Determination of Total Phenol and Flavonoid Amounts and Antioxidant Activity of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Flowers Using Different Extraction Solvents

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 97 - 109, 15.04.2022

Muhammed Said Yolci , Rüveyde Tunçtürk , Murat Tunçtürk

https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1066431

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Obtaining active components from herbal products by extraction methods is one of the significant processes of nutritional supplements and the pharmaceutical industry. Qualitative and quantitative results of the products derived from plant extraction; It is related to many parameters such as solvent content and molecular structure, solute content and harvest time, ambient temperature, and duration of extraction. In this study, safflower flowers harvested at different periods (one week after the beginning of flowering = HZ1, two weeks after the beginning of flowering = HZ2, three weeks after the beginning of flowering = HZ3) were extracted using different solvents (pure water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone). The changes in the total antioxidant activity (FRAP) and the amount of total phenolic and flavonoid substances in the flowers of different solvents applied to the safflower flowers harvested in three different periods were determined. According to the harvest time, the highest total phenolic substance content (132.30 mg GA/100g) was derived from the 2nd harvest time, while the highest total flavonoid substance amount (19.15 mg QE/100g) and total antioxidant activity (20.30 mg TE/g) were determined from 1. harvest time. In addition, the highest amount of total flavonoid substance (32.15 mg QE/100g) was obtained from methanol extraction, the highest amount of phenolic substance (224.05 mg GA/100g), and total antioxidant activity amount (61.25 mg TE/g) were determined from pure water extraction. Harvesting safflower flowers at the beginning of flowering and extracting them with water is important for maximum utilization of safflower flowers.

Keywords

flavonoid, Harvest time, extraction, Safflower, phenolic, antioxidant activity

Farklı Ekstraksiyon Çözücüleri ve Hasat Zamanlarının Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Çiçeklerinin Toplam Fenol ve Flavonoid Miktarları ile Antioksidan Aktivitesi Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Bitkisel ürünlerden aktif bileşenlerin ekstraksiyon yöntemleriyle elde edilmesi, besin takviyeleri ve farmasötik ilaç endüstrisinin önemli süreçlerindendir. Bitki ekstraksiyonunda elde edilen ürünlerin kalitatif ve kantitatif sonuçları; çözücünün içeriği ve moleküler yapısı, çözünen maddenin içeriği ve hasat zamanı, ortam ısısı ve ekstraksiyonun süresi gibi birçok parametre ile ilişkilidir. Bu çalışmada farklı dönemlerde (çiçeklenme başlangıcından bir hafta sonra=HZ1, çiçeklenme başlangıcından iki hafta sonra=HZ2, çiçeklenme başlangıcından üç hafta sonra=HZ3) hasat edilen aspir bitkisi çiçeklerinin farklı çözücüler (saf su, etanol, metanol ve aseton) kullanılarak ekstraksiyonları yapılmıştır. Üç farklı dönemde hasat edilen aspir çiçeklerine uygulanan farklı çözücülerin çiçeklerdeki toplam antioksidan aktivite (FRAP) ile toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde miktarları değişimleri belirlenmiştir. Hasat zamanına göre en yüksek toplam fenolik madde miktarı (132.30 mg GA/100g) ile 2. hasat zamanından elde edilirken, en yüksek toplam flavonoid madde miktarı (19.15 mg QE/100g) ve toplam antioksidan aktivite (20.30 mg TE/g) 1. hasat zamanından tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, en yüksek toplam flavonoid madde miktarı (32.15 mg QE/100g) metanol ektraksiyonundan, en yüksek fenolik madde miktarı (224.05 mg GA/100g) ve toplam antioksidan aktivite miktarı (61.25 mg TE/g) ise saf su ektraksiyonundan belirlenmiştir. Aspir çiçeklerin çiçeklenme başlangıç dönemlerinde hasat edilmesi ve su ile ekstrakte edilmesi aspir çiçeklerinden maksimum düzeyde faydalanılabilirlik için önem arz etmektedir.

