Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

COVİD-19 KORKUSUNUN TATİL YAPMA NİYETİNE ETKİSİNDE SEYAHAT KAYGISININ VE TATİL MOTİVASYONLARININ ARACI ROLÜNÜ BELİRLEMEYE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2022, , 538 - 571, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1001517

Abstract

Dünya modern çağın en büyük salgın hastalığı ile karşı karşıyadır. Dünya vatandaşları ekonomik, sosyal ve psikolojik açıdan salgın hastalıktan etkilenmekteyken, başta turizm endüstrisi olmak üzere, ulaşım, konaklama, yiyecek-içecek ve eğlence gibi pek çok sektör bu süreçten ekonomik açıdan olumsuz etkilenmiştir. Salgının yayılmasını önlemek amacıyla ülkelerin sınırlarını kapatması, ulaşımın ve sosyalleşme olanaklarının kısıtlanması, insanların bir arada bulunmasını engelleyici çeşitli tedbirlerin alınması bireyler üzerinde korku, kaygı ve stres yaratmıştır. Ortaya çıkan bu olumsuzlukların yanında gerek yazılı ve görsel medyada gerekse sosyal medyada sunulan haberler bireylerde covid-19 korkusunu ve buna bağlı seyahat kaygısını tetiklemiştir. Turizm sektörünün yaşadığı ekonomik kayıpların giderilebilmesi için bireylerin bu süreçten ne şekilde etkilendiği, tatil yapmaya yönelik davranışsal niyetlerini belirleyen faktörlerin bu süreçte nasıl şekillendiğini belirlemek; hem tüketici davranışlarını açıklamak hem de turizm paydaşlarına yol göstermek için önemlidir. Bu çalışmada bireylerin covid-19 nedeniyle yaşadıkları korkuların pandemi sürecinde seyahat etmeye yönelik davranışsal niyetlerine etkisinde seyahat kaygısının ve tatil motivasyonunun rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında 685 katılımcıyla online anket gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda bireylerin covid-19 korkularının pandemi sürecinde tatil yapma niyetlerini etkilediği ve bu etkileşimde seyahat kaygısının aracı rolü olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda post-covid dönemi için araştırmacılara birtakım önerilerde bulunulurken, turizm endüstrisi için de birtakım çıkarımlarda bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., Leone, R. P., & Day, G. S. (2013). Marketing research: International student version. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Abdullah, M., Dias, C., Muley, D., & Shahin, M. (2020). Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and mode preferences. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 8, 100255.
  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9.
  • Alexa, L., Apetrei, A. & Sapena, J. 2021. The COVID-19 Lockdown Effect on the Intention to Purchase Sustainable Brands. In M. Rosen & E. Tortia (ed.) Sustainability 2021.
  • American Hotel & Lodging Association (AHLA). Leisure and Hospitality Industry Proves Hardest Hit by COVID-19. Available online: https://www.ahla.com/covid-19s-impact-hotel-industry (Date of Access 29.06.2021).
  • Assaf, A., & Scuderi, R. (2020). COVID-19 and the recovery of the tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 26(5), 731–733.
  • Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P. J. (2020). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1017-1035.
  • Bakar, N. A., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4), 189-193.
  • Baker, D. (2014). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. The international journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage, 2(1), 58-67.
  • Baker, D. M. A. (2015). Tourism and the health effects of infectious diseases: are there potential risks for tourists?. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospitality, 1(12), 1.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-14.
  • Baloglu S, Uysal M (1996) Market Segments of Push and Pull Motivations: A Canonical Correlation Approach, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8 (3): 32-38.
  • Beck, M. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2020). Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia–The early days under restrictions. Transport policy, 96, 76-93.
  • Boto-García, D., & Leoni, V. (2021). Exposure to COVID-19 and travel intentions: Evidence from Spain. Tourism Economics, 1354816621996554.
  • Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., De Vries, S., Flanders, J., & Daily, G. C. (2019). Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Science advances, 5(7), eaax0903.
  • Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130.
  • Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9.
