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Büyük ebeveyn ve ebeveyn bakış açılarından büyük ebeveyn-torun ilişkisi

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 16, 568 - 586, 30.10.2021

Abstract

Tarama modelinde desenlenmiş bu çalışma, büyükanne ve büyükbabaların torunlarıyla olan ilişkilerini hem kendi bakış açılarından hem de çocukların ebeveynlerinin bakış açılarından incelemektedir. Veri toplamak için Ebeveyn Soru Formu, Büyük Ebeveyn Soru Formu ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılan çalışmanın katılımcılarını, 484 büyük ebeveyn ve 484 ebeveyn oluşturmuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları, büyükanne ve büyükbabaların 1) büyük ebeveynliğin ebeveynlik gibi olduğu, 2) torun sahibi olmadan önce şimdi yaşadıkları duyguları yaşayacaklarını hayal etmedikleri, 3) torunlarını dünyadaki her şeyden çok sevdikleri ve 4) torunlarıyla oynamaktan ve onlara masal anlatmaktan çocukların ebeveynlerinin kabul ettiğinden daha fazla keyif aldıklarına ilişkin maddelere katıldıklarını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, büyük ebeveynlerin günümüzde insanların daha geç çocuk sahibi olmaya karar verdikleri ve torunlarına kendi çocuklarından daha fazla tolerans gösterdikleri yönündeki ifadelere örneklemi oluşturan ebeveynlerden daha fazla katıldıkları belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, ebeveynler çocuklarıyla yeterli zaman geçirmedikleri maddesine büyük ebeveynlerden daha fazla katılmaktadırlar.

