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Evaluation of the Efficiency of Urban Public Transport Routes with Data Envelopment Analysis

Year 2025, Volume: 40 Issue: 1, 173 - 192
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1524007

Abstract

Urban public transport, which is one of the important elements of urban life, is one of the main indicators that determine the level of development of cities. Especially in metropolitan cities, it becomes a necessity to make the best use of resources and increase the quality of service in the urban public transport sector, which is the common point in solving many problems such as traffic density, air pollution, noise, excessive energy consumption, etc. However, it is very important that bus routes, which constitute the backbone of urban public transport systems in almost all cities, are used effectively. In this study, efficiency analysis was carried out using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) on 323 bus routes serving in the city of Izmir with data for weekdays in the October-December 2019 period. The results show that the efficiency of bus routes decreases as the route length increases and the efficiency of the routes serving in the city center is higher. The results of the study will help businesses in terms of improving services, gaining new passengers, and making better use of resources.

References

  • Banker R., Charnes A. ve Cooper W.W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale ınefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
  • Banker, R. D. (1993). Maximum likelihood, consistency and data envelopment analysis: A statistical foundation. Management Science, 39, 1265-1273.
  • Bağdatlı, M. E. C. (2020). Niğde ili toplu taşıma sistemlerinin yolcu talepleri açısından incelenmesi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 405-413.
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W. ve Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444.
  • Cingöz, K., & Aytemiz, T. (2023). Toplu taşıma araçları sefer sıklığı belirleme ve çizelgeleme problemi. Kent Akademisi, 16(2), 1310-1333.
  • Coelli, T.J., Prasada-Rao, D.S., O’Donnell, C.J. ve Battese, G.E. (2005). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. 2nd Edition, Springer, Berlin.
  • Debreu, G. (1951). The coefficient of resource utilization. Econometrica, 19, 273-292.
  • Emrouznejad, A., Parker, B.R. ve Tavares, G. (2008). Evaluation of research in efficiency and productivity: A survey and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA. Socio Economic Planning Sciences, 42(3), 151–157.
  • ESHOT (2023). ESHOT Genel Müdürlüğü 2023 Faaliyet Raporu.
  • Fare, R. ve Grosskopf, S. (1985). A nonparametric cost approach to scale efficiency. Journal of Economics, 87 (4), 594-604.
  • Farrell, M.J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120, 253-290.
  • Forouzandeh, F., Arman, H., Hadi-Vencheh, A. ve Rahimi, A.M. (2022). A combination of DEA and AIMSUN to manage big data when evaluating the performance of bus lines. Information Sciences, 618, 72-86.
  • Firuzan, A.R., Alpaykut S. ve Kuvvetli Ü. (2012). Bulanık servqual yaklaşımıyla toplu taşımada kalitenin ölçülmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29,78-93.
  • Gadepalli, R. ve Rayaprolu, S. (2020). Factors affecting performance of urban bus transport systems in India: A Data envelopment analysis (DEA) based approach. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 1789-1804.
  • Georgiadis, G., Politis, I. ve Papaioannou, P. (2014). Measuring and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of bus public transport systems. Research in Transportation Economics, 48, 84-91.
  • Georgiadis, G., Kopsacheilis, A., Andreadis, I.M. ve Politis, I. (2024). Analyzing efficiency and built environment factors for achieving convenient access to public transport: A Europe-wide DEA application. Environmental Science & Policy, 158, 103792.
  • Güner, S. (2017). Toplu Ulaşım Sistemlerinde Operasyonel Etkinlik ve Hizmet Kalitesi Analizi. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 2(2), 34-47.
  • Güner, S., Taşkın, K. ve Gürler, G. (2017). Şehir içi toplu taşıma hatlarının hizmet etkinliğinin veri zarflama analizi ile ölçülmesi: özel ve kamu işletmelerinin karşılaştırılması. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 5(3) 127-145.
  • Hemedoğlu, E. (2012). Metro hizmetlerinde hizmet kalitesini ölçme: Algılanan hizmet kalitesi ve beklenen hizmet kalitesi üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, 72, 25-47.
  • Izadikhah, M., Azadi, M., Toloo, M. ve Hussain, F.K. (2021). Sustainably resilient supply chains evaluation in public transport: A fuzzy chance-constrained two-stage DEA approach. Applied Soft Computing, 113, Part B, 107879.
  • Karlaftis, M.G. (2004). A DEA approach for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of urban transit systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 152(2), 354-364.
  • Kneip, A., Park, B.U. ve Simar, L. (1998). A note on the convergence of nonparametric DEA estimators for production efficiency scores. Econometric Theory, 14(6), 783–793.
