The Role of Self-Esteem in the Effect of Intra-Organizational Competition on Organizational Jealousy: A Study on Civil Aviation Employees

Abstract

Although competition in the business world seems to be a desirable and positive situation, it can be overlooked that it can lead individuals within the organization to some undesirable behaviors. With this in mind, this study aims to reveal the effect of intra-organizational competition on organizational jealousy and to determine the role of self-esteem in the relationship between these two variables. Quantitative research method was used to test the hypotheses created for this purpose. In this context, a survey was conducted with civil aviation employees. The data obtained were tested according to the structural equation modeling approach. According to the findings of the study, it has been observed that intra-organizational competition increases the envy of others and the thinking that they are envious, and decreases the self-esteem. It has been concluded that self-esteem reduces envy and also mediates the relationship between competition and jealousy within the organization. The research is an original study in that it focuses on the negative side of competition, and handles the variables of competition, and self-esteem together.

Keywords

• Intra-Organizational Competition
• Organizational Envy
• Self-Esteem

Örgüt İçi Rekabetin Örgütsel Kıskançlığa Etkisinde Öz Saygının Rolü: Sivil Havacılık Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Abstract

İş dünyasında rekabet her ne kadar istenen ve olumlu bir durum gibi görünse de organizasyon içerisindeki bireyleri bazı istenmeyen davranışlara sevk edebileceği göz ardı edilebilmektedir. Bu düşünceden hareketle, bu çalışmada örgüt içi rekabetin örgütsel kıskançlık üzerindeki etkisinin ortaya konulması ve bu iki değişken arasındaki ilişkide öz saygının rolünün tespit edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda oluşturulan hipotezleri test etmek için nicel araştırma yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Bu bağlamda sivil havayolu taşımacılığı çalışanı 256 kişi ile bir anket çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler, yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yaklaşımına göre test edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre, örgüt içi rekabetin başkalarını kıskanmayı ve kıskanıldığını düşünmeyi artırdığı, öz saygıyı ise azalttığı görülmüştür. Öz saygının ise kıskançlığı azalttığı, ayrıca örgüt içi rekabet ile kıskançlık ilişkisine de aracılık ettiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma, rekabetin olumsuz yönüne odaklanması, rekabet, kıskançlık ve öz saygı değişkenlerini bir arada ele alması yönleriyle özgün bir çalışmadır.

Keywords

• Örgüt İçi Rekabet
• Örgütsel Kıskançlık
• Öz Saygı

References

1. Aba, Y. A., ve Kulakaç, Ö. (2016). The revised conflict tactics scales (Cts2): Validity and reliability study. Bakırköy Tıp Dergisi / Medical Journal of Bakirkoy, 12(1), 33-43. Https://Doi.Org/10.5350/Btdmjb201612106
2. Ağraş, S., ve Kılınç, İ. (2015). Rekabetçi davranışların oluşmasında örgütsel yeteneklerin etkileri: Akdeniz ve ege bölgesi otellerine yönelik bir araştırma. Düzce Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(1), 50-80.
3. Anderson, J. C., ve Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
4. Andiappan, M., ve Dufour, L. (2020). Jealousy at work: A tripartite model. Academy of Management Review, 45(1), 205-229. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/Amr.2016.0299
5. Arnold, T., Flaherty, K. E., Voss, K. E., ve Mowen, J. C. (2009). Role stressors and retail performance: The role of perceived competitive climate. Journal of Retailing, 85(2), 194-205. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jretai.2009.02.002
6. Ashforth, B., ve Humphrey, R. H. (1995). Emotion in the workplace: A reappraisal. Human Relations, 48(2), 97-125. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/001872679504800201
7. Baderin, A., ve Barnes, L. (2018). Risk and self-respect. British Journal of Political Science. 50(4), Https://Doi.Org/10.7910/Dvn/Aux9w1
8. Balkundi, P., ve Harrison, D. A. (2006).Les, leaders, and time in teams: Strong inference about network structure’s effects on team viability and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 49(1), 49-68.