  • Brouder, P. (2020). Reset redux: possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 484-490.
  • Buckley, R. C. (2019). Therapeutic mental health effects perceived by outdoor tourists: A large-scale, multi-decade, qualitative analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 77(C), 164-167.
  • Buckley, R., & Westaway, D. (2020). Mental health rescue effects of women's outdoor tourism: A role in COVID-19 recovery. Annals of tourism research, 85, 103041.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS Basic Concepts, Applications, And Program¬ming (Multivariate Applications Series), Third Edition, Routled¬ge, New York.
  • Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the US. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 195-203.
  • Carballo, R. R., Leon, C. J., & Carballo, M. M. (2017). The perception of risk by international travellers. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. . 9(5), 534-542.
  • Casidy, R., & Wymer, W. (2016). A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 32, 189-197.
  • Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism management, 27(2), 317-325.
  • Cattel, R.B. (2013). Anxiety and Motivation: Theory and Crucial Experiments in Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (2013). Anxiety and behavior. Academic Press.
  • Chen, C. C., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Health and wellness benefits of travel experiences: A literature review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 709-719.
  • Chen, C. C., Petrick, J. F., & Shahvali, M. (2014). Tourism experiences as a stress reliever: Examining the effects of tourism recovery experiences on life satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 150-160.
  • Chen, C. F., & Wu, C. (2009). How Motivations, Constraints, and Demographic Factors Predict Seniors ‘Overseas Travel Propensity. Asia Pacific Management Review, 14(3), 301-312.
  • Chen, Q., & Pan, S. (2020). Transport-related experiences in China in response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19). Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100246.
  • Cheng, Y. H. (2010). Exploring passenger anxiety associated with train travel. Transportation, 37(6), 875-896.
  • Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism management, 40, 382-393.
  • Chien, P. M., Sharifpour, M., Ritchie, B. W., & Watson, B. (2016). Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: A psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 744-759.
  • Choi, B., An, J., & Lee, S. (2020a). Untact healing to Gangwon province, escaping from Coronavirus. Korea Economic Daily. March 27, 2020.
  • Choi, K. H., Kim, M., & Leopkey, B. (2020b). Prospective tourists’ risk perceptions and intentions to travel to a mega-sporting event host country with apparent risk. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 23(2-3), 97-114.
  • Chua, B. L., Al-Ansi, A., Lee, M. J., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 985-1002.
  • Chung, L. H. (2015). Impact of pandemic control over airport economics: Reconciling public health with airport business through a streamlined approach in pandemic control. Journal of Air Transport Management, 44–45, 42–53.
  • Cowan, K. (2020). Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. London, United Kingdom: Academy of Medical Sciences.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979) Motivations for Pleasure Vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4): 408-424.
  • Dann G (1977) Anomie, ego-enhamcement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4):184-194.
  • Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
  • de Bloom, J., Nawijn, J., Geurts, S., Kinnunen, U., & Korpela, K. (2017). Holiday travel, staycations, and subjective well-being. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 573-588.
  • de Jongh, A., Holmshaw, M., Carswell, W., & van Wijk, A. (2011). Usefulness of a trauma‐focused treatment approach for travel phobia. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 18(2), 124-137.
  • Decrop, A. (2006). Vacation decision making. CABI Publishing, United Kingdom.
  • Djeri, L., Armenski, T., Jovanovic, T., & Dragin, A. (2014). How income influences the choice of tourism destination? Acta Oeconomica, 64, 219–237.
  • Etzion, D. (2003). Annual vacation: Duration of relief from job stressors and burnout. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 16(2), 213-226.
  • Etzion, D., Eden, D., & Lapidot, Y. (1998). Relief from job stressors and burnout: reserve service as a respite. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 577.
  • Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2021). International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3), 687-692.
  • Fennell, D. A. (2017). Towards a model of travel fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140-150.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
  • Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy.
  • Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2004). The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 19–38.
  • Folinas, S., & Metaxas, T. (2020). Tourism: The great patient of coronavirus COVID-2019. International Journal of Advanced Research , 4(8), 365-375.
  • Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2006). Recovery, well-being, and performance-related outcomes: The role of workload and vacation experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 936.
  • Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., & Wood, S. A. (2017). Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental health perspectives, 125(7), 075001.
  • Gallego, I., & Font, X. (2021). Changes in air passenger demand as a result of the COVID-19 crisis: Using Big Data to inform tourism policy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1470-1489.
  • Gil-Alana, L. A., & Poza, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish tourism sector. Tourism Economics, 1354816620959914.
  • Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Review.
  • Golets, A., Farias, J., Pilati, R., & Costa, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions. Current Psychology, 1-14.
  • Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 301–321.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
  • Graburn, N. H. (1983). The anthropology of tourism. Annals of tourism research, 10(1), 9-33.
  • Gupta, A., Gupta, D. R., & Arora, N. (2010). The relationship between perceived travel risk, travel safety, travel anxiety and intentions to travel: A path analysis study of domestic traveller in India. International Journal of tourism and Travel, 3(1), 25.
  • Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
  • Hall, C. M. (2006). Tourism, disease and global environmental change. In S. Gossling & M. Hall (eds.), Tourism and global environmental change (pp. 173-193). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 577-598.
  • Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Chua, B. L., Tariq, B., Radic, A., & Park, S. H. (2020). The post-coronavirus world in the international tourism industry: Application of the theory of planned behavior to safer destination choices in the case of US outbound tourism. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6485.
  • Hobfoll, Stevan E. (1998). Stress, Culture, and Community: The Psychology and Physiology of Stress. New York: Plenum.
  • Hollingsworth, T. D., Ferguson, N. M., & Anderson, R. M. (2007). Frequent travelers and rate of spread of epidemics. Emerging infectious diseases, 13(9), 1288.
  • Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Hasanat, M. W., Arif, I., & Hamid, A. B. A. (2020). The effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the tourism industry in China. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 52-58.
  • Hoyer, W. D. & Maclnnis, D.J. (2008). Consumer Behavior, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning, Ohio.
  • https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ , Date of Access: 28.06.2021.
  • Huang, L., & Tsai, H.-T. (2003). The study of senior traveler behavior in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 24(5), 561-574.
  • Huang, X., Dai, S., & Xu, H. (2020). Predicting tourists' health risk preventative behaviour and travelling satisfaction in Tibet: Combining the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100589.
  • İslamoğlu, A.H., Altunışık, R., (2013), Tüketici Davranışları, Beta Basın Yayım, İstanbul.
  • Jang, S., & Wu, C. (2006). Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors. Tourism Management, 27(2), 306-316.
  • Karagöz, D., Işık, C., Dogru, T., & Zhang, L. (2020). Solo female travel risks, anxiety and travel intentions: Examining the moderating role of online psychological-social support. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(11), 1595-1612.
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2018). Intention to visit India among potential travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived travel risks, and travel constraints. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(3), 351-367.
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., Khan, F., & Amin, S. (2019). Perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers: the moderating role of travel motivation. Tourism Review, 74(3), 721-738.
  • Kiewa, J. (1994). Self-control: The key to adventure? Towards a model of the adventure experience. Women & therapy, 15(3-4), 29-41.
  • Kim K, Noh J, Jogaratnam G (2006) Multi-Destination Segmentation Based on Push and Pull Motives: Pleasure Trips of Students at a U.S. University, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21 (2-3): 19-32.
  • Kim, H. L. (2015). An examination of salient dimensions of senior tourist behavior: relationships among personal values, travel constraints, travel motivation, and quality of life (QoL) (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
  • Kim, J., & Lee, J. C. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on preferences for private dining facilities in restaurants. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 67-70.
  • Kim, N. (2017). Trend Korea 2018. Miraebook Publishing.
  • Kim, S. S., & Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26, 347–357.
  • Kock, F., Nørfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The evolutionary tourism paradigm. Annals of tourism research, 85, 103053.
  • Korstanje, M. E. (2011). The fear of traveling: a new perspective for tourism and hospitality. Anatolia, 22(2), 222-233.
