Türkiye'de N Şeklindeki LCC Hipotezinin Geçerliliğinin Değerlendirilmesi: Yenilenebilir Enerjinin Etkisinin Araştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 40 Issue: 4, 1090 - 1106, 01.10.2025

Yunus Savaş

https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1569447

Abstract

Çevresel faktörler ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki karmaşık etkileşimin incelenmesi önemli bir çalışma alanını temsil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, Yük Kapasitesi Eğrisi hipotezi çerçevesinde yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevresel koşulları nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Analiz, Türkiye'nin 1965'ten 2022'ye kadar ekonomik büyüme ve çevresel bozulma arasında karmaşık bir ilişkiye işaret eden N şeklinde bir model gösterip göstermediğini incelemektedir. Araştırma bulguları, eşbütünleşme için ARDL ve sınır testlerinin kullanımı da dahil olmak üzere ekonometrik analizlerle desteklenmektedir. Bu da N-şekilli LCC hipotezinin varlığına işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, bu çalışma yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin çevresel bozulma seviyeleri üzerindeki kısa vadeli etkisini tanımlamaktadır. Bu araştırma, ekonomik büyüme, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ve çevrenin korunması arasındaki karmaşık karşılıklı ilişkileri anlamamıza katkıda bulunmaktadır. Elde edilen içgörüler, ekolojik sürdürülebilirlikle uyum içinde dengeli ekonomik kalkınmayı teşvik etme çabası içinde olan ülkeler için değer taşımaktadır..

Keywords

Yük kapasite eğrisi , ekonomik büyüme , yenilenebilir enerji , ardl , sınır testi

Assessing the Validity of the N-Shaped LCC Hypothesis in Türkiye: Exploring the Impact of Renewable Energy

Abstract

An investigation of the intricate interplay between environmental factors and economic growth constitutes a crucial area of study. This study examines how renewable energy consumption affects environmental conditions while employing the framework of the Load Capacity Curve hypothesis. The analysis examines whether Türkiye demonstrates an N-shaped pattern, suggesting a complex relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation, from 1965 to 2022. The research findings are supported by econometric analyses, including the ARDL and bounds tests for cointegration. This indicates the presence of the N-shaped LCC hypothesis. Furthermore, this study identifies the short-term impact of renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation levels. This research contributes to our understanding of the complex interrelationships among economic growth, the utilisation of renewable energy, and environmental preservation. The insights gained are of value to countries engaged in efforts to promote balanced economic development in harmony with ecological sustainability.