9. Barmby, T., Sessions, J. G., ve Zangelidis, A. (2016). Looking after number two? competition, cooperationand workplace interaction. Journal of Economic Behavior ve Organization, 131, 166-182. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jebo.2016.08.001
10. Baron, R. M., ve Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
11. Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., ve Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, ınterpersonal success, Happiness or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in The Public Interest, 4(1), 1-44. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/1529-1006.01431
12. Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., ve Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5-33.
13. Bayram Arlı, N., Aydemir, M., ve Çelik, E. (2018). Çalışan kıskançlığı ölçeğinin türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Isguc The Journal Of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 20(4), 1-17. Https://Doi.Org/10.4026/İsguc.503880
14. Becker-Ritterspach, F., ve Dörrenbächer, C. (2011). An organizational politics perspective on intra-firm competition in multinational corporations. Management International Review, 51(4), 533-559. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11575-011-0083-2
15. Beersma, B., Hollenbeck, J. R., Humphrey, S. E., Moon, H., Conlon, D. E., ve Ilgen, D. R. (2003). Cooperation, competition, and team performance: Toward a contingency approach. Academy of Management Journal, 46(5), 572-590.
16. Bonham, A. (2013). The hidden nature of envy: antecedents and consequences of envy in the workplace (Unpuhlised doctoral dissertation). Auckland, The University of Auckland.
17. Boxill, B. R. (1976). Self-respect and protest. Philosophy ve Public Affairs, 6(1), 58-69. Http://Www.Jstor.Org/Stable/2265062
18. Brown, S. P., Cron, W. L., ve Slocum, J. W. (1998). Effects of trait competitiveness and perceived ıntraorganizational competition on salesperson goal setting and performance. Journal Of Marketing, 62, 88-98.
19. Buunk, A. P., ve Dijkstra, P. (2015). Rival characteristics that provoke jealousy: A study in iraqi kurdistan. Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, 9(2), 116-127. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/Ebs0000030
20. Certel, Z., Bahadır, Z., ve Sönmez, G. T. (2013). Investigation of empathy and self- esteem in decision making and decision- making styles among those who played team sports. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 16-27. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Bsd/713022
21. Clark, R. A., ve Goldsmith, R. E. (2005). Market mavens: Psychological influences. Psychology ve Marketing, 22(4), 24. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Mar.20060
22. Collins, R. L. (2000). Among the better ones. In J. Suls and L. Wheeler (Eds.) Handbook of Social Comparison (pp. 159-171). Springer: Boston, MA.
23. Cohen-Charash, Y., ve Mueller, J. S. (2007). Does perceived unfairness exacerbate or mitigate ınterpersonal counterproductive work behaviors related to envy? Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 666-680. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.3.666
24. Coulter, M. K. (2013). Strategic management in action (6th Ed). Boston: Pearson.
25. Craney, T. A., ve Surles, J. G. (2002). Model-dependent variance ınflation factor cutoff values. Quality engineering, 14(3), 391-403. Https://Doi.Org/10.1081/Qen-120001878
26. Crocker, J., ve Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The Self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608-630.
27. Crusius, J., ve Lange, J. (2014). What catches the envious eye? Attentional biases within malicious and benign envy. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 1-11. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jesp.2014.05.007
28. Çiçek, B., ve Söylemez, M. (2020). Sosyal karşılaştırma bakış açısından dedikodu, rekabet ve etik iklim ilişkisi. International Journal of Management Economics and Business, 16(3), 639-656. Https://Doi.Org/10.17130/İjmeb.798529
29. Daher, D. M., ve Cohen, M. (1979). Jealousy workshop: A Conceptual base and format. The Personnel and Guidance Journal, 57(9), 480-483. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/J.2164-4918.1979.Tb05443.X
30. Demirel, Y., ve Karadal, H. (2007). Örgüt kültürünün örgüt içi bireysel becerilerin kullanımına etkisi üzerine bir araştırma. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(3), 253-270. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Sduiibfd/223250
31. Desteno, D. A., ve Salovey, P. (1996). Evolutionary origins of sex differences in jealousy? Questioning the “fitness” of the model. Psychological Science, 7(6), 367-372. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-9280.1996.Tb00391.X
32. Deutsch, M., Bierhoff, H. W., Cohen, R. L. ve Greenberg, J. (Ed.)., (1986). Cooperation, conflict, and justice. Justice İn Social Relations (Ss. 3-18). Springer Us. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5059-0_1
33. Dillon, R. (2019). Self-respect and self-esteem. International Encyclopedia of Ethics (Ss. 1-12). John Wiley ve Sons, Ltd. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/9781444367072.Wbiee221.Pub2
34. Dillon, R. S. (1997). Self-respect: Moral, emotional, political. ethics, 107(2), 226-249. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/233719
