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Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Akıl Hastası Kimliğine Yönelik Tutumları

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 278 - 296, 31.10.2017

Abstract

Psikolojik problemleri olanların etiketlenmesi ve damgalanması, insanların hayatlarının birçok alanını olumsuz etkilemektedir; örneğin yardım arama davranışlarının engellenmesi, tedavi sonrası topluma entegrasyonlarının zorlaşması, damganın içselleştirilmesi ve toplum temelli tedavilerin başarısının bozulması gibi. Var olan tutumların belirlenmesi ilişkili faktörler hakkında değerli bilgi sağlayacağından bu çalışmada “akıl hastası” kimliğine yönelik tutumların araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Tutumların ölçülmesinde, Şehitoğlu (1988) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan, tutumları ‘gereksinen sosyal mesafe’ aracılığıyla ölçmeyi hedefleyen ölçek kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılar, 149 üniversite öğrencisidir ve 94’ü kadındır. Gereksinen sosyal mesafe kriterine göre, en çok reddedilen durumlar (beşli likert üzerinde puanlaması≥3 olan maddelere göre) şöyledir: “Bir yakınının bu kişiyle evlenmesi” (%33,6), “bu kişiyle işyerinde aynı odada çalışmak” (%30,9), “apartmanda kapı komşusu” (%29,5), “müstakil evlerde yan yana komşu” (%26,2) olmak, “şehir içi otobüste yan yana” (%23,6), ve “şehirlerarası yolculukta yakın koltuklarda” (%12,1) oturmak. "Yakın sosyal durumlar" için %12,1 ile %33,6 arasındaki oranlarda, orta düzey ve üzerinde sosyal mesafe ihtiyacı saptanmıştır. Diğer yandan 1 ile 5 arasında puanlanan beşli likert tipi derecelendirme gözönüne alındığında, "hiç rahatsız etmez" seçeneği dışındaki, yani birin üzerinde puanlanan tüm seçeneklerin tamamen önyargısız ve ayrımcılıktan uzak olarak kabul edilemeyeceği açıktır. Bulguların 29 yıl önce aynı ölçekle ölçülmüş tutumlarla karşılaştırılması, yakın durumlarda daha fazla sosyal mesafe gereksiniminin günümüzde de geçerli olduğunu hatta bugünkü oranların çok daha yüksek olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Tutumlardaki bu olumsuz yöndeki yükselişin sebeplerinin araştırılması psikolojik problemleri olan bireylere yönelik etiketleme ve damgalamanın azaltılması çabalarına potansiyel katkıları bakımından önemlidir. Farkındalık yoluyla olumlu tutumlara yol açma potansiyeli, tutum araştırmalarının önemini artırmaktadır.