References

  • Arpacı, F., & Tezel Şahin, F. (2015). Yaşlı bireylerin yaşlı ve çocuk etkileşimine ilişkin görüşleri [The views of elderly individuals regarding elderly‐child interaction]. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi [The Journal of Turkish Social Research], 19(1), 231-245.
  • Backhouse, J., & Graham, A. (2013). Grandparents raising their grandchildren: Acknowledging the experience of grief. Australian Social Work, 66(3), 440-454.
  • Berger, E. H., & Riojas-Cortez, M. (2016). Parents as partners in education: Families and schools working together. Boston: Pearson.
  • Bredekamp, S. (2015). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde etkili uygulamalar [Effective practices in early childhood education]. (Trans. H. Z. İnan & T. İnan). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yay.
  • Breheny, M., Stephens, C., & Spilsbury, L. (2013). Involvement without interference: How grandparents negotiate intergenerational expectations in relationships with grandchildren. Journal of Family Studies, 19(2), 174-184.
  • Bundy-Fazioli, K., Fruhauf, C. A., & Miller, J. L. (2013). Grandparents caregivers' perceptions of emotional distress and well-being. Journal of Family Social Work, 16(5), 447–462.
  • Check, J., & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Research methods in education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Çelimli, Ç. (2013). Okul öncesi dönemi çocuklarının dil gelişim düzeylerinin bakan kişiye göre karşılaştırılması [Comparing the language development of pre-school children who were brought up by different person]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Maltepe University, İstanbul.
  • Demiriz, S., & Arpacı, F. (2016). Okulöncesi dönem çocuklarının büyük ebeveynleri hakkındaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi [A study into the views of the preschool children over their grandparents]. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Cankiri Karatekin University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences], 7(1), 707-726.
  • Enrique, J., Howk, H., & Huitt, W. (2007). An overview of family development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved [21 June 2020] from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/family.pdf
  • Eyce, B., (2000). Tarihten günümüze Türk aile yapısı [Turkish Family Structure from History to Today]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi [Journal of Selçuk University Social Sciences Vocational School], 4, 223-243.
  • Forghani, A., & Neustaedter, C. (2014, April). The routines and needs of grandparents and parents for grandparent-grandchild conversations over distance. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’14, Canada. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557255
  • Friedman, D., Hechter, M., & Kreager, D. (2008). A theory of the value of grandchildren. Rationality and Society, 20, 31–61.
  • Harwood, J. (2004). Relational, role, and social identity as expressed in grandparents’ personal web sites. Communication Studies, 55, 300-318
  • Hayslip, B., Fruhauf, C. A., & Dolbin-MacNab, M. L. (2017). Grandparents raising grandchildren: What have we learned over the past decade? Gerontologist, 59(3), 152-163.
  • Hazer, O. (2012). Büyük ebeveynlerinin ergenler tarafından algılanan özelliklerini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi [Factors affecting the perception of the qualities of grandparents by adolescents]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi [Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters], 1, 123-141.
  • Horsfall, B., & Dempsey, D. (2011). Grandmothers and grandfathers looking after grandchildren: Recent Australian research. Family Relationships Quarterly, 18, 10-12.
  • Kartal, A., Turan, T., Kuzu-Kurban, N., & Zencir, M. (2010). Büyükanne ve büyükbabalarda torun bakmanın depresyon ve yaşam kalitesine etkisi [The effect of grandmother and grandfather’s looking after grandchildren on depression and life quality]. Pamukkale University: Scientific Research Project (Project Number: 2009BSP006). Retrieved [20 October 2018] from http://acikerisim.pau.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ 11499/55/Asiye%20Kartal.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Kaya, B. (2013). Üç kuşak arasındaki değer değişimi [Value change between three generations]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Selçuk University, Konya.
  • Keller-Schafer, L. J. (2013). A phenomenological examination of Lakota (Sioux) grandfather caregivers raising their grandchildren. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis.
  • Kibar, B. (2008). Büyükanneleriyle yetişen ve yetişmeyen 5-6 yaş çocuklarının sosyo-duygusal gelişim düzeyleri, davranış işlevlerinin değerlendirilmesi sorunları ile aile işlevlerinin değerlendirilmesi [The evaluation of functions of families, social-emotional development level and behavior problems of 5-6 years children growing up with and without their grandmothers]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Marmara University, İstanbul.
  • King, V., & Elder, G. H. (1997). The legacy of grandparenting: Childhood experiences with grandparents and current involvement with grandchildren. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59, 848-859.