  • Kuvvetli, U. (2024). Hizmet sektöründe kontrol kartları kullanımı: kent içi toplu taşıma sektöründe bir uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(3), 1200-1221. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1420663
  • Lao, Y. ve Liu, L. (2009). Performance evaluation of bus lines with data envelopment analysis and geographic ınformation systems. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 33, 247-255.
  • Liu, Z., Wu, N., Qiao, Y. ve Li, Z. (2021). Performance evaluation of public bus transportation by using DEA models and shannon's entropy: An example from a company in a large city of China. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 8(4), 779-795.
  • Masoumi, M. ve Öcalır-Akünal, E.V. (2018). Türkiye’deki kent içi raylı ulaşım sistemlerinin performanslarının veri zarflama analizi ile karşılaştırılması. Politeknik Dergisi, 21(4), 971-975.
  • Munizaga, M., Palma, C. ve Mora, P. (2010). Public transport OD matrix estimation from smart card payment system data. 12th World Conference on Transport Research, Lisbon, Paper No. 2988.
  • Nolan, J.F. (1996). Determinants of productive efficiency in urban transit. Logistics and Transportation Review, 32 (3), 319-342.
  • Noor, N., Mehmood B. ve Wasif, M. (2018). Efficiency Analysis of Public Transport in Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Özel Sayı, 357-376.
  • Pelletier, M.P., Trépanier, M. ve Morency, C. (2011). Smart card data use in public transit: A literature review. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 19 (4), 557–568.
  • Pina, V. & Torres, L. (2001). Analysis of the efficiency of local government services delivery. An application to urban public transport. Transportation Research Part A, 35, 929–944.
  • Sanchez, G. (2009). Technical and scale efficiency in spanish urban transport: Estimating with data envelopment analysis. Advances in Operations Research, 721279.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P.W. (1998). Sensitivity analysis of efficiency scores: How to bootstrap in nonparametric frontier models. Management Science, 44 (11), 49–61.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P.W. (2000). Statistical inference in nonparametric frontier models: The state of the art. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 13(1), 49–78.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P. W. (2002). Non-Parametric Tests of Returns to Scale. European Journal of Operational Research, 139(1), 115-132.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P. W. (2007). Estimation and inference in two-stage, semi-parametric models of production processes. Journal of Econometrics, 136(1), 31–64.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, PW. (2008). Statistical ınterference in nonparametric frontier models: Recent developments and perspectives. Fried H, Lovell CAK, Schmidt S (eds) İçinde The Measurement of Productive Efficiency and Productivity Change, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Tekin, S., Ceylan, H. ve Köfteci, S. (2022). Kentiçi toplu taşıma sistemlerinde performansa dayalı ödeme modelinin geliştirilmesi. Teknik Dergi, 33(6), 12913-12944.
  • TUIK. (2023). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, www.tüik.gov.tr, erişim tarihi. 26.06.2024
  • Viton, P.A. (1997). Technical efficiency in multi-mode bus transit: A production frontier analysis. Transportation Research B, 31, 23-39.
  • Zizka, M. (2017). An Assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of the services of urban transport operators in the Czech Republic. Transformations in Business and Economics 16(1):134-152.
  • Zhu, J. (2014). Quantitative Models for Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking: Data Envelopment Analysis with Spreadsheets. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.

Kent İçi Toplu Taşıma Hatlarının Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 40 Issue: 1, 173 - 192
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1524007

Abstract

Kent yaşamının önemli unsurlarından biri olan kent içi toplu taşıma, kentlerin gelişmişlik düzeyini belirleyen temel göstergelerinden bir tanesidir. Özellikle büyükşehirlerde yaşanan trafik yoğunluğu, hava kirliliği, gürültü, fazla enerji tüketimi vb. birçok sorunun çözümünde ortak nokta olan kent içi toplu taşıma sektöründe, kaynakların en iyi şekilde kullanılması ve hizmet kalitesinin arttırılması zorunluluk haline gelmektedir. Bununla birlikte, hemen hemen tüm kentlerde kent içi toplu taşıma sistemlerinin bel kemiğini oluşturan otobüs hatlarının etkin şekilde kullanılması oldukça önemlidir. Bu çalışmada İzmir kentinde hizmet veren 323 otobüs hattında 2019 Ekim-Aralık dönemi, hafta içi günlerine ait veriler ile Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) kullanılarak etkinlik analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, otobüs hatlarının güzergah uzunluğu arttıkça etkinliğinin azaldığını ve kent merkezinde hizmet veren hatların etkinliğinin daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma sonuçları, hizmetlerin iyileştirmesi, yeni yolcular kazanılması ve kaynakların daha iyi kullanılması açısından işletmelere yardımcı olacaktır.

