Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye

Mehmet Ferhat Sari; Fatma Esen

Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye

Abstract

The first confirmed COVID-19 case in Türkiye was reported on March 10, 2020, followed by weekend lockdowns starting April 11–12, 2020. These measures, although limited to weekends and official holidays, led to noticeable reductions in industrial activities, traffic, and human mobility, offering a unique opportunity to evaluate anthropogenic impacts on surface water quality. This study investigates temporal changes in aluminium (Al) and six heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, and Zn) in surface waters before and during the lockdown, while assessing potential carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks via ingestion and dermal exposure. Results indicate that, except for Ni, metal concentrations increased during the lockdown, with changes ranging from 7.92% to 83.33% compared to pre-lockdown levels. Both the Heavy Metal Pollution Index and the Heavy Metal Evaluation Index were elevated during the lockdown. Carcinogenic risk assessment revealed significant health risks for both adults and children, and correlation analyses suggest that metals originated from similar sources across both periods. These findings underscore the persistent influence of human activities on water quality, even under temporary mobility restrictions.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Bursa Uludag University Scientific Research Projects, Turkey (Project No: OUAP (MH)-2020/8)

Project Number

Bursa Uludag University Scientific Research Projects, Turkey (Project No: OUAP (MH)-2020/8)

Ethical Statement

There are no ethical issues with the publication of this manuscript.

Thanks

Bursa Water and Sewerage Administration General Directorate (BUSKI) for providing the measurement results.

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Freshwater Ecology

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Mehmet Ferhat Sari ^*
0000-0001-7114-7286
Türkiye

Fatma Esen
0000-0002-1445-0868
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 10, 2026

Submission Date

September 24, 2025

Acceptance Date

March 9, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 9

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Sari, M. F., & Esen, F. (2026). Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, 9. https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX

AMA

1.Sari MF, Esen F. Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye. Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model. 2026;9. https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX

Chicago

Sari, Mehmet Ferhat, and Fatma Esen. 2026. “Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye”. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling 9 (March). https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX.

EndNote

Sari MF, Esen F (March 1, 2026) Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling 9

IEEE

[1]M. F. Sari and F. Esen, “Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye”, Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model., vol. 9, Mar. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX

ISNAD

Sari, Mehmet Ferhat - Esen, Fatma. “Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye”. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling 9 (March 1, 2026). https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX.

JAMA

1.Sari MF, Esen F. Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye. Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model. 2026;9. Available at https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX.

MLA

Sari, Mehmet Ferhat, and Fatma Esen. “Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye”. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Environmental Modelling, vol. 9, Mar. 2026, https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX.

Vancouver

1.Mehmet Ferhat Sari, Fatma Esen. Investigation of the Effects of Metal and Heavy Metal Pollution on Surface Waters Before and During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Bursa, Turkiye. Int. j. environ. pollut. environ. model. [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 1;9. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA52LW73XX