  • Mansson, D. H. (2015). Developing the Ideal Grandparent Scale: Initial validity and reliability tests. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 13(3), 207-226.
  • Marken, D. M., & Howard, J. B. (2014). Grandparents raising grandchildren: The influence of a late-life transition on occupational engagement. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 32(4), 381-396.
  • McGowen, M. R., & Ladd, L. (2006). On-line assessment of grandmother: Experience in raising grandchildren. Educational Gerontology, 32, 669-684.
  • Moore, T. J., & Asay, S. M. (2007). Family resource management. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Özen, R. (2015). Türk toplumundaki üç kuşak annelerin çocuklarında olmasını istedikleri değerler ve değer sınıflaması [Values that three generations of mothers in Turkish society want their children to have and value classification]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Uludağ University, Bursa.
  • Özpolat, A. (2010). Ailede demokratik sosyalleşme [Democratic Socialization in Family]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi [Journal of Social Policy Studies], 5(20), 9-24.
  • Peterson, T. L. (2017). Changes in health perceptions among older grandparents raising adolescent grandchildren. Social Work in Public Health, 32(6), 394-406.
  • Ponto, J. A. (2015). Understanding and evaluating survey research. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 6, 168-171.
  • Sak, R., Şahin Sak, İ. T., Atli, S., & Şahin, B. K. (2015). Okul öncesi dönem: Anne baba tutumları [Preschool period: Parenting attitudes]. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education], 11(3), 972-991.
  • Salman Engin, S. (2014). Co-parenting processes in the US and Turkey: Triadic interactions among mothers, fathers, and grandmothers with 3-month-old infants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Schmid, W. (2018). Anne baba ve büyükanne büyükbaba olmanın sevinçleri üzerine [Von den Freuden der Eltern und Großeltern]. (Trans. T. Bora). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Shapiro, A. (2004). Revisiting the generation gap: Exploring the relationships of parent/adult–child dyads. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 58, 127-146.
  • Sims, M., & Rofail, M. (2013). The experiences of grandparents who have limited or no contact with their grandchildren. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 377-386.
  • Singleton, R. A., & Straits, B. C. (2009). Approaches to social research. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, G. C., & Hancock, G. R. (2010). Custodial grandmother-grandfather dyads: Pathways among marital distress, grandparent dysphoria, parenting practice, and grandchild adjustment. Family Relations, 59(1), 45-59.
  • Smorti, M., Tschiesner R., &Farneti, A. (2012). Grandparents-grandchildren relationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 895-898.
  • Stelle, C. (2010). Grand-parenting in the 21st Century: Issues of diversity in grandparent grandchild relationships. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 682–701.
  • Stephens, W. N. (1963). The family in cross-cultural perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Şahin-Bayraktar, H. G., & Seven, S. (2020). The interrelationship of attachment style, sense of loneliness, and social dissatisfaction in children aged 60–72 months. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00888-w
  • Taylan, H. H. (2009). Türkiye’de köy ailesinde aile içi ilişkiler [Family relationships of rural family in Turkey]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi [Seljuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters], 22, 117-138.
  • Tezel Şahin, F., & Şahin, B. K. (2020). Turkish grandmothers’ experiences of caring for their grandchildren: a qualitative study. Early Child Development and Care, 190(3), 284-295.
  • Thiele, D. M., & Whelan, T. A. (2006). The nature and dimensions of the grandparent role. Marriage & Family Review, 40(1), 93-08.
  • Tuncer, N., Sak, R., & Şahin Sak, İ. T. (2016). Aile eğitimi [Parent education]. Ankara: Vize.
  • Ünlü, Ş. (2010). Being fathered and being a father: Examination of the general pattern of Turkish fathers' and their own fathers' involvement level for children between the ages of 0-8. Unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Üstün, E. (1994). 8-11 yaşlarındaki çocuklarının psikososyal açıdan potansiyellerinin çocuk-aile gözüyle incelenmesi ve kuşaklar arası çocuk yetiştirmeye ait inançların karşılaştırılması [Examining the psychosocial potentials of children between the ages of 8 and 11 from the perspectives of the child-family and comparing beliefs about growing up a child based on the generations]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Vapur, R. (2006). 4-6 yaş grubu çocuklarının anne-babaları ile büyük anne-büyükbabalarının çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarının sosyo-ekonomik düzeylere göre incelenmesi [Investigating the attitudes of parents and grandparents to 4-6 age children according to their social and economical level]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.
  • Woods, T. (2015). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: Implications for social work. Journal of Sociology and Social Work, 3(2), 07–15.