  • Kourgiantakis, M., Apostolakis, A., & Dimou, I. (2020). COVID-19 and holiday intentions: the case of Crete, Greece. Anatolia, 32(1), 148-151.
  • Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300
  • Lee, C. C., & Chen, M. P. (2020). Do country risks matter for tourism development? International evidence. Journal of Travel Research, 0047287520954539.
  • Lee, C. K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. (2012). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism management, 33(1), 89-99.
  • Leggat, P. A., Brown, L. H., Aitken, P., & Speare, R. (2010). Level of concern and precaution taking among Australians regarding travel during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey. Journal of travel medicine, 17(5), 291-295.
  • Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research. 102964.
  • Li, Y. W. (2003). Evaluating the urban commute experience: A time perception approach. Journal of Public Transportation, 6(4), 3.
  • Lin, H. F. (2007). Predicting consumer intentions to shop online: An empirical test of competing theories. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 6(4), 433-442.
  • Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel Anxiety, Risk Attitude and Travel Intentions towards “Travel Bubble” Destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the Fear of COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7859.
  • Ma, H., Chiu, Y. H., Tian, X., Zhang, J., & Guo, Q. (2020). Safety or Travel: Which Is More Important? The Impact of Disaster Events on Tourism. Sustainability, 12(7), 3038.
  • Magano, J., Vidal, D. G., Dinis, M. A. P., & Leite, Â. (2021). Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Associations with Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 427.
  • Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism and safety issues. In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security & safety: from theory to practice (pp. 139-141). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Matiza, T. (2020). Post-COVID-19 crisis travel behaviour: towards mitigating the effects of perceived risk. Journal of Tourism Futures. ahead-of-print.
  • Meijman, Theo F., and Gijsbertus Mulder. (1998). “Psychological Aspects of Workload.” In Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 2: Work Psychology), edited by Pieter Johan Diederik Drenth, Henk Thierry, and C. J. De Wolff. Hove, England: Psychology Press, pp. 5-33.
  • Minnaert, L. (2014). Social tourism participation: The role of tourism experience and uncertainty. Tourism Management, 40, 282–289.
  • Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. Available at SSRN 3592321.
  • Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-14.
  • Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola… still doomed’–The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76-87.
  • Nugraha, A.K.N.A. (2014), Consumers ‘decision to visit a risky destination country: an analysis of tourists’ risk taking, Doctoral dissertation. Macquarie University,
  • Osland, G. E., Mackoy, R., & McCormick, M. (2017). Perceptions of personal risk in tourists’ destination choices: nature tours in Mexico. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 8(1), 38-50.
  • Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511–536). The Guilford Press
  • Parady, G., Taniguchi, A., & Takami, K. (2020). Travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Analyzing the effects of risk perception and social influence on going-out self-restriction. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 7, 100181.
  • Park, K., & Reisinger, Y. (2010). Differences in the perceived influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 1-24.
  • Qi, C. X., Gibson, H. J., & Zhang, J. J. (2009). Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(1), 43-67.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020a). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33, e100213.
  • Qiu, R. T., Park, J., Li, S., & Song, H. (2020b). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102994.
  • Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism management, 31(6), 797-805.
  • Rachmawati, I., & Shishido, K. (2020). Travelers’motıvatıons To Travel Abroad Durıng Covıd 19 Outbreak. International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of travel research, 43(3), 212-225.
  • Richards & Wilson. (2020). Should You Buy Travel Insurance Before Taking Any Trips?. www.time.com., Date of Access: 30.06.2021.
  • Richter, L. K. (2003). International tourism and its global public health consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 340-347.
  • Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410-418.
  • Rogers RW (1975) A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology 91(1): 93–114.
  • Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health education monographs, 2(4), 328-335.
  • Sangpikul, A. (2008). Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 81-94.
  • Senbeto, D. L., & Hon, A. H. (2020). The impacts of social and economic crises on tourist behaviour and expenditure: an evolutionary approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 740-755.
  • Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of business research, 117, 312-321.
