Plastik Biyodegradasyonu: Genel Sorunlar ve Biyoteknolojik Çözümler

Abstract

Plastik kirliliği tüm dünyayı etkilediği gibi Türkiye’de de giderek artmakta olan çevresel bir sorundur. Plastik atıklarının uzaklaştırılması için kullanılan yöntemler yetersiz olup farklı çevresel sorunları beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle çevre dostu ve etkili bir yöntem geliştirilmelidir. Mikroorganizmaların plastik yüzeylerinde üreyebilmelerinin ve enzim aktiviteleriyle plastik biyodegradasyonu gerçekleştirebilmelerinin görülmesiyle, plastik kirliliği için mikroorganizmaların kullanılması potansiyel bir çözüm olarak görülmüştür. Birçok mikroorganizmanın plastik biyodegradasyonu gerçekleştirebildiği ve birçok enzimin biyodegradasyon süreciyle ilişkili olduğu çalışmalarla gösterilmiş olsa da plastik kirliliğine karşı biyodegradasyon etkili bir yöntem olarak kullanılamamaktadır. Biyoteknolojik yaklaşımlar ile biyodegradasyon iyileştirilerek sürecin hızlandırılması ve plastik kirliliğine karşı kullanımının yaygınlaşması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu derlemede mikroorganizmaların genel plastik biyodegradasyon mekanizmalarının yanı sıra, plastik biyodegradasyonunda görülen sorunlar ve sorunların iyileştirilmesi için biyoteknolojik yaklaşımların kullanımı ele alınmıştır. Biyodegradasyon için mikroorganizmaların bir arada kullanılması, biyosürfaktanların etkisi, genetik mühendisliği yaklaşımları, metagenomiks ve biyoinformatik yaklaşımları üzerinde durulmuştur. Önemli gelişmeler ve çalışmalara yer verilmiştir. Türkiye’de gerçekleştirilen çalışmalar ve plastik kirliliğine karşı yapılan araştırmalar da değerlendirilmiştir.

Keywords

• Mikrobiyal degradasyon
• Biyoremediasyon
• Çevre biyoteknolojisi
• Biyobozunma
• Plastik kirliliği

Plastic Biodegradation: General Problems and Biotechnological Solutions

Abstract

Plastic pollution is a significant environmental problem. The damage caused by plastic pollution to the environment is increasing all over the world, as in Turkey. Plastic waste management methods are insufficient, and they cause different environmental pollution problems. Therefore, there is a need for an effective and environmentally friendly method. With the discovery of the microorganisms that can grow on plastics and degrading plastics enzymatically, plastic biodegradation became a potential solution for plastic pollution. Although there are lots of microorganisms and enzymes which are responsible for plastic biodegradation, the biodegradation process is not efficient to use against plastic pollution problem. Biotechnological approaches are used to improve efficiency of plastic biodegradation process and increase the usage. The general mechanism of plastic biodegradation, disadvantages and biotechnological approaches based on those problems were discussed in this review. Plastic biodegradation by microbial communities, effects of biosurfactants, genetic engineering approaches, metagenomics and bioinformatics approaches are emphasized. In addition, researches performed against plastic pollution in Turkey were evaluated.

Keywords

• Microbial degradation
• Bioremediation
• Environmental biotechnology
• Plastic pollution

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