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Year 2022, , 35 - 47, 01.01.2022

Siğnem Bağcı , Serdal Seven

https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.953330

Abstract

References

  • Adams, S., Kuebli, J., Boyle, P.A., & Fivush, R. (1995). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions: A longitudinal investigation. Sex Roles, 33, 309-323.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2012). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri (7. bs.), Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Block, J. H. (1983). Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: some conjectures. Child Development, 54, 1335-1354.
  • Bonney, J. F., Kelley, M. L., & Levant, R. F. (1999). A model of fathers' behavioral involvement in child care in dual-earner families. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(3), 401–415.
  • Brody, L. R. (1997). Gender and emotion: Beyond stereotypes. Journal of Social Issues, 53(2), 369-393.
  • Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In: A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Studies in emotion and social interaction. Second series. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (p. 24-47). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713.
  • Butler, J. (2006). Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge Press.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile Bilimsel Araştırma Sürecinde Nicel Veri Analizi (6. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cangur, Ş., & Ercan, İ. (2015). Comparison of Model Fit Indices Used in Structural Equation Modeling Under Multivariate Normality. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 14(1), 152-167.
  • Cassano, M., Parrish, Carisa., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of Gender on Parental Socialization of Children's Sadness Regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 210-231.
  • Chan, S. (2012). Links between Chinese mothers' parental beliefs and responses to children's expression of negative emotions. Early Child Development and Care, 182, 723-739.
  • Chaplin, T. M. & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735-765.
  • Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5(1), 80-88.
  • Connell, R. W. (1996). Teaching the boys: New research on masculinity, and gender strategies for schools. Teachers College Record, 98(2), 206-235.
  • Crick, N. R. (1997). Engagement in gender normative versus nonnormative forms of aggression: Links to social–psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 610-617.
  • Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışmalarında Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizinin Kullanımı. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 196-205.
  • Davis, S. N. (2007). Gender ideology construction from adolescence to young adulthood. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1021-1041.
  • Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 65-86.
  • Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2007). The socialization of emotional competence. In: J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds), Handbook of socialization: theory and research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Denham, S., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers' understanding of emotion. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3-4), 311–343.
  • Dix T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological bulletin, 110(1), 3-25.
  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental Socialization of Emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
  • Fivush, R. (1989). Exploring sex differences in the emotional content of mother-child conversations about the past. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 20(11-12), 675-691.
  • Fivush, R. (1991). Gender and emotion in mother-child conversations about the past. Journal of Narrative & Life History, 1(4), 325-341.
  • Fivush, R., Brotman, M., Buckner, J.P., & Goodman, S. (2000). Gender Differences in Parent–Child Emotion Narratives. Sex Roles, 42(3), 233-253.
  • Fivush, R., & Wang, Q. (2005). Emotion Talk in Mother-Child Conversations of the Shared Past: The Effects of Culture, Gender, and Event Valence. Journal of Cognition and Development, 6(4), 489-506.
  • Fuchs, D., & Thelen, M. (1988). Children's Expected Interpersonal Consequences of Communicating Their Affective State and Reported Likelihood of Expression. Child Development, 59(5), 1314-1322.
  • Garner, P. W., Robertson, S., & Smith, G. (1997). Preschool children’s emotional expressions with peers: The roles of gender and emotion socialization. Sex Roles, 36, 675-691.
  • Jansz, J. (2000). Masculine Identity and Restrictive Emotionality. In: A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp. 166-188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kale, M., & Özgün, Ö. (2016). Cinsiyet Rolü Gelişimi ve Bu Gelişimi Etkileyen Faktörler. İçinde: S. Y. Güder (Editör), Erken Çocuklukta Cinsel Eğitim ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet (s. 79-97). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Klimes-Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn-Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., & Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16(2), 326-342.
  • Kuebli, J., & Fivush, R. (1992). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 27(11-12), 683-698.
  • Liben, L. (2004). Cultural Development and Gender Development: Shared Concepts, Methodologies, and Challenges. Human Development, 47(3), 179-184.
  • Lollis, S., & Kuczynski, L. (1997). Beyond one hand clapping: Seeing bidirectionality in parent–child relations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(4), 441-461.
  • Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 267-296.
  • Nelson, J. A., O'Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., Leerkes, E. M., Marcovitch, S., & Blankson, A. N. (2012). Maternal Expressive Style and Children's Emotional Development. Infant and child development, 21(3), 267-286.
  • O’Neal, C. R., & Magai, C. (2005). Do parents respond in different ways when children feel different emotions? The emotional context of parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 467–487.
  • Root, A.K., & Denham, S. (2010). The role of gender in the socialization of emotion: key concepts and critical issues. New directions for child and adolescent development, 128, 1-9.
  • Saarni, C., Mumme, D. L., & Campos, J. J. (1998). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (p. 237–309). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
  • Serbin, L. A., Powlishta, K. K., & Gulko, J. (1993). Sex roles, status, and the need for social change. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(2), 93-95.
  • Seven, S. (2018). Çocuk ruh sağlığı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Shields, A., Dickstein, S., Seifer, R., Giusti, L., Magee, K. D., & Spritz, B. (2001). Emotional competence and early school adjustment: A study of preschoolers at risk. Early Education and Development, 12(1), 73–96.
  • Stevens, M., Golombok, S., Beveridge, M., & ALSPAC Study Team, University of Bristol. (2002). Does father absence influence children's gender development?: Findings from a general population study of preschool children. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(1), 47–60.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2002). Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 615-630.
  • Thomassin, K., Seddon, J. A., & Vaughn-Coaxum, R. (2019). Development and validation of the parents’ gendered emotion beliefs scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01591-6
  • Wong MS, Diener M. & Isabella R.A. (2008). Parents’ emotion related beliefs and behaviors and child grade: Associations with children’s perceptions of peer competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 175-186.
  • Yagmurlu, B. & Altan, O. (2010). Maternal socialization and child temperament as predictors of emotion regulation in Turkish preschoolers. Infant and Child Development, 19(3), 275-296.
  • Yılmaz, V., Aktaş, C. & Arslan, M.S.T., (2009). Müşterilerin Kredi Kartına Olan Tutumlarının Çoklu Regresyon Ve Faktör Analizi İle İncelenmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(22), 127- 139.
  • Zeman, J., & Garber, J. (1996). Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. Child Development, 67(3), 957–973.
  • Zeman, J., Perry-Parrish, C., & Cassano, M. (2010). Parent-child discussions of anger and sadness: the importance of parent and child gender during middle childhood. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (128), 65-83.

TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS

Year 2022, , 35 - 47, 01.01.2022

Siğnem Bağcı , Serdal Seven

https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.953330

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to analyze the validity and reliability of the Parents’ Gendered Emotion Beliefs Scale developed by Thomassin et al. (2019) for the adaptation of the Turkish version for Turkish Parents. The study was conducted on a total of 136 parents, including 69 mothers and 67 fathers, with 36-72 month-old-children in Istanbul province, Bahçelievler district. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive analysis. In order to examine the validity and reliability of the scale, Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO), Bartlett Test, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Exploratory Factor Analysis methods, as well as Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker Lewis Index (TLI), Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient and independent samples T-test were used. As a result of the study, it was found that the Turkish adaptation of the Parents’ Gendered Emotion Beliefs Scale adapted to Turkish is sufficiently valid and reliable.

Keywords

Gender Emotion Beliefs Scale Adaptation Preschool Period

References

  • Adams, S., Kuebli, J., Boyle, P.A., & Fivush, R. (1995). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions: A longitudinal investigation. Sex Roles, 33, 309-323.
  • Altunışık, R., Coşkun, R., Bayraktaroğlu, S. & Yıldırım, E. (2012). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri (7. bs.), Sakarya: Sakarya Yayıncılık.
  • Block, J. H. (1983). Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: some conjectures. Child Development, 54, 1335-1354.
  • Bonney, J. F., Kelley, M. L., & Levant, R. F. (1999). A model of fathers' behavioral involvement in child care in dual-earner families. Journal of Family Psychology, 13(3), 401–415.
  • Brody, L. R. (1997). Gender and emotion: Beyond stereotypes. Journal of Social Issues, 53(2), 369-393.
  • Brody, L. R. (2000). The socialization of gender differences in emotional expression: Display rules, infant temperament, and differentiation. In: A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Studies in emotion and social interaction. Second series. Gender and emotion: Social psychological perspectives (p. 24-47). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bussey, K., & Bandura, A. (1999). Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation. Psychological Review, 106(4), 676–713.
  • Butler, J. (2006). Gender Trouble. New York: Routledge Press.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2006). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem A Yayıncılık.
  • Can, A. (2018). SPSS ile Bilimsel Araştırma Sürecinde Nicel Veri Analizi (6. bs.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Cangur, Ş., & Ercan, İ. (2015). Comparison of Model Fit Indices Used in Structural Equation Modeling Under Multivariate Normality. Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 14(1), 152-167.
  • Cassano, M., Parrish, Carisa., & Zeman, J. (2007). Influence of Gender on Parental Socialization of Children's Sadness Regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 210-231.
  • Chan, S. (2012). Links between Chinese mothers' parental beliefs and responses to children's expression of negative emotions. Early Child Development and Care, 182, 723-739.
  • Chaplin, T. M. & Aldao, A. (2013). Gender differences in emotion expression in children: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 735-765.
  • Chaplin, T. M., Cole, P. M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2005). Parental socialization of emotion expression: gender differences and relations to child adjustment. Emotion, 5(1), 80-88.
  • Connell, R. W. (1996). Teaching the boys: New research on masculinity, and gender strategies for schools. Teachers College Record, 98(2), 206-235.
  • Crick, N. R. (1997). Engagement in gender normative versus nonnormative forms of aggression: Links to social–psychological adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 33(4), 610-617.
  • Çapık, C. (2014). Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışmalarında Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizinin Kullanımı. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3), 196-205.
  • Davis, S. N. (2007). Gender ideology construction from adolescence to young adulthood. Social Science Research, 36(3), 1021-1041.
  • Denham, S. A., Mitchell-Copeland, J., Strandberg, K., Auerbach, S., & Blair, K. (1997). Parental contributions to preschoolers' emotional competence: Direct and indirect effects. Motivation and Emotion, 21(1), 65-86.
  • Denham, S. A. (1998). Emotional development in young children. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Denham, S. A., Bassett, H. H., & Wyatt, T. M. (2007). The socialization of emotional competence. In: J. Grusec & P. Hastings (Eds), Handbook of socialization: theory and research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Denham, S., & Kochanoff, A. T. (2002). Parental contributions to preschoolers' understanding of emotion. Marriage & Family Review, 34(3-4), 311–343.
  • Dix T. (1991). The affective organization of parenting: adaptive and maladaptive processes. Psychological bulletin, 110(1), 3-25.
  • Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., & Spinrad, T. L. (1998). Parental Socialization of Emotion. Psychological Inquiry, 9(4), 241-273.