35. Dinçer, Ö. (2013). Örgüt geliştirme. İstanbul: Alfa Basım Yayım.
36. Dogan, K., ve Vecchio, R. P. (2001). Managing envy and jealousy in the workplace. Compensation ve Benefits Review, 33(2), 57-64. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/08863680122098298
37. Doppelt, G. (2009). The Place of self‐respect in a theory of justice. Inquiry: An interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy, 2(52), 127-154. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/00201740902790219
38. Duffy, M. K., ve Shaw, J. D. (2000). The salieri syndrome: Consequences of envy in groups. Small Group Research, 31(1), 3-23. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/104649640003100101
39. Dunn, J. R., ve Schweitzer, M. E. (2004). Too good to be trusted? relative performance, envy and trust. Academy of Management Proceedings, 2004(1), B1-B6. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/Ambpp.2004.13862773
40. Durmuş, İ. (2021), Kurum yöneticilerinin etik liderlik davranışları ile çalışanların kuruma ve yöneticilerine olan sadakatlerinin imrenme ve kıskançlık davranışları moderatörlüğünde akademik başarı çabaları üzerindeki olası etkilerinin incelenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Gümüşhane
41. Eginli, A. T., ve Bitirim, S. (2010). Örgütlerde kişilerarası ilişkilerde bir problem: Psikolojik yıldırma (Aktörlerin ve kurbanların iletişim davranışları). Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24, 45-66. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Musbed/250537
42. Elliot, A. J., Jury, M., ve Murayama, K. (2018). Trait and perceived environmental competitiveness in achievement situations. Journal of Personality, 86(3), 353-367. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Jopy.12320
43. Erdoğmuş, N. (1999). Kişilerde iç çatışma nedeni olarak rekabet-işbirliği ikilemi. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1, 45-60.
44. Eren, V. (2003). Kamu yönetiminde rekabet, rekabetin kurumsallaştırılması ve rekabet mekanizmaları. Ankara Üniversitesi Sbf Dergisi, 58(4), 83-105.
45. Erez, A., ve Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations to goal setting, motivation and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(6), 1270-1279. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.6.1270
46. Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117- 140.
47. Fletcher, T. D., ve Nusbaum, D. N. (2010). Development of the competitive work environment scale: A multidimensional climate construct. educational and psychological measurement, 70(1), 105-124. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0013164409344492
48. Fornell, C., ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Jstor. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/3151312
49. Foster, G. M. (1972). The anatomy of envy: A study in symbolic behavior. California Digital Library University of California, 39. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/201267
50. Garcia, S. M., Tor, A., & Schiff, T. M. (2013). The psychology of competition: A social comparison perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 634-650.