  • Sirgy MJ, Kruger PS, Lee DJ, et al. (2011) How does a travel trip affect tourists’ life satisfaction? Journal of Travel Research 50(3): 261–275.
  • Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of tourism research, 25(1), 112-144.
  • Strauss-Blasche, G., Reithofer, B., Schobersberger, W., Ekmekcioglu, C., & Wolfgang, M. (2005). Effect of vacation on health: moderating factors of vacation outcome. Journal of travel medicine, 12(2), 94-101.
  • Thornton, P. R., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1997). Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: The influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287-297.
  • Tran, Q. (2021). Wellness Travel Motivation post COVID-19. Case: Vietnam. Available at: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/500977
  • Uğur, N. G., & Akbıyık, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100744.
  • Uysal, M., Li, X., & Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2008). Push-pull dynamics in travel decision. In Handbook of Hospitality Marketing Management, edited by H.Oh & A. Pizam, Burlington, MA, Elsevier, 413-439.
  • Wachyuni, S. S., & Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic: How are the future tourist behavior?. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 67-76.
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review. 76(1), 74-87.
  • White, C. J., & Thompson, M. (2009). Self-determination theory and the wine club attribute formation process. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(4), 561–586.
  • Whittington, A. (2006). Challenging girls' constructions of femininity in the outdoors. Journal of Experiential Education, 28(3), 205-221.
  • Wiedemann, K. (2015). Anxiety and anxiety disorders. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Volume 1,p. 804-810.
  • Wilks, J., & Atherton, T. (1994). Health and safety in Australian marine tourism: A social, medical and legal appraisal. Journal of Tourism Studies, 5(2), 2-16
  • Wolff, K., Larsen, S., & Øgaard, T. (2019). How to define and measure risk perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 1-9.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2012, January 1). International travel and health. https://www.who.int/ith/ITH_EN_2012_WEB_1.2.pdf?ua=1
  • Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 1-21.
  • Yoon Y, Uysal M (2005) An Examination of The Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model, Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45-56.
  • Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – a critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164.
  • Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021). Too afraid to Travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286.
  • Zhang, L., Sun, X., & Wagner, C. (2019). Exploring the group holiday decision-making processwith the support of technology. Information Processing & Management, 56(4), 1409-1424.

A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRAVEL ANXIETY AND HOLIDAY MOTIVATIONS IN THE EFFECT OF FEAR OF COVID-19 ON INTENTION TO TAKE A HOLIDAY

Year 2022, , 538 - 571, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1001517

Abstract

The world is facing the biggest epidemic of the modern age. While the citizens of the world are affected by the epidemic disease economically, socially and psychologically, many sectors such as transportation, accommodation, food and beverage and entertainment, especially the tourism industry, have been negatively affected by this process. In order to prevent the spread of the epidemic, the closing of the borders of countries, the restriction of transportation and socialization opportunities, and the taking of various measures to prevent people from being together created fear, anxiety and stress on individuals. In addition to these negativities, the news presented both in the written and visual media and in the social media have triggered the fear of covid-19 and related travel anxiety in individuals. In order to eliminate the economic losses experienced by the tourism sector, to determine how individuals are affected by this process and how the factors that determine their behavioral intentions towards vacation are shaped in this process; It is important both to explain consumer behavior and to guide tourism stakeholders. In this study, it was aimed to examine the role of travel anxiety and holiday motivation in the effect of fears experienced by individuals due to covid-19 on their behavioral intentions to travel during the pandemic process. Within the scope of the research, an online survey was conducted with 685 participants. As a result of the analyzes, it has been determined that the fear of covid-19 affects the intentions of individuals to take a vacation during the pandemic process and travel anxiety has a mediating role in this interaction. As a result of the research, while some suggestions were made to the researchers for the post-covid period, some inferences were made for the tourism industry.

References

  • Aaker, D. A., Kumar, V., Leone, R. P., & Day, G. S. (2013). Marketing research: International student version. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Abdullah, M., Dias, C., Muley, D., & Shahin, M. (2020). Exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on travel behavior and mode preferences. Transportation research interdisciplinary perspectives, 8, 100255.