Keywords

Load Capacity Curve , Economic Growth , Renewable Energy , ARDL , Bound Test

References

• Akhter, A., Sarder Abdulla Al Shiam, Mohammad Ridwan, Abir, S. I., Shoha, S., Nayeem, M. B., Choudhury, M. T. H., Hossain, M. S., & Robeena Bibi. (2024). Assessing the Impact of Private Investment in AI and Financial Globalization on Load Capacity Factor: Evidence from United States. Journal of Environmental Science and Economics, 3(3), 99–127. https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v3i3.977
• Ayad, H., & Djedaiet, A. (2024). Does the unemployment rate matter for environmental issues in the G7 nations? New testing for the environmental Phillips curve using the load capacity factor. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04956-0
• Awan, A. M., & Azam, M. (2022). Evaluating the impact of GDP per capita on environmental degradation for G-20 economies: Does N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve exist? Environment, Development and Sustainability, 24(9), 11103–11126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01899-8
• Bekun, F. V., Uzuner, G., Meo, M. S., & Yadav, A. (2024). Another look at energy consumption and environmental sustainability target through the lens of the load capacity factor: Accessing evidence from MINT economies. Natural Resources Forum. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12481
• Caglar, A. E., Destek, M. A., & Manga, M. (2024). Analyzing the load capacity curve hypothesis for the Turkiye: A perspective for the sustainable environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 444, 141232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141232
• Churchill, S. A., Inekwe, J., Ivanovski, K., & Smyth, R. (2018). The Environmental Kuznets Curve in the OECD: 1870–2014. Energy Economics, 75, 389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.09.004
• Deng, S., Tiwari, S., Khan, S., Razib Hossain, M., & Chen, R. (2024). Investigating the load capacity curve (LCC) hypothesis in leading emitter economies: Role of clean energy and energy security for sustainable development. Gondwana Research, 128, 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.10.020
• Dogan, A., & Pata, U. K. (2022). The role of ICT, R&D spending and renewable energy consumption on environmental quality: Testing the LCC hypothesis for G7 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135038
• Erdogan, S. (2024). On the impact of natural resources on environmental sustainability in African countries: A comparative approach based on the EKC and LCC hypotheses. Resources Policy, 88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104492
• Fakher, H. A., Ahmed, Z., Acheampong, A. O., & Nathaniel, S. P. (2023). Renewable energy, nonrenewable energy, and environmental quality nexus: An investigation of the N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve based on six environmental indicators. Energy, 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.125660
• Grossman, G., & Krueger, A. (1994). Economic Growth and the Environment. In The Quarterly Journal of Economics (Vol. 110, Issue 2). https://doi.org/10.3386/w4634
• Gyamfi, B. A., Adedoyin, F. F., Bein, M. A., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). Environmental implications of N-shaped environmental Kuznets curve for E7 countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(25), 33072–33082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12967-x
• Hakkak, M., Altintaş, N., & Hakkak, S. (2023). Exploring the relationship between nuclear and renewable energy usage, ecological footprint, and load capacity factor: A study of the Russian Federation testing the EKC and LCC hypothesis. Renewable Energy Focus , 46, 356–366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ref.2023.07.005
• Huang, Y., Villanthenkodath, M. A., & Haseeb, M. (2023). The nexus between eco-friendly technology and environmental degradation in India: Does the N or inverted N-shape load capacity curve(LCC) hypothesis hold? Natural Resources Forum, 47(2), 276–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12281
• Ibrahim, R. L., & Ajide, K. B. (2021). The dynamic heterogeneous impacts of nonrenewable energy, trade openness, total natural resource rents, financial development and regulatory quality on environmental quality: Evidence from BRICS economies. Resources Policy, 74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102251
• Khan, I., Hou, F., & Le, H. P. (2021). The impact of natural resources, energy consumption, and population growth on environmental quality: Fresh evidence from the United States of America. Science of the Total Environment, 754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142222
• Khan, M. A., Riaz, H., Ahmed, M., & Saeed, A. (2022). Does green finance really deliver what is expected? An empirical perspective. Borsa Istanbul Review, 22(3), 586–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2021.07.006
• Mahmood, H., Tanveer, M., & Furqan, M. (2021). Investigating the n-shaped energy-environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(5), 499–503. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11573
• Numan, U., Ma, B., Sadiq, M., Bedru, H. D., & Jiang, C. (2023). The role of green finance in mitigating environmental degradation: Empirical evidence and policy implications from complex economies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136693
• Özokcu, S., & Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,72,639–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
• Pata, U. K., & Ertugrul, H. M. (2023). Do the Kyoto Protocol, geopolitical risks, human capital and natural resources affect the sustainability limit? A new environmental approach based on the LCC hypothesis. Resources Policy, 81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103352
• Pata, U.K., Mohammed, K. S., Omeyr, C., Karlilar Pata, S., Alofaysan, H., & Kartal, M. T. (2025). Scrutinizing the load capacity curve for a global perspective: The role of Fintech, government effectiveness and renewable energy. Gondwana Research, 138, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2024.10.014
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
• Özkan, O., Saleem, F., & Sharif, A. (2023). Evaluating the impact of technological innovation and energy efficiency on load capacity factor: empirical analysis of India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(4), 5610–5624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-31233-w
• Shahbaz, M., Haouas, I., & Hoang, T. H. Van. (2019). Economic growth and environmental degradation in Vietnam: Is the environmental Kuznets curve a complete picture? Emerging Markets Review, 38, 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2018.12.006
• Shehzad, K., Zeraibi, A., & Zaman, U. (2022). Testing the N-shaped environmental Kuznets Curve in Algeria: An imperious role of natural resources and economic globalization. Resources Policy, 77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102700
• Siche, R., Pereira, L., Agostinho, F., & Ortega, E. (2010). Convergence of ecological footprint and emergy analysis as a sustainability indicator of countries: Peru as case study. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 15(10), 3182–3192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.10.027
• Sun, Y., Usman, M., Radulescu, M., Korkut Pata, U., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2024). New insights from the STIPART model on how environmental-related technologies, natural resources and the use of the renewable energy influence load capacity factor. Gondwana Research, 129, 398–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2023.05.018
• Uche, E., & Ngepah, N. (2024). How green-technology, energy-transition and resource rents influence load capacity factor in South Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 43(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2023.2281038
• Wu, Y., Anwar, A., Quynh, N. N., Abbas, A., & Cong, P. T. (2023). Impact of economic policy uncertainty and renewable energy on environmental quality: testing the LCC hypothesis for fast growing economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-30109-3
• Zhang, K. Q., Chen, H. H., Tang, L. Z., & Qiao, S. (2022). Green Finance, Innovation and the Energy-Environment-Climate Nexus. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.879681