Grandparent-grandchild relationships from the perspectives of grandparents and parents

Year 2021, Volume: 7 Issue: 16, 568 - 586, 30.10.2021

Abstract

This survey-based study examines Turkish grandparents’ relationships with their grandchildren, both from their own perspectives and from those of the children’s parents. A Parent Question Form, Grandparent Question Form and Personal Information Form were used to collect data from 484 grandparents and 484 parents. The grandparents tended to agree with items suggesting 1) that grandparenting was like parenting; 2) that before having a grandchild, they had not imagined they would experience the feelings they were experiencing now; 3) that they loved their grandchildren more than anything in the world; and 4) that they enjoyed playing with their grandchildren and telling them fairy tales more than the children’s parents agreed. They also were more likely than the sampled parents to agree with the statements that, nowadays, people decided to have children later in life, and that grandparents tolerated their grandchildren more than they did their own children. However, the parents were more likely than the grandparents to agree that parents spend an inadequate amount of time with their children.

References

  • Arpacı, F., & Tezel Şahin, F. (2015). Yaşlı bireylerin yaşlı ve çocuk etkileşimine ilişkin görüşleri [The views of elderly individuals regarding elderly‐child interaction]. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi [The Journal of Turkish Social Research], 19(1), 231-245.
  • Backhouse, J., & Graham, A. (2013). Grandparents raising their grandchildren: Acknowledging the experience of grief. Australian Social Work, 66(3), 440-454.
  • Berger, E. H., & Riojas-Cortez, M. (2016). Parents as partners in education: Families and schools working together. Boston: Pearson.
  • Bredekamp, S. (2015). Erken çocukluk eğitiminde etkili uygulamalar [Effective practices in early childhood education]. (Trans. H. Z. İnan & T. İnan). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yay.
  • Breheny, M., Stephens, C., & Spilsbury, L. (2013). Involvement without interference: How grandparents negotiate intergenerational expectations in relationships with grandchildren. Journal of Family Studies, 19(2), 174-184.
  • Bundy-Fazioli, K., Fruhauf, C. A., & Miller, J. L. (2013). Grandparents caregivers' perceptions of emotional distress and well-being. Journal of Family Social Work, 16(5), 447–462.
  • Check, J., & Schutt, R. K. (2012). Research methods in education. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Çelimli, Ç. (2013). Okul öncesi dönemi çocuklarının dil gelişim düzeylerinin bakan kişiye göre karşılaştırılması [Comparing the language development of pre-school children who were brought up by different person]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Maltepe University, İstanbul.
  • Demiriz, S., & Arpacı, F. (2016). Okulöncesi dönem çocuklarının büyük ebeveynleri hakkındaki görüşlerinin incelenmesi [A study into the views of the preschool children over their grandparents]. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi [Cankiri Karatekin University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences], 7(1), 707-726.
  • Enrique, J., Howk, H., & Huitt, W. (2007). An overview of family development. Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved [21 June 2020] from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/papers/family.pdf
  • Eyce, B., (2000). Tarihten günümüze Türk aile yapısı [Turkish Family Structure from History to Today]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi [Journal of Selçuk University Social Sciences Vocational School], 4, 223-243.
  • Forghani, A., & Neustaedter, C. (2014, April). The routines and needs of grandparents and parents for grandparent-grandchild conversations over distance. Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’14, Canada. doi:10.1145/2556288.2557255
  • Friedman, D., Hechter, M., & Kreager, D. (2008). A theory of the value of grandchildren. Rationality and Society, 20, 31–61.
  • Harwood, J. (2004). Relational, role, and social identity as expressed in grandparents’ personal web sites. Communication Studies, 55, 300-318
  • Hayslip, B., Fruhauf, C. A., & Dolbin-MacNab, M. L. (2017). Grandparents raising grandchildren: What have we learned over the past decade? Gerontologist, 59(3), 152-163.
  • Hazer, O. (2012). Büyük ebeveynlerinin ergenler tarafından algılanan özelliklerini etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi [Factors affecting the perception of the qualities of grandparents by adolescents]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi [Hacettepe University Journal of Faculty of Letters], 1, 123-141.
  • Horsfall, B., & Dempsey, D. (2011). Grandmothers and grandfathers looking after grandchildren: Recent Australian research. Family Relationships Quarterly, 18, 10-12.
  • Kartal, A., Turan, T., Kuzu-Kurban, N., & Zencir, M. (2010). Büyükanne ve büyükbabalarda torun bakmanın depresyon ve yaşam kalitesine etkisi [The effect of grandmother and grandfather’s looking after grandchildren on depression and life quality]. Pamukkale University: Scientific Research Project (Project Number: 2009BSP006). Retrieved [20 October 2018] from http://acikerisim.pau.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/ 11499/55/Asiye%20Kartal.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
  • Kaya, B. (2013). Üç kuşak arasındaki değer değişimi [Value change between three generations]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Selçuk University, Konya.
  • Keller-Schafer, L. J. (2013). A phenomenological examination of Lakota (Sioux) grandfather caregivers raising their grandchildren. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis.
  • Kibar, B. (2008). Büyükanneleriyle yetişen ve yetişmeyen 5-6 yaş çocuklarının sosyo-duygusal gelişim düzeyleri, davranış işlevlerinin değerlendirilmesi sorunları ile aile işlevlerinin değerlendirilmesi [The evaluation of functions of families, social-emotional development level and behavior problems of 5-6 years children growing up with and without their grandmothers]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Marmara University, İstanbul.