  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The fear of COVID-19 scale: development and initial validation. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9.
  • Alexa, L., Apetrei, A. & Sapena, J. 2021. The COVID-19 Lockdown Effect on the Intention to Purchase Sustainable Brands. In M. Rosen & E. Tortia (ed.) Sustainability 2021.
  • American Hotel & Lodging Association (AHLA). Leisure and Hospitality Industry Proves Hardest Hit by COVID-19. Available online: https://www.ahla.com/covid-19s-impact-hotel-industry (Date of Access 29.06.2021).
  • Assaf, A., & Scuderi, R. (2020). COVID-19 and the recovery of the tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 26(5), 731–733.
  • Bae, S. Y., & Chang, P. J. (2020). The effect of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) risk perception on behavioural intention towards ‘untact’tourism in South Korea during the first wave of the pandemic (March 2020). Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 1017-1035.
  • Bakar, N. A., & Rosbi, S. (2020). Effect of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) to tourism industry. International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 7(4), 189-193.
  • Baker, D. (2014). The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. The international journal of religious tourism and pilgrimage, 2(1), 58-67.
  • Baker, D. M. A. (2015). Tourism and the health effects of infectious diseases: are there potential risks for tourists?. International Journal of Safety and Security in Tourism and Hospitality, 1(12), 1.
  • Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O., & Ercan, H. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-14.
  • Baloglu S, Uysal M (1996) Market Segments of Push and Pull Motivations: A Canonical Correlation Approach, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8 (3): 32-38.
  • Beck, M. J., & Hensher, D. A. (2020). Insights into the impact of COVID-19 on household travel and activities in Australia–The early days under restrictions. Transport policy, 96, 76-93.
  • Boto-García, D., & Leoni, V. (2021). Exposure to COVID-19 and travel intentions: Evidence from Spain. Tourism Economics, 1354816621996554.
  • Bratman, G. N., Anderson, C. B., Berman, M. G., Cochran, B., De Vries, S., Flanders, J., & Daily, G. C. (2019). Nature and mental health: An ecosystem service perspective. Science advances, 5(7), eaax0903.
  • Brewer, N. T., Weinstein, N. D., Cuite, C. L., & Herrington, J. E. (2004). Risk perceptions and their relation to risk behavior, Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 27(2), 125–130.
  • Broche-Pérez, Y., Fernández-Fleites, Z., Jiménez-Puig, E., Fernández-Castillo, E., & Rodríguez-Martin, B. C. (2020). Gender and fear of COVID-19 in a Cuban population sample. International journal of mental health and addiction, 1-9.
  • Brouder, P. (2020). Reset redux: possible evolutionary pathways towards the transformation of tourism in a COVID-19 world. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 484-490.
  • Buckley, R. C. (2019). Therapeutic mental health effects perceived by outdoor tourists: A large-scale, multi-decade, qualitative analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 77(C), 164-167.
  • Buckley, R., & Westaway, D. (2020). Mental health rescue effects of women's outdoor tourism: A role in COVID-19 recovery. Annals of tourism research, 85, 103041.
  • Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS Basic Concepts, Applications, And Program¬ming (Multivariate Applications Series), Third Edition, Routled¬ge, New York.
  • Cahyanto, I., Wiblishauser, M., Pennington-Gray, L., & Schroeder, A. (2016). The dynamics of travel avoidance: The case of Ebola in the US. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 195-203.
  • Carballo, R. R., Leon, C. J., & Carballo, M. M. (2017). The perception of risk by international travellers. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes. . 9(5), 534-542.
  • Casidy, R., & Wymer, W. (2016). A risk worth taking: Perceived risk as moderator of satisfaction, loyalty, and willingness-to-pay premium price. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 32, 189-197.
  • Cater, C. I. (2006). Playing with risk? Participant perceptions of risk and management implications in adventure tourism. Tourism management, 27(2), 317-325.