51. Geurts, S., Schaufeli, W., ve De Jonge, J. (1998). Burnout and intention to leave among mental health-care professionals: A social psychological approach. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17(3), 341-362. Https://Doi.Org/10.1521/Jscp.1998.17.3.341
52. Gibbons, F.X. ve Buunk, B.P. (1999). Individual differences in social comparison: The development of a scale of social comparison orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholog., 76, 129-142
53. Ghadi, M. Y. (2018). Empirical examination of theoretical model of workplace envy: Evidences from jordan. Management Research Review, 41(12), 1438-1459. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/Mrr-06-2017-0185
54. Gino, F., ve Pierce, L. (2009). Dishonesty in the name of equity. Psychological Science, 20(9), 1153-1160. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-9280.2009.02421.X
55. Goette, L., Huffman, D., Meier, S., ve Sutter, M. (2012). Competition between organizational groups: Its impact on altruistic and antisocial motivations. Management Science, 58(5), 948-960. Https://Doi.Org/10.1287/Mnsc.1110.1466
56. Goukasian, L., ve Wan, X. (2010). Optimal incentive contracts under relative ıncome concerns. Mathematics and Financial Economics, 4(1), 57-86. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11579-010-0035-9
57. Guerrero, L. K., Andersen, P. A., Jorgensen, P. F., Spitzberg, B. H., ve Eloy, S. V. (1995). Coping with the green‐eyed monster: Conceptualizing and measuring communicative responses to romantic jealousy. Western Journal of Communication, 59(4), 270-304. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/10570319509374523
58. Gurel Atay, E., Xie, G. X., Chen, J., ve Kahle, L. R. (2010). Changes in social values in the united states: 1976–2007: “Self-respect” is on the upswing as “a sense of belonging” becomes less important. Journal of Advertising Research, 50(1),57-67.https://Doi.Org/10.2501/S002184991009118x
59. Günalan, M. (2019). Olumsuz bir duygu olarak iş yerinde kıskançlık ve örgüt algıları ilişkisi üzerine bir literatür incelemesi. The Journal of Social Sciences, 43(43), 323-335. Https://Doi.Org/10.29228/Sobıder.39758
60. Güney, S., Akalın, Ç., ve İlsev, A. (2007). Duygusal örgütsel bağlılık gelişiminde algılanan örgütsel destek ve örgüt temelli öz-saygı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 189-211. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Huniibf/103449
61. Harman, H. H. (1960). Modern factor analysis. Univ. Of Chicago Press.
62. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., ve Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of The Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115-135. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11747-014-0403-8
63. Hu, L., ve Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit ındexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/10705519909540118
64. Iacobucci, D., Saldanha, N., ve Deng, X. (2007). A meditation on mediation: Evidence that structural equations models perform better than regressions. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2), 139-153. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/S1057-7408(07)70020-7
65. Ingram, P., ve Qingyuan Yue, L. (2008). Structure, affect and identity as bases of organizational competition and cooperation. Academy of Management Annalis, 2(1), 275-303. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/19416520802211578
66. Isaksen, K., ve Roper, S. (2016). Brand ownership as a central component of adolescent self-esteem: The development of a new self-esteem scale. Psychology ve Marketing, 33(8), 646-663. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Mar.20906
67. Jacob, D., ve Neuhäuser, C. (2018). Workplace democracy, market competition and republican self-respect. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 21(4), 927-944. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10677-018-9935-1
68. Johnson, C. (2012). Behavioral responses to threatening social comparisons: From dastardly deeds to rising above. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 6(7), 515-524
69. Johnson, P. D., ve Swab, R. G. (2018). Steel sharpens steel: A review of multilevel competition and competitiveness in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(2), 147-165 https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2340
70. Kampen, T., Elshout, J., ve Tonkens, E. (2013). The fragility of self-respect: emotional labour of workfare volunteering. Social Policy and Society, 12(3), 427-438. Https://Doi.Org/10.1017/S1474746413000067
71. Kapıcı, S., ve Radmard, S. (2019). Eğitim örgütlerinde çatışma ve çatışma yönetimi üzerine bir araştırma: İzmir balçova örneği. İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 55-79. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/En/Pub/İauefd/587551
72. Karaçam, A., Pulur, A., ve Adigüzel, N. S. (2017). Beden eğitimi öğretmenlerinin mesleki haz ve fiziksel öz saygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(3), 278-287. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Bsd/711676
73. Keçecioğlu, T., ve Yılmaz, M. K. (2018). İşe adanmışlık: Mevcut düşüncenin gözden geçirilmesi. Business Economics and Management Research Journal, 1(1), 55-71.