  • King, V., & Elder, G. H. (1997). The legacy of grandparenting: Childhood experiences with grandparents and current involvement with grandchildren. Journal of Marriage and Family, 59, 848-859.
  • Mansson, D. H. (2015). Developing the Ideal Grandparent Scale: Initial validity and reliability tests. Journal of Intergenerational Relationships, 13(3), 207-226.
  • Marken, D. M., & Howard, J. B. (2014). Grandparents raising grandchildren: The influence of a late-life transition on occupational engagement. Physical & Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 32(4), 381-396.
  • McGowen, M. R., & Ladd, L. (2006). On-line assessment of grandmother: Experience in raising grandchildren. Educational Gerontology, 32, 669-684.
  • Moore, T. J., & Asay, S. M. (2007). Family resource management. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Özen, R. (2015). Türk toplumundaki üç kuşak annelerin çocuklarında olmasını istedikleri değerler ve değer sınıflaması [Values that three generations of mothers in Turkish society want their children to have and value classification]. Unpublished master’s thesis, Uludağ University, Bursa.
  • Özpolat, A. (2010). Ailede demokratik sosyalleşme [Democratic Socialization in Family]. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi [Journal of Social Policy Studies], 5(20), 9-24.
  • Peterson, T. L. (2017). Changes in health perceptions among older grandparents raising adolescent grandchildren. Social Work in Public Health, 32(6), 394-406.
  • Ponto, J. A. (2015). Understanding and evaluating survey research. Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology, 6, 168-171.
  • Sak, R., Şahin Sak, İ. T., Atli, S., & Şahin, B. K. (2015). Okul öncesi dönem: Anne baba tutumları [Preschool period: Parenting attitudes]. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Mersin University Journal of the Faculty of Education], 11(3), 972-991.
  • Salman Engin, S. (2014). Co-parenting processes in the US and Turkey: Triadic interactions among mothers, fathers, and grandmothers with 3-month-old infants. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Schmid, W. (2018). Anne baba ve büyükanne büyükbaba olmanın sevinçleri üzerine [Von den Freuden der Eltern und Großeltern]. (Trans. T. Bora). İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Shapiro, A. (2004). Revisiting the generation gap: Exploring the relationships of parent/adult–child dyads. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 58, 127-146.
  • Sims, M., & Rofail, M. (2013). The experiences of grandparents who have limited or no contact with their grandchildren. Journal of Aging Studies, 27(4), 377-386.
  • Singleton, R. A., & Straits, B. C. (2009). Approaches to social research. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, G. C., & Hancock, G. R. (2010). Custodial grandmother-grandfather dyads: Pathways among marital distress, grandparent dysphoria, parenting practice, and grandchild adjustment. Family Relations, 59(1), 45-59.
  • Smorti, M., Tschiesner R., &Farneti, A. (2012). Grandparents-grandchildren relationship. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 895-898.
  • Stelle, C. (2010). Grand-parenting in the 21st Century: Issues of diversity in grandparent grandchild relationships. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 53, 682–701.
  • Stephens, W. N. (1963). The family in cross-cultural perspective. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
  • Şahin-Bayraktar, H. G., & Seven, S. (2020). The interrelationship of attachment style, sense of loneliness, and social dissatisfaction in children aged 60–72 months. Current Psychology, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00888-w
  • Taylan, H. H. (2009). Türkiye’de köy ailesinde aile içi ilişkiler [Family relationships of rural family in Turkey]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi [Seljuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters], 22, 117-138.
  • Tezel Şahin, F., & Şahin, B. K. (2020). Turkish grandmothers’ experiences of caring for their grandchildren: a qualitative study. Early Child Development and Care, 190(3), 284-295.
  • Thiele, D. M., & Whelan, T. A. (2006). The nature and dimensions of the grandparent role. Marriage & Family Review, 40(1), 93-08.
  • Tuncer, N., Sak, R., & Şahin Sak, İ. T. (2016). Aile eğitimi [Parent education]. Ankara: Vize.
  • Ünlü, Ş. (2010). Being fathered and being a father: Examination of the general pattern of Turkish fathers' and their own fathers' involvement level for children between the ages of 0-8. Unpublished master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Üstün, E. (1994). 8-11 yaşlarındaki çocuklarının psikososyal açıdan potansiyellerinin çocuk-aile gözüyle incelenmesi ve kuşaklar arası çocuk yetiştirmeye ait inançların karşılaştırılması [Examining the psychosocial potentials of children between the ages of 8 and 11 from the perspectives of the child-family and comparing beliefs about growing up a child based on the generations]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Vapur, R. (2006). 4-6 yaş grubu çocuklarının anne-babaları ile büyük anne-büyükbabalarının çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarının sosyo-ekonomik düzeylere göre incelenmesi [Investigating the attitudes of parents and grandparents to 4-6 age children according to their social and economical level]. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Gazi University, Ankara.
  • Woods, T. (2015). African American grandparents raising grandchildren: Implications for social work. Journal of Sociology and Social Work, 3(2), 07–15.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Betül Kübra Şahin Yonca 0000-0002-1495-2227

Fatma Tezel Şahin 0000-0003-2098-2411

Publication Date October 30, 2021
Submission Date July 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Şahin Yonca, B. K., & Tezel Şahin, F. (2021). Grandparent-grandchild relationships from the perspectives of grandparents and parents. Uluslararası Beşeri Bilimler Ve Eğitim Dergisi, 7(16), 568-586.

International Journal of Humanities and Education (IJHE) 

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