  • Cattel, R.B. (2013). Anxiety and Motivation: Theory and Crucial Experiments in Spielberger, C. D. (Ed.). (2013). Anxiety and behavior. Academic Press.
  • Chen, C. C., & Petrick, J. F. (2013). Health and wellness benefits of travel experiences: A literature review. Journal of Travel Research, 52(6), 709-719.
  • Chen, C. C., Petrick, J. F., & Shahvali, M. (2014). Tourism experiences as a stress reliever: Examining the effects of tourism recovery experiences on life satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 150-160.
  • Chen, C. F., & Wu, C. (2009). How Motivations, Constraints, and Demographic Factors Predict Seniors ‘Overseas Travel Propensity. Asia Pacific Management Review, 14(3), 301-312.
  • Chen, Q., & Pan, S. (2020). Transport-related experiences in China in response to the Coronavirus (COVID-19). Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 8, 100246.
  • Cheng, Y. H. (2010). Exploring passenger anxiety associated with train travel. Transportation, 37(6), 875-896.
  • Chew, E. Y. T., & Jahari, S. A. (2014). Destination image as a mediator between perceived risks and revisit intention: A case of post-disaster Japan. Tourism management, 40, 382-393.
  • Chien, P. M., Sharifpour, M., Ritchie, B. W., & Watson, B. (2016). Travelers’ health risk perceptions and protective behavior: A psychological approach. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 744-759.
  • Choi, B., An, J., & Lee, S. (2020a). Untact healing to Gangwon province, escaping from Coronavirus. Korea Economic Daily. March 27, 2020.
  • Choi, K. H., Kim, M., & Leopkey, B. (2020b). Prospective tourists’ risk perceptions and intentions to travel to a mega-sporting event host country with apparent risk. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 23(2-3), 97-114.
  • Chua, B. L., Al-Ansi, A., Lee, M. J., & Han, H. (2021). Impact of health risk perception on avoidance of international travel in the wake of a pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(7), 985-1002.
  • Chung, L. H. (2015). Impact of pandemic control over airport economics: Reconciling public health with airport business through a streamlined approach in pandemic control. Journal of Air Transport Management, 44–45, 42–53.
  • Cowan, K. (2020). Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. London, United Kingdom: Academy of Medical Sciences.
  • Crompton, J. L. (1979) Motivations for Pleasure Vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(4): 408-424.
  • Dann G (1977) Anomie, ego-enhamcement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(4):184-194.
  • Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 319-340.
  • de Bloom, J., Nawijn, J., Geurts, S., Kinnunen, U., & Korpela, K. (2017). Holiday travel, staycations, and subjective well-being. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 25(4), 573-588.
  • de Jongh, A., Holmshaw, M., Carswell, W., & van Wijk, A. (2011). Usefulness of a trauma‐focused treatment approach for travel phobia. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 18(2), 124-137.
  • Decrop, A. (2006). Vacation decision making. CABI Publishing, United Kingdom.
  • Djeri, L., Armenski, T., Jovanovic, T., & Dragin, A. (2014). How income influences the choice of tourism destination? Acta Oeconomica, 64, 219–237.
  • Etzion, D. (2003). Annual vacation: Duration of relief from job stressors and burnout. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 16(2), 213-226.
  • Etzion, D., Eden, D., & Lapidot, Y. (1998). Relief from job stressors and burnout: reserve service as a respite. Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(4), 577.
  • Farzanegan, M. R., Gholipour, H. F., Feizi, M., Nunkoo, R., & Andargoli, A. E. (2021). International tourism and outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19): A cross-country analysis. Journal of Travel Research, 60(3), 687-692.
  • Fennell, D. A. (2017). Towards a model of travel fear. Annals of Tourism Research, 66, 140-150.
  • Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic effects of coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19) on the world economy. Available at SSRN 3557504.
  • Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C., & Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the mental health consequences in America. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy.
  • Floyd, M. F., Gibson, H., Pennington-Gray, L., & Thapa, B. (2004). The effect of risk perceptions on intentions to travel in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 15(2/3), 19–38.
  • Folinas, S., & Metaxas, T. (2