74. Khon, A. (1992). No contest: The case against competition. Boston Newyork: Houghton Mifflin Company.
75. Kıral, E. (2018). Kıskançlık ölçeğinin Türkiye örnekleminde psikolojik özellikleri: Öğretmenlerde bir uygulama., 9. Uluslararası Eğitim Yönetimi Forumu Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, Antalya, Türkiye, 1-4 Kasım 2018
76. Kıral, E., ve Ödemiş Keleş, N. (2019). Öğretim elemanlarının kıskançlığa ilişkin algıları. Eğitim Araştırmaları. Ankara: Eğitim Yöneticileri ve Uzmanları Derneği Yayınları.
77. Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (Fourth Edition). Newyork: The Guilford Press.
78. Korman, A. K. (1966). Self-esteem variable in vocational choice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 50(6), 479-486. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/H0024039
79. Krueger, J., Suls, J. ve Wheeler L., (2000). The projective perception of the social world. Handbook of Social Comparison (Ss. 323-351). Springer Us. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4237-7_16
80. Kumashiro, M., Finkel, E. J., ve Rusbult, C. E. (2002). Self-respect and pro-relationship behavior in marital relationships: Self-respect in marital relationships. Journal of Personality, 70(6), 1009-1050. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/1467-6494.05030
81. Landkammer, F., ve Sassenberg, K. (2016). Competing while cooperating with the same others: The consequences of conflicting demands in co-opetition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145(12), 1670-1686. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/Xge0000232
82. Lange, J., ve Crusius, J. (2015). Dispositional envy revisited: Unraveling the motivational dynamics of benign and malicious envy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(2), 284-294. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0146167214564959
83. Le Fevre, M., Matheny, J., ve Kolt, G. S. (2003). Eustress, distress and ınterpretation in occupational stress. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(7), 726-744. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/02683940310502412
84. Luft, J. (2016). Cooperation and competition among employees: Experimental evidence on the role of management control systems. Management Accounting Research, 31, 75-85. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Mar.2016.02.006
85. Mael, F., ve Ashforth, B. E. (1992). Alumni and their alma mater: a partial test of the reformulated model of organizational ıdentification. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 13(2), 103-123. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Job.4030130202
86. Malkoç, A., ve Erginsoy, D. (2012). Rekabetçi tutum, bilişsel çarpıtmalar ve çok boyutlu kıskançlık. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 28, 1-14. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/İupcd/117911
87. Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Biomet/57.3.519
88. Massey, S. J. (1983). Is self-respect a moral or a psychological concept? Ethics, 93(2), 246-261. Https://Doi.Org/10.1086/292432
89. Mckinnon, C. (2003). Basic income, self-respect and reciprocity: Basic income, self-respect and reciprocity. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 20(2), 143-158. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/1468-5930.00243
90. Melwani, S., ve Barsade, S. G. (2011). Held in contempt: The psychological, ınterpersonal and performance consequences of contempt in a work context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 503-520. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/A0023492
91. Muthén, L. K., ve Muthén, B. O. (2017). Mplus statistical analysis with latent variables user’s guide (Eighth Edition). Los Angeles: Muthén ve Muthén.
92. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/15298860309027
93. Noy, C. (2008). Sampling knowledge: The hermeneutics of snowball sampling in qualitative research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 11(4), 327-344. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/13645570701401305
94. Özen, S. (2007). İşyerinde psikolojik şiddet ve nedenleri. The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 9(3), 1-24. Https://Doi.Org/10.4026/1303-2860.2007.0047.X
95. Özer, Z. (2002). Kıskançlık. Bilim ve Teknik E-Dergisi, 413, 72-75.