References

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  • Bathje, G. J., & Pryor, J. B. (2011). The relationships of public and self-stigma to seeking mental health services. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(2), 161-177.
  • Byrne, P. (2000). Stigma of mental illness and ways of diminishing it. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 6(1), 65-72.
  • Corrigan, P.W. (2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology Science Practice, 6, 48-67.
  • Corrigan, P. W. (2004). Target-specific stigma change: A strategy for impacting mental illness stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28(2), 113-121.
  • Crowe, A. (2013). Mental illness stigma: Early lessons. Counseling Today, 56, 24-25.
  • Crowe, A., & Averett, P. (2015). Attitudes of mental health professionals toward mental illness: A deeper understanding. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(1), 47-62.
  • Eagly, A. H., Diekman, A. B., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Koenig, A. M. (2004). Gendergaps in sociopolitical attitudes: A social psychological analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 796-816.
  • Gove, W. (1982). Labeling theory's explanation of mental illness: An update of recent evidence. Deviant Behavior, 3(4), 307-327.
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  • Law, G. U., Rostill‑Brookes, H., & Goodman, D. (2009). Public stigma in health and non healthcare students: Attributions, emotions and willingness to help with adolescent self‑harm. International Journal of Nursing Students, 46(7), 108-119.
  • Link, B., Yang, L., Phelan, J., & Collins, P. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 511-541.
  • Malla, A., & Shaw, T. (1987). Attitudes towards mental illness: The influence of education and experience. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 33(1), 33-41.
  • Perlick, D., Rosenheck, R., Clarkin, J., Sirey, J., Salahi, J., Struening, E., & Link, B. (2001). Adverse effects of perceived stigma on social adaptation of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1627-1632.
  • Polat, A., Üçok, A., Genç, A., & Aksüt, D. (2000). Ruhsal hastalıkları olan kişilerin ailelerinde stigma. 36. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. 339-340.
  • Putman S. (2008). Mental illness: Diagnostic title or derogatory term? (Attitudes towards mental illness) Developing a learning resource for use within a clinical call centre. A systematic literature review on attitudes towards mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 15(8), 684‑693.
  • Sarı, Ö., Arkar, H., & Aklın, T. (2000). Akıl hastalıkları ile ilgili tutumlar: Etiketlenmenin etkisi. 36. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. 343-
  • Scheff, T. J. (1974).The labeling theory of mental illness. American Sociological Review, 39(3), 444-452.
  • Schur, E. (1971). Labeling deviant behavior. New York: Harper Row.
  • Smith, A. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2010). Stigma and mental illness: Investigating attitudes of mental health and non mental health professionals and trainees. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 49(2), 189-202.
  • Smith, A. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2011). Social distance and mental illness: Attitudes among mental health and non mental health professionals and trainees. Professional Counselor, 1(1), 3-20.
  • Socall, D. W., & Holtgraves, T. (1992). Attitudes toward the mentally ill: The effects of label and beliefs. The Sociological Quarterly, 33(3), 435-445.
  • Stuber, J. P., Rocha, A., Cristian, A., & Link, B. G. (2015). Conceptions of mental illness: Attitudes of mental health professionals and the general public. Psychiatry Services, 65(4), 490-497.
  • Şehitoğlu, S. (1988). Attitudes towards mentally ill in relation with education and age. (Yayınlammamış tez çalışması). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Poreddi, V., Thimmaiah, R., & Math, S. B. (2015). Attitudes toward people with mental illness among medical students. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 6(3), 349-355. Wahl, O., & Aroesty-Cohen, E. (2010). Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(1), 49-62. World Health Organization [WHO]. (2013). Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhgap); http://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/ (Erişim: 16.03.2017).
  • Yuan, Q., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Vaingankar, J. A., Shahwan, S., Jeyagurunathan, A., Sagayadevan, V., Shafie, S., Tay, J., Chong, S.A., & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Attitudes to mental illness and its demographic correlates among general population in Singapore.PLoS ONE11(11): e0167297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167297
Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 278 - 296, 31.10.2017