Thanks

Çalışma kapsamında veri desteği sağlayan İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi ESHOT Genel Müdürlüğü Ulaşım Planlama Daire Başkanlığı İstatistik Şube Müdürlüğü’ne teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Banker R., Charnes A. ve Cooper W.W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale ınefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
  • Banker, R. D. (1993). Maximum likelihood, consistency and data envelopment analysis: A statistical foundation. Management Science, 39, 1265-1273.
  • Bağdatlı, M. E. C. (2020). Niğde ili toplu taşıma sistemlerinin yolcu talepleri açısından incelenmesi. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 405-413.
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W. ve Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring efficiency of decision making units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2, 429-444.
  • Cingöz, K., & Aytemiz, T. (2023). Toplu taşıma araçları sefer sıklığı belirleme ve çizelgeleme problemi. Kent Akademisi, 16(2), 1310-1333.
  • Coelli, T.J., Prasada-Rao, D.S., O’Donnell, C.J. ve Battese, G.E. (2005). An Introduction to Efficiency and Productivity Analysis. 2nd Edition, Springer, Berlin.
  • Debreu, G. (1951). The coefficient of resource utilization. Econometrica, 19, 273-292.
  • Emrouznejad, A., Parker, B.R. ve Tavares, G. (2008). Evaluation of research in efficiency and productivity: A survey and analysis of the first 30 years of scholarly literature in DEA. Socio Economic Planning Sciences, 42(3), 151–157.
  • ESHOT (2023). ESHOT Genel Müdürlüğü 2023 Faaliyet Raporu.
  • Fare, R. ve Grosskopf, S. (1985). A nonparametric cost approach to scale efficiency. Journal of Economics, 87 (4), 594-604.
  • Farrell, M.J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120, 253-290.
  • Forouzandeh, F., Arman, H., Hadi-Vencheh, A. ve Rahimi, A.M. (2022). A combination of DEA and AIMSUN to manage big data when evaluating the performance of bus lines. Information Sciences, 618, 72-86.
  • Firuzan, A.R., Alpaykut S. ve Kuvvetli Ü. (2012). Bulanık servqual yaklaşımıyla toplu taşımada kalitenin ölçülmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29,78-93.
  • Gadepalli, R. ve Rayaprolu, S. (2020). Factors affecting performance of urban bus transport systems in India: A Data envelopment analysis (DEA) based approach. Transportation Research Procedia, 48, 1789-1804.
  • Georgiadis, G., Politis, I. ve Papaioannou, P. (2014). Measuring and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of bus public transport systems. Research in Transportation Economics, 48, 84-91.
  • Georgiadis, G., Kopsacheilis, A., Andreadis, I.M. ve Politis, I. (2024). Analyzing efficiency and built environment factors for achieving convenient access to public transport: A Europe-wide DEA application. Environmental Science & Policy, 158, 103792.
  • Güner, S. (2017). Toplu Ulaşım Sistemlerinde Operasyonel Etkinlik ve Hizmet Kalitesi Analizi. Journal of Transportation and Logistics, 2(2), 34-47.
  • Güner, S., Taşkın, K. ve Gürler, G. (2017). Şehir içi toplu taşıma hatlarının hizmet etkinliğinin veri zarflama analizi ile ölçülmesi: özel ve kamu işletmelerinin karşılaştırılması. İşletme Bilimi Dergisi, 5(3) 127-145.
  • Hemedoğlu, E. (2012). Metro hizmetlerinde hizmet kalitesini ölçme: Algılanan hizmet kalitesi ve beklenen hizmet kalitesi üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, 72, 25-47.
  • Izadikhah, M., Azadi, M., Toloo, M. ve Hussain, F.K. (2021). Sustainably resilient supply chains evaluation in public transport: A fuzzy chance-constrained two-stage DEA approach. Applied Soft Computing, 113, Part B, 107879.
  • Karlaftis, M.G. (2004). A DEA approach for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of urban transit systems. European Journal of Operational Research, 152(2), 354-364.
  • Kneip, A., Park, B.U. ve Simar, L. (1998). A note on the convergence of nonparametric DEA estimators for production efficiency scores. Econometric Theory, 14(6), 783–793.
  • Kuvvetli, U. (2024). Hizmet sektöründe kontrol kartları kullanımı: kent içi toplu taşıma sektöründe bir uygulama. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(3), 1200-1221. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1420663
