wahba, S. (2002). Propensity Score-Matching Methods for Nonexperimental Causal Studies. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 151-161.
27. Delgado, M. A., Farinas, J. C. ve Ruano, S. (2002). Firm Productivity and Export Markets: A Non-Parametric Approach. Journal of International Economics, 57(2), 397-422.
28. Demiroğlu, U. (2012). Türkiye’de Sermaye Stoğu ve Sermaye Hizmetleri Endeksi. CBT Research Notes in Economics1226, Research and Monetary Policy Department, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.
29. Fernandes, A. M., Isgut, A. (2015). Learning-by-exporting efects: Are they for real?. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 51(1), 65-89.
30. Girma, S., Greenaway, D. ve Kneller, R. (2004). Does Exporting Increase Productivity? A Microeconometric Analysis of Matched Firms. Review of International Economics, 12(5), 855-866.
31. Greenaway, D. ve Yu, Z. (2004). Firm-Level Interactions Between Exporting and Productivity: Industry-Specific Evidence. Review of World Economics, 140(3), 376–392.
32. Haidar, J. I. (2012). Trade and Productivity: Self-Selection or Learning-by-Exporting in India. Economic Modelling, 29(5), 1766-1773.
33. Harberger, A. C. (1978). Perspectives on Capital and Technology in Less Developed Countries. Artis, M. ve Nobay, A. (Eds.), Contemporary Economic Analysis içinde (42-72.ss.). Croom Helm, London.
34. Helpman, E., Melitz, M. J. ve Yeaple, S. R. (2004). Export Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms. The American Economic Review, 94(1), 300-316.
35. Isgut, A. (2001). What’s Different About Exporters? Evidence from Colombian Manufacturing. Journal of Development Studies 37, no. 5, 57–82.
36. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu. Erişim adresi https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/10_ImalatSanayiindeDonusum.pdf.
37. Kılıçaslan, Y. ve Erdoğan, L. (2012). Industry Orientation, Exporting and Productivity. Modern Economy, 3, 81-90.
38. Kraay, A. (1999). Exports and Economic Performance: Evidence from a Panel of Chinese Enterprises. Revue d’Economie Du Developpement, 1(2), 183-207.
39. Leuven, E. ve Sianesi, B. (2003). PSMATCH2: Stata Module to Perform Full Mahalanobis and Propensity Score Matching, Common Support Graphing, and Covariate Imbalance Testing. Statistical Software Components S432001. Boston: Boston College Department of Economics.
40. Levinsohn, J. ve Petrin, A. (2003). Estimating Production Functions Using Inputs to Control for Unobservables. Review of Economics Studies, 70(2), 317-341.
41. Liu, B. J. (2017). Do Bigger and Older Firms Learn More from Exporting? - Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 45, 89-102.
42. Maggioni, D. (2012). Learning by Exporting in Turkey: An Investigation for Existence and Channels. Global Economy Journal, 12.
43. Martins, P. S. ve Yang, Y. (2009). The Impact of Exporting on Firm Productivity: A Meta-analysis of the Learning-by-exporting Hypothesis. Review of World Economics, 145(3), 431-445.
44. Melitz, M. J. (2003). The Impact of Trade on Intra-Industry Reallocations and Aggregate Industry Productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695-1725.
45. Naude, W. ve Szirmai, A. (2012). The Importance of Manufacturing in Economic Development: Past, Present and Future Perspectives. Working Papers, No. 041, Maastricht: UNU-MERIT.
46. Normand, S. L. T., Landrum, M. B., Guadagnoli, E., Ayanian, J. Z., Ryan, T. J., Cleary, P. D. ve Mcneil, B. J. (2001). Validating Recommendations for Coronary Angiography Following an Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly: A Matched Analysis Using Propensity Scores. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 54, 387-398.
47. Özler, S., Taymaz, E. ve Yılmaz, K. (2009). History matters for the export decision: Plant-level evidence from Turkish manufacturing industry. World Development, 37, 479-488.
48. Roberts, M. ve Tybout, J. (1997). The Decision to Export in Colombia: An Empirical Model of Entry with Sunk Costs. American Economic Review, 87(September), 545-564.
49. Rosenbaum, P. R. ve Rubin, D. B. (1983). The Central Role of the Propensity Score in Observational Studies for Causal Effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55.
50. Serti, F. ve Tomasi, C. (2008). Self-Selection and Post-Entry Effects of Exports: Evidence from Italian Manufacturing Firms. Review of World Economics, 144(4), 660-694.
51. Solow, R. M. (1956). A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 70(1), 65-94.
52. Szirmai, A. (2012). Industrialisation as an engine of growth in developing countries 1950–2005. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 23 (December (4)), 406–420.
53. Taymaz, E. ve Yılmaz, K. (2007). Productivity and trade orientation: Turkish manufacturing industry before and after the custom union. Journal of International Trade and Diplomacy, 1, 127-154.
54. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). Yıllık Sanayi ve Hizmet İstatistikleri. Veri Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara.
55. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri. Veri Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara.
56. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). Sanayi ve Hizmet Kuruluşları Araştırma Geliştirme Faaliyetleri Araştırması. Veri Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara.
57. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). Sermaye Malları Fiyat Endeksi. Erişim adresi https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=64&locale=tr.
58. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2018). Yurt İçi Üretici Fiyat Endeksi. Erişim adresi https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=64&locale=tr.
59. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2020). Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri, Aralık 2019 [Basın bülteni]. Erişim adresi https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Dis-Ticaret-Istatistikleri-Aralik-2019-33848.
60. Wagner, J. (2002). The Causal Effects of Exports on Firm Size and Labor Productivity: First Evidence from A Matching Approach. Economics Letters, 77(2), 287-292.
61. Yang, Y. ve Mallick, S. (2010). Export Premium, Self-selection and Learning-by-Exporting: Evidence from Chinese Matched Firms. World Economy, 33(10), 1218-1240.
62. Yasar, M., Garcia, P., Nelson, C. ve Rejesus, R. M. (2007). Is There Evidence of Learning-by-Exporting in Turkish Manufacturing Industries?. International Review of Applied Economics, 21(2), 293-305.
63. Yasar, M. ve Paul, C. J. M. (2008). Technology transfer and productivity: Evidence from a matched sample. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 26(1), 105-112.
64. Yasar, M. ve Rejesus, R. M. (2005). Exporting Status and Firm Performance: Evidence from A Matched Sample. Economics Letters, 88(3), 397-402.