  • Fivush, R. (1989). Exploring sex differences in the emotional content of mother-child conversations about the past. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 20(11-12), 675-691.
  • Fivush, R. (1991). Gender and emotion in mother-child conversations about the past. Journal of Narrative & Life History, 1(4), 325-341.
  • Fivush, R., Brotman, M., Buckner, J.P., & Goodman, S. (2000). Gender Differences in Parent–Child Emotion Narratives. Sex Roles, 42(3), 233-253.
  • Fivush, R., & Wang, Q. (2005). Emotion Talk in Mother-Child Conversations of the Shared Past: The Effects of Culture, Gender, and Event Valence. Journal of Cognition and Development, 6(4), 489-506.
  • Fuchs, D., & Thelen, M. (1988). Children's Expected Interpersonal Consequences of Communicating Their Affective State and Reported Likelihood of Expression. Child Development, 59(5), 1314-1322.
  • Garner, P. W., Robertson, S., & Smith, G. (1997). Preschool children’s emotional expressions with peers: The roles of gender and emotion socialization. Sex Roles, 36, 675-691.
  • Jansz, J. (2000). Masculine Identity and Restrictive Emotionality. In: A. H. Fischer (Ed.), Gender and Emotion: Social Psychological Perspectives (pp. 166-188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kale, M., & Özgün, Ö. (2016). Cinsiyet Rolü Gelişimi ve Bu Gelişimi Etkileyen Faktörler. İçinde: S. Y. Güder (Editör), Erken Çocuklukta Cinsel Eğitim ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet (s. 79-97). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Klimes-Dougan, B., Brand, A. E., Zahn-Waxler, C., Usher, B., Hastings, P. D., Kendziora, K., & Garside, R. B. (2007). Parental emotion socialization in adolescence: Differences in sex, age and problem status. Social Development, 16(2), 326-342.
  • Kuebli, J., & Fivush, R. (1992). Gender differences in parent-child conversations about past emotions. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 27(11-12), 683-698.
  • Liben, L. (2004). Cultural Development and Gender Development: Shared Concepts, Methodologies, and Challenges. Human Development, 47(3), 179-184.
  • Lollis, S., & Kuczynski, L. (1997). Beyond one hand clapping: Seeing bidirectionality in parent–child relations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14(4), 441-461.
  • Lytton, H., & Romney, D. M. (1991). Parents' differential socialization of boys and girls: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 267-296.
  • Nelson, J. A., O'Brien, M., Calkins, S. D., Leerkes, E. M., Marcovitch, S., & Blankson, A. N. (2012). Maternal Expressive Style and Children's Emotional Development. Infant and child development, 21(3), 267-286.
  • O’Neal, C. R., & Magai, C. (2005). Do parents respond in different ways when children feel different emotions? The emotional context of parenting. Development and Psychopathology, 17, 467–487.
  • Root, A.K., & Denham, S. (2010). The role of gender in the socialization of emotion: key concepts and critical issues. New directions for child and adolescent development, 128, 1-9.
  • Saarni, C., Mumme, D. L., & Campos, J. J. (1998). Emotional development: Action, communication, and understanding. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development (p. 237–309). John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
  • Serbin, L. A., Powlishta, K. K., & Gulko, J. (1993). Sex roles, status, and the need for social change. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58(2), 93-95.
  • Seven, S. (2018). Çocuk ruh sağlığı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Shields, A., Dickstein, S., Seifer, R., Giusti, L., Magee, K. D., & Spritz, B. (2001). Emotional competence and early school adjustment: A study of preschoolers at risk. Early Education and Development, 12(1), 73–96.
  • Stevens, M., Golombok, S., Beveridge, M., & ALSPAC Study Team, University of Bristol. (2002). Does father absence influence children's gender development?: Findings from a general population study of preschool children. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2(1), 47–60.
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2006). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi, Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2002). Are parents' gender schemas related to their children's gender-related cognitions? A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 38(4), 615-630.
  • Thomassin, K., Seddon, J. A., & Vaughn-Coaxum, R. (2019). Development and validation of the parents’ gendered emotion beliefs scale. Journal of Child and Family Studies, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01591-6
  • Wong MS, Diener M. & Isabella R.A. (2008). Parents’ emotion related beliefs and behaviors and child grade: Associations with children’s perceptions of peer competence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 175-186.
  • Yagmurlu, B. & Altan, O. (2010). Maternal socialization and child temperament as predictors of emotion regulation in Turkish preschoolers. Infant and Child Development, 19(3), 275-296.
  • Yılmaz, V., Aktaş, C. & Arslan, M.S.T., (2009). Müşterilerin Kredi Kartına Olan Tutumlarının Çoklu Regresyon Ve Faktör Analizi İle İncelenmesi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(22), 127- 139.
  • Zeman, J., & Garber, J. (1996). Display rules for anger, sadness, and pain: It depends on who is watching. Child Development, 67(3), 957–973.
  • Zeman, J., Perry-Parrish, C., & Cassano, M. (2010). Parent-child discussions of anger and sadness: the importance of parent and child gender during middle childhood. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, (128), 65-83.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Siğnem Bağcı

