Research Article

DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD

Volume: 6 Number: 2 September 29, 2026
TR EN

DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD

Abstract

The study was carried out to determine the effect of adding pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) outer (soft) shell at different levels together with dry meadow grass (DMG) and alfalfa hay (AH) in dairy cattle total mixed rations (TMR) on in vitro gas and methane production, performance parameter values and in vitro digestion traits. In the present study, the dairy cattle TMR groups (PS0, PS1, PS2 and PS3) were created by adding pistachio shell (PS) obtained from different factories producing pistachios in Gaziantep province. PS was added into TMRs together with dry meadow grass (DMG) and alfalfa hay (AH). The chemical compositions of TMRs and PS constituting the experimental groups were determined according to the Weende analysis method with 3 replications. The usability of PS together with DMG and AH in dairy cow TMRs was detected by Hohenheim in vitro gas production technique. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude ash (CA), ADF, NDF and ADL ratios, in vitro gas and methane production amounts, and digestibility parameters were established in the experimental groups. In the evaluation of the study results, variance analysis was performed using the SPSS package program. Duncan Multiple Comparison Test was applied to determine the differences among the groups. Among the dairy cattle TMR groups (PS0, PS1, PS2 and PS3) formed by adding pistachio shell (PS) at different rates together with dry meadow grass (DMG) and alfalfa hay (AH), 24-hour in vitro gas production and predicted performance parameters such as metabolic energy (ME), net energy lactation (NEL) and organic matter digestibility (OMD) were not significant. The differences among the groups in terms of in vitro true digestible dry matter (IVTDDM) and true digestion degree (IVTDD) from in vitro digestion parameters, and microbial protein production (MPP), partitioning factor (PF) and microbial protein synthesis efficiency (MPSE) were significant (P<0.05). Depending on the increase in the PS ratio in the mixtures, the values of the mentioned properties also increased. PS3 group had the highest values in terms of all features. As a result, it has been concluded that pistachio shell can be used as an alternative roughage source together with dry meadow grass (DMG) and alfalfa hay (AH) in total mixed rations (TMR) of dairy cows in the first period of lactation.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Animal Feeding, Zootechny (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 29, 2026

Submission Date

September 2, 2026

Acceptance Date

September 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 6 Number: 2

APA
Macit, M., & Kaya, A. (2026). DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD. Uluslararası Gıda Tarım Ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 44-56. https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA
AMA
1.Macit M, Kaya A. DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD. IJFAA. 2026;6(2):44-56. https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA
Chicago
Macit, Muhlis, and Ali Kaya. 2026. “DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia Vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD”. Uluslararası Gıda Tarım Ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi 6 (2): 44-56. https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA.
EndNote
Macit M, Kaya A (September 1, 2026) DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD. Uluslararası Gıda Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi 6 2 44–56.
IEEE
[1]M. Macit and A. Kaya, “DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD”, IJFAA, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 44–56, Sept. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA
ISNAD
Macit, Muhlis - Kaya, Ali. “DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia Vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD”. Uluslararası Gıda Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi 6/2 (September 1, 2026): 44-56. https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA.
JAMA
1.Macit M, Kaya A. DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD. IJFAA. 2026;6:44–56.
MLA
Macit, Muhlis, and Ali Kaya. “DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia Vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD”. Uluslararası Gıda Tarım Ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 2, Sept. 2026, pp. 44-56, https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA.
Vancouver
1.Muhlis Macit, Ali Kaya. DETERMINATION OF USABILITY OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L.) OUTER SHELL AS ROUGHAGE SOURCE IN DAIRY CATTLE TOTAL MIXED RATIONS (TMR) BY IN VITRO GAS PRODUCTION METHOD. IJFAA [Internet]. 2026 Sep. 1;6(2):44-56. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA23GZ83SA