The Impact of Democracy on Environmental Degradation in Pacific Pumas Countries: The Role of Income Level

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 3, 715 - 732, 04.09.2024

Neslihan Ursavaş

https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1390814

Abstract

This study aims to test the moderating effect of income on the relationship between democracy and environmental degradation in the Pacific Pumas countries (Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru). For this purpose, the Westerlund (2007) cointegration analysis and the Common Correlated Effect (CCE) estimator were applied using data for the period 1990-2018. Considering the approaches that explain the relationship between democracy and environmental degradation, the impact of democracy on the environment differs. An important reason for this differentiation may be due to ignoring the regulatory role of income in explaining the democracy-environment relationship. In this context, the study examined how changes in income and democracy levels affect environmental degradation using the multiplicative interaction model. In this study, the ecological footprint (EF) index is used as an indicator of environmental degradation. The results show that there is a cointegration relationship between the variables in the long run. Other findings of the study reveal that an increase in the level of democracy and income increase the ecological footprint. However, the impact of democracy on the ecological footprint varies according to the income level. As income levels increase, the increase in democracy reduces the ecological footprint. Therefore, the effect of democracy on the ecological footprint is conditioned by the level of income.

Keywords

Environmental degradation, democracy, income, interaction effect, CCE method

Pasifik Puma Ülkelerinde Demokrasinin Çevresel Bozulma Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gelir Düzeyinin Rolü

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı Pasifik Puma ülkelerinde (Şili, Kolombiya, Meksika ve Peru) demokrasinin çevresel bozulma üzerindeki etkisini gelirin moderatörlüğünde test etmektir. Bu amaçla 1990-2018 dönemine ait veriler kullanılarak Westerlund (2007) eş bütünleşme analizi ve Ortak İlişkili Etkiler Tahmincisi (CCE) uygulanmıştır. Demokrasi ve çevresel bozulma arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklayan yaklaşımlar göz önünde bulundurulduğunda demokrasinin çevre üzerindeki etkisi farklılaşmaktadır. Bu farklılaşmanın önemli bir nedeni demokrasi- çevre ilişkisini açıklamada gelirin düzenleyici rolünün göz ardı edilmesi olabilir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada çarpımsal etkileşim modeli kullanılarak gelir ve demokrasi düzeyindeki değişikliklerin çevresel bozulmayı nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Çalışmada çevresel bozulma göstergesi olarak ekolojik ayak izi (EF) endeksi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre uzun dönemde değişkenler arasında eş bütünleşme ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. Çalışmanın diğer bulgularına göre demokrasi ve gelir düzeyindeki artış ekolojik ayak izini artırmaktadır. Bununla birlikte demokrasinin ekolojik ayak izi zerindeki etkisinde gelirin rolü önemli olmaktadır. Gelir düzeyi arttıkça demokrasideki artış ekolojik ayak izini azaltmaktadır. Dolayısıyla demokrasinin ekolojik ayak izi üzerindeki etkisi gelir düzeyi ile koşullandırılmaktadır.

Keywords

çevresel bozulma, demokrasi, gelir, etkileşim etkisi, CCE metodu

Ethical Statement

bu çalışmada etik onay belgesine gerek yoktur. Çaışmada yayın etiği kurallarına uyulmaktadır.

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