96. Özdemir, S. (2018). Akademik örgütlerde kıskançlık üzerine fenomenolojik bir çalışma, Doktora Tezi, Isparta, 2018
97. Parks, C. D., Rumble, A. C., ve Posey, D. C. (2002). The effects of envy on reciprocation in a social dilemma. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 509-520. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0146167202287008
98. Parrott, W. G., ve Smith, R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6), 906-920. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.906
99. Penny, R. (2013). Incentives, inequality and self-respect. Res Publica, 19(4), 335-351. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S11158-013-9225-7
100. Pierce, J. L., ve Gardner, D. G. (2004). Self-esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature. Journal of Management, 30(5), 591-622. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jm.2003.10.001
101. Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Dunham, R. B., ve Cummings, L. L. (1993). Moderation by organization-based self-esteem of role condition-employee response relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 271-288. Https://Doi.Org/10.2307/256523
102. Pines, A., ve Aronson, E. (1983). Antecedents, Correlates and consequences of sexual jealousy. Journal of Personality, 51(1), 108-136. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1467-6494.1983.Tb00857.X
103. Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879-903. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
104. Poortvliet, P. M. (2013). Harming others’ task-related efforts: The distinct competitive effects of ranking information on performance and mastery goal individuals. Social Psychology, 44(6), 373-379.
105. Raykov, T., ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. New York: Routledge. Https://Doi.Org/10.4324/9780203809532
106. Renger, D. (2017). Believing in one’s equal rights: Self-respect as a predictor of assertiveness. Self and Identity, 17(1), 1-21. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/15298868.2017.1313307
107. Renger, D., Eschert, S., Teichgräber, M. L., ve Renger, S. (2019). Internalized equality and protest against injustice: The role of disadvantaged group members’ self‐respect in collective action tendencies. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50(3), 547-560. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Ejsp.2637
108. Roland, C. E., ve Foxx, R. M. (2003). Self-respect: A neglected concept. Philosophical Psychology, 16(2), 247-288. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/09515080307764
109. Sachs, D. (1981). How to distinguish self-respect from self-esteem. Philosophy ve Public Affairs, 10(4), 346-360. Http://Www.Jstor.Org/Stable/2265048
110. Salovey, P., ve Rodin, J. (1988). Coping with envy and jealousy. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7(1), 15-33. Https://Doi.Org/10.1521/Jscp.1988.7.1.15
111. Salvador, A., ve Costa, R. (2009). Coping with competition: Neuroendocrine responses and cognitive variables. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(2), 160-170. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Neubiorev.2008.09.005
112. Seçkin, Ş. N. (2020). Algılanan rekabetçi iş ortamı ve nicel iş güvencesizliğinin işe bağlı gerginliğe etkisi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 18(37), 573-596. Https://Doi.Org/10.35408/Comuybd.582756
113. Silvera, D. H., Lavack, A. M., ve Kropp, F. (2008). Impulse buying: The role of affect, social ınfluence, and subjective wellbeing. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25(1), 23-33. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/07363760810845381
114. Simpson, C. K., ve Boyle, D. (1975). Esteem construct generality and academic performance. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 35(4), 897-904. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/001316447503500416
115. Smith, R. (2008). Envy in organizational life. Oxford University Press. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/Acprof:Oso/9780195327953.001.0001
116. Smith, R. D. (2000). Self-respecti. Arizona: Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company.
117. Sorensen, J. (1999). The ecology of organizational demography: Managerial tenure distributions and organizational competition. Industrial and Corporate Change, 8(4), 713-744. Https://Doi.Org/10.1093/İcc/8.4.713
118. Stanne, M. B., Johnson, D. W., ve Johnson, R. T. (1999). Does competition enhance or inhibit motor performance: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 1(125), 133-154.
119. Statman, D. (2000). Humiliation, dignity and self-respect. Philosophical Psychology, 13(4), 523-540. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/09515080020007643
120. Steinfield, C., Ellison, N. B., ve Lampe, C. (2008). Social capital, self-esteem and use of online social network sites: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 434-445. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Appdev.2008.07.002
121. Stepan-Norris, J., ve Southworth, C. (2010). Rival unionism and membership growth in the united states, 1900 to 2005: A special case of ınter-organizational competition. American Sociological Review, 75(2), 227-251. Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0003122410365308
122. Swab, R. G., ve Johnson, P. D. (2019). Steel sharpens steel: A review of multilevel competition and competitiveness in organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(2), 147-165. Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Job.2340