Abstract

References

  • Bairan, A., & Farnsworth, B. (1989). Attitudes toward mental illness: Does a psychiatricnursing course make a difference? Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 3(6), 351-357.
  • Bathje, G. J., & Pryor, J. B. (2011). The relationships of public and self-stigma to seeking mental health services. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 33(2), 161-177.
  • Byrne, P. (2000). Stigma of mental illness and ways of diminishing it. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 6(1), 65-72.
  • Corrigan, P.W. (2000). Mental health stigma as social attribution: Implications for research methods and attitude change. Clinical Psychology Science Practice, 6, 48-67.
  • Corrigan, P. W. (2004). Target-specific stigma change: A strategy for impacting mental illness stigma. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28(2), 113-121.
  • Crowe, A. (2013). Mental illness stigma: Early lessons. Counseling Today, 56, 24-25.
  • Crowe, A., & Averett, P. (2015). Attitudes of mental health professionals toward mental illness: A deeper understanding. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 37(1), 47-62.
  • Eagly, A. H., Diekman, A. B., Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C., & Koenig, A. M. (2004). Gendergaps in sociopolitical attitudes: A social psychological analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(6), 796-816.
  • Gove, W. (1982). Labeling theory's explanation of mental illness: An update of recent evidence. Deviant Behavior, 3(4), 307-327.
  • Jorm, A.F., Barney, L.J., Christensen, H., Highet, N.J., Kelly, C.M., & Kitchener, B.A. (2006). Research on mental health literacy: What we know and what we still need to know. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40, 3-5. Doi 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01734.x.
  • Law, G. U., Rostill‑Brookes, H., & Goodman, D. (2009). Public stigma in health and non healthcare students: Attributions, emotions and willingness to help with adolescent self‑harm. International Journal of Nursing Students, 46(7), 108-119.
  • Link, B., Yang, L., Phelan, J., & Collins, P. (2004). Measuring mental illness stigma. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 30(3), 511-541.
  • Malla, A., & Shaw, T. (1987). Attitudes towards mental illness: The influence of education and experience. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 33(1), 33-41.
  • Perlick, D., Rosenheck, R., Clarkin, J., Sirey, J., Salahi, J., Struening, E., & Link, B. (2001). Adverse effects of perceived stigma on social adaptation of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder. Psychiatric Services, 52(12), 1627-1632.
  • Polat, A., Üçok, A., Genç, A., & Aksüt, D. (2000). Ruhsal hastalıkları olan kişilerin ailelerinde stigma. 36. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. 339-340.
  • Putman S. (2008). Mental illness: Diagnostic title or derogatory term? (Attitudes towards mental illness) Developing a learning resource for use within a clinical call centre. A systematic literature review on attitudes towards mental illness. Journal of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 15(8), 684‑693.
  • Sarı, Ö., Arkar, H., & Aklın, T. (2000). Akıl hastalıkları ile ilgili tutumlar: Etiketlenmenin etkisi. 36. Ulusal Psikiyatri Kongresi. 343-
  • Scheff, T. J. (1974).The labeling theory of mental illness. American Sociological Review, 39(3), 444-452.
  • Schur, E. (1971). Labeling deviant behavior. New York: Harper Row.
  • Smith, A. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2010). Stigma and mental illness: Investigating attitudes of mental health and non mental health professionals and trainees. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 49(2), 189-202.
  • Smith, A. L., & Cashwell, C. S. (2011). Social distance and mental illness: Attitudes among mental health and non mental health professionals and trainees. Professional Counselor, 1(1), 3-20.
  • Socall, D. W., & Holtgraves, T. (1992). Attitudes toward the mentally ill: The effects of label and beliefs. The Sociological Quarterly, 33(3), 435-445.
  • Stuber, J. P., Rocha, A., Cristian, A., & Link, B. G. (2015). Conceptions of mental illness: Attitudes of mental health professionals and the general public. Psychiatry Services, 65(4), 490-497.
  • Şehitoğlu, S. (1988). Attitudes towards mentally ill in relation with education and age. (Yayınlammamış tez çalışması). Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Poreddi, V., Thimmaiah, R., & Math, S. B. (2015). Attitudes toward people with mental illness among medical students. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 6(3), 349-355. Wahl, O., & Aroesty-Cohen, E. (2010). Attitudes of mental health professionals about mental illness: A review of the recent literature. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(1), 49-62. World Health Organization [WHO]. (2013). Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhgap); http://www.who.int/mental_health/action_plan_2013/en/ (Erişim: 16.03.2017).
  • Yuan, Q., Abdin, E., Picco, L., Vaingankar, J. A., Shahwan, S., Jeyagurunathan, A., Sagayadevan, V., Shafie, S., Tay, J., Chong, S.A., & Subramaniam, M. (2016). Attitudes to mental illness and its demographic correlates among general population in Singapore.PLoS ONE11(11): e0167297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167297
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sultan Okumuşoğlu

Publication Date October 31, 2017
Submission Date August 27, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Okumuşoğlu, S. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Akıl Hastası Kimliğine Yönelik Tutumları. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler Ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(2), 278-296.

International Journal of Humanities and Education (IJHE) 

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