Serdal Seven

Publication Date January 1, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Bağcı, S., & Seven, S. (2022). TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 7(1), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.953330
AMA Bağcı S, Seven S. TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS. IJERE. January 2022;7(1):35-47. doi:10.24331/ijere.953330
Chicago Bağcı, Siğnem, and Serdal Seven. “TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS”. International Journal of Educational Research Review 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 35-47. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.953330.
EndNote Bağcı S, Seven S (January 1, 2022) TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS. International Journal of Educational Research Review 7 1 35–47.
IEEE S. Bağcı and S. Seven, “TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS”, IJERE, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 35–47, 2022, doi: 10.24331/ijere.953330.
ISNAD Bağcı, Siğnem - Seven, Serdal. “TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS”. International Journal of Educational Research Review 7/1 (January 2022), 35-47. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.953330.
JAMA Bağcı S, Seven S. TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS. IJERE. 2022;7:35–47.
MLA Bağcı, Siğnem and Serdal Seven. “TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS”. International Journal of Educational Research Review, vol. 7, no. 1, 2022, pp. 35-47, doi:10.24331/ijere.953330.
Vancouver Bağcı S, Seven S. TURKISH ADAPTATION of PARENTS’ GENDERED EMOTION BELIEFS SCALE: VALIDITY and RELIABILITY STUDY of TURKISH PARENTS. IJERE. 2022;7(1):35-47.

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