Keywords

Hasat zamanı, Ekstraksiyon, Aspir, fenolik, flavonoid, antioksidan aktivite

References

• [1] Oksana, S., Marian, B., Mahendra, R., & Bo, S. H Plant phenolic compounds for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetiсs production. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2012. 6(13), 2526-2539.
• [2] Demircan, G. Dıraman, E. Demircan, S Kalp Hastalıklarında Stresin Rolü. Türk Kardiyoloji Derneği. 2005. 33(8), 488-492.
• [3] Kuşoğlu, E. Aspir (Carthamus tinctorius L) bileşiklerinin ve antioksidan aktivitesinin tayini, İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Yüksek Lisans Tezi. 2015.
• [4] Shirwaikar, A., Khan, S Medicinal plants for the management of post menopausal osteoporosis: A review. Open Bone J.; 2010. 2: 1-13.
• [5] Gomashe, S. S., Ingle, K. P., Sarap, Y. A., Chand, D., & Rajkumar, S Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.): An underutilized crop with potential medicinal values. Annals of Phytomedicine, 2021. 10(1), 242-248
• [6] Knowles, P.F., Ashri, A., In: Smartt, J., Simmonds, N.W., eds. Evolution of crop plants. 2nd ed. Harlow, UK: Longman, 1995. 47-50.
• [7] Salem, N., Msaada, K., Hamdaoui, G., Limam, F., & Marzouk, B Variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant activity during flower development of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2011. 59(9), 4455-4463.
• [8] Ao, H., Feng, W., & Peng, C Hydroxysafflor yellow A: a promising therapeutic agent for a broad spectrum of diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2018. 1-17.
• [9] Kizil, S., Çakmak, Ö., Kirici, S., Inan, M. A Comprehensive Study on Safower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) i Semi-Arid Conditions. Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip., 2008. 22, 947–953.
• [10] Mohammadi, M., Tavakoli, A Effect of harvest time of spring safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) florets on the production of red and yellow pigments. Q. Assur. Saf. Crops Foods, 2015. 7, 581–588.
• [11] Caliskan, S., Caliskan, M.E Row and plant spacing e_ects on the yield and yield components of saffower in mediterrranean-type environment. Turk. J. Field Crops, 2018. 23, 85–92.
• [12] Kanehira, T., Naruse, A., Fukushima, A. and Saito, K Decomposition of carthamin in aqueous solutions: influence of temperature, pH, light, buffer systems, external gas phases, metal ions, and certain chemicals. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel- Untersuchung und -Forschung 1990. 190: 299-305.
• [13] Steberl, K., Hartung, J., Munz, S., & Graeff-Hönninger, S Effect of Row Spacing, Sowing Density, and Harvest Time on Floret Yield and Yield Components of Two Safflower Cultivars Grown in Southwestern Germany. Agronomy, 2020. 10(5), 664.
• [14] Obanda, M., Okinda, P., Owuor, and Sarah J. Taylor Flavanol composition and caffeine content of green leaf as quality potential indicators of Kenyan black teas. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1997. 74 (2):209-215
• [15] Quettier-Deleu, Christel, Bernard Gressier, Jacques Vasseur, Thierry Dine, Claude Brunet, Michel Luyckx, Micheline Cazin, Jean-Claude Cazin, François Bailleul, and Francis Trotin. 2000. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 72 (1):35-42.
• [16] Lutz, M., Katterin, J., Beatriz, C., Rene, R., and Carolina, H. Phenolics and antioxidant capacity of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars grown in Chile. Journal of Food Science 2011. 76 (7):1088-1093
• [17] Gai, F., Karamać, M., Janiak, M. A., Amarowicz, R., & Peiretti, P. G Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants at various growth stages subjected to extraction—Comparison of the antioxidant activity and phenolic profile. Antioxidants, 2020. 9(6), 535.
• [18] Güzel, A Satureja hortensis L. Bitkisinin Antioksidan Kapasite ve Fenolik Bileşik Kompozisyonu Üzerine Lokasyon ve Hasat Zamanının Etkilerinin Araştırılması, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, Tokat. 2016.
• [19] Tomsone, L., & Kruma, Z Influence of harvest time on the phenolic content of horseradish leaves. In Baltic Conference on Food Science and Technology 2017. (pp. 45-50).
• [20] Esmaeili, H., Karami, A., & Maggi, F Essential oil composition, total phenolic and flavonoids contents, and antioxidant activity of Oliveria decumbens Vent.(Apiaceae) at different phenological stages. Journal of cleaner production, 2018. 198, 91-95.
• [21] Sun, P., Kang, T., Xing, H., Zhang, Z., Yang, D., Zhang, J., ... & Li, M Phytochemical Changes in Aerial Parts of Hypericum perforatum at Different Harvest Stages. Records of Natural Products, 2019. 13,1-9.
• [22] Grimalt, M., Legua, P., Hernández, F., Amorós, A., & Almansa, M. S Antioxidant Activity and Bioactive Compounds Contents in Different Stages of Flower Bud Development from Three Spanish Caper (Capparis spinosa) Cultivars. The Horticulture Journal, 2019. 88(3), 410-419.
• [23] Bujor, O. C., Ginies, C., Popa, V. I., & Dufour, C Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) leaf, stem and fruit at different harvest periods. Food chemistry, 2018. 252, 356-365.
• [24] Lu, Y. H., Huang, J. H., Li, Y. C., Ma, T. T., Sang, P., Wang, W. J., & Gao, C. Y Variation in nutritional compositions, antioxidant activity and microstructure of Lycopus lucidus Turcz. root at different harvest times. Food chemistry, 2015. 183, 91-100.
• [25] Németh-Zámboriné, É., Seidler-Lozykowska, K., & Szabo, K Effect of harvest date on yield and secondary compounds of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.). Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 2019. 92, 81-87.
• [26] Ribeiro, D. A., Camilo, C. J., Nonato, C. D. F. A., Rodrigues, F. F. G., Menezes, I. R. A., Ribeiro-Filho, J., ... & da Costa, J. G. M Influence of seasonal variation on phenolic content and in vitro antioxidant activity of Secondatia floribunda A. DC.(Apocynaceae). Food chemistry, 2020. 315, 126277.
• [27] Çoklar, H., & Akbulut, M Alıç (Crataegus orientalis) meyvesinin antioksidan aktivitesi ve fenolik bileşiklerinin ekstraksiyonu üzerine farklı çözgenlerin etkisi. Derim, 2016. 33(2), 237-248.
• [28] Dai, J., & Mumper, R.J Plant phenolics: extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties.Molecules, 2010. 15(10):7313-7352.