  • Lao, Y. ve Liu, L. (2009). Performance evaluation of bus lines with data envelopment analysis and geographic ınformation systems. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 33, 247-255.
  • Liu, Z., Wu, N., Qiao, Y. ve Li, Z. (2021). Performance evaluation of public bus transportation by using DEA models and shannon's entropy: An example from a company in a large city of China. IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica, 8(4), 779-795.
  • Masoumi, M. ve Öcalır-Akünal, E.V. (2018). Türkiye’deki kent içi raylı ulaşım sistemlerinin performanslarının veri zarflama analizi ile karşılaştırılması. Politeknik Dergisi, 21(4), 971-975.
  • Munizaga, M., Palma, C. ve Mora, P. (2010). Public transport OD matrix estimation from smart card payment system data. 12th World Conference on Transport Research, Lisbon, Paper No. 2988.
  • Nolan, J.F. (1996). Determinants of productive efficiency in urban transit. Logistics and Transportation Review, 32 (3), 319-342.
  • Noor, N., Mehmood B. ve Wasif, M. (2018). Efficiency Analysis of Public Transport in Lahore, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Economics, Özel Sayı, 357-376.
  • Pelletier, M.P., Trépanier, M. ve Morency, C. (2011). Smart card data use in public transit: A literature review. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 19 (4), 557–568.
  • Pina, V. & Torres, L. (2001). Analysis of the efficiency of local government services delivery. An application to urban public transport. Transportation Research Part A, 35, 929–944.
  • Sanchez, G. (2009). Technical and scale efficiency in spanish urban transport: Estimating with data envelopment analysis. Advances in Operations Research, 721279.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P.W. (1998). Sensitivity analysis of efficiency scores: How to bootstrap in nonparametric frontier models. Management Science, 44 (11), 49–61.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P.W. (2000). Statistical inference in nonparametric frontier models: The state of the art. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 13(1), 49–78.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P. W. (2002). Non-Parametric Tests of Returns to Scale. European Journal of Operational Research, 139(1), 115-132.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, P. W. (2007). Estimation and inference in two-stage, semi-parametric models of production processes. Journal of Econometrics, 136(1), 31–64.
  • Simar, L. ve Wilson, PW. (2008). Statistical ınterference in nonparametric frontier models: Recent developments and perspectives. Fried H, Lovell CAK, Schmidt S (eds) İçinde The Measurement of Productive Efficiency and Productivity Change, Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Tekin, S., Ceylan, H. ve Köfteci, S. (2022). Kentiçi toplu taşıma sistemlerinde performansa dayalı ödeme modelinin geliştirilmesi. Teknik Dergi, 33(6), 12913-12944.
  • TUIK. (2023). Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, www.tüik.gov.tr, erişim tarihi. 26.06.2024
  • Viton, P.A. (1997). Technical efficiency in multi-mode bus transit: A production frontier analysis. Transportation Research B, 31, 23-39.
  • Zizka, M. (2017). An Assessment of the efficiency and effectiveness of the services of urban transport operators in the Czech Republic. Transformations in Business and Economics 16(1):134-152.
  • Zhu, J. (2014). Quantitative Models for Performance Evaluation and Benchmarking: Data Envelopment Analysis with Spreadsheets. Cham: Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Econometric and Statistical Methods, Transport Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Umit Kuvvetli 0000-0002-9567-3675

Ramazan Ekinci 0000-0001-7420-9841

Early Pub Date February 24, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date July 29, 2024
Acceptance Date December 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 40 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kuvvetli, U., & Ekinci, R. (2025). Kent İçi Toplu Taşıma Hatlarının Etkinliğinin Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Değerlendirilmesi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 40(1), 173-192. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1524007
İzmir Journal of Economics
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