123. Taylor, S.E., Peplau, L.A. ve Sears, D.O. (2007). Sosyal psikoloji (Çev., A. Dönmez), Ankara: İmge.
124. Tai, K., Narayanan, J., ve Mcallister, D. J. (2012). Envy as pain: Rethinking the nature of envy and its implications for employees and organizations. Academy of Management Review, 37(1), 107-129. Https://Doi.Org/10.5465/Amr.2009.0484
125. Tarhan, N. (2018). Duyguların Ppsikolojisi. İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları.
126. Taştan, S., ve Aydın Küçük, B. (2019). Üretkenliğe aykırı çalışma davranışlarını açıklayan psikososyal yapılar olarak işyerinde kıskançlık duygusu ve strese yönelik esnekliğin incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(1), 55-79. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Sduiibfd/703288
127. Telfer, E. (2010). Self-respect and the respect of others. European Journal of Philosophy, 18(1), 17-40. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1468-0378.2008.00332.X
128. Thompson, G., Glasø, L., ve Martinsen, Ø. (2016). Antecedents and consequences of envy. The Journal of Social Psychology, 156(2), 139-153. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/00224545.2015.1047439
129. Töremen, F., ve Çankaya, İ. (2008). An effective approach at management: Emotional management. Kuramsal Eğitimbilim Dergisi, 1(1), 33-47. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Akukeg/313942
130. Truong, Y., ve Mccoll, R. (2011). Intrinsic motivations, self-esteem and luxury goods consumption. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 18(6), 555-561. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Jretconser.2011.08.004
131. Üçok, D. (2019). Çalışanlardaki statü endişesi ve işbirliğine dayalı amaç yapılarının işyeri kıskançlığı üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin kuramsal bir çalışma. International Journal of Management and Administration. 3(5), 1-12. Https://Doi.Org/10.29064/İjma.484933
132. Van De Ven, N., Zeelenberg, M., ve Pieters, R. (2009). Leveling up and down: The experiences of benign and malicious envy. Emotion, 9(3), 419-429. Https://Doi.Org/10.1037/A0015669
133. Van De Voorde, K., Paauwe, J., ve Van Veldhoven, M. (2012). Employee well-being and the hrm-organizational performance relationship: A review of quantitative studies. International Journal Of Management Reviews, 14(4), 391-407. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1468-2370.2011.00322.X
134. Van Houten, R. (1979). Social validation: The evolution of standards of competency for target behaviors. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 12 (4), 581-591.
135. Vecchio, R. P. (2000). Negative emotion in the workplace: Employee jealousy and envy. International Journal Of Stress Management, 7(3), 161-179.
136. Wang, Y.D., ve Sung, W.C. (2016). Predictors of organizational citizenship behavior: Ethical leadership and workplace jealousy. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(1), 117-128. Https://Doi.Org/10.1007/S10551-014-2480-5
137. Wittchen, M., Krimmel, A., Kohler, M., ve Hertel, G. (2013). The two sides of competition: Competition-induced effort and affect during intergroup versus interindividual competition. British Journal Of Psychology, 104(3), 320-338. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.2044-8295.2012.02123.X
138. Yeşilada, T., ve Yeniçeri, İ. (2020). Banka çalışanları arasında yaşanan rekabet algısı ile iş etiği algısının etkileşimi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 161-175. Https://Doi.Org/10.24889/İfede.459246
139. Yıldırım, F. B., ve Demir, A. (2017). Kendini engellemenin yordayıcıları olarak öz saygı, öz anlayış ve akademik öz yeterlilik. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 18(2), 676-701. Https://Doi.Org/10.12984/Egeefd.315727
140. Yücel, R., ve Solak, B. (2012). The effects of accountant professionals’ social responsibility perceptions on self esteem and job performance. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3-4), 15-31. Https://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Tr/Pub/Atauniiibd/35718
141. Yüner, Berna. (2018). Örgüt temelli öz saygı ile duygusal örgütsel bağlılığa ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi. 19(4), 777-799 Https://Doi.Org/10.21565/Ozelegitimdergisi.396246
142. Zurriaga, R., González-Navarro, P., Buunk, A. P., ve Dijkstra, P. (2018). Jealousy at work: The role of rivals’ characteristics. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(4), 443-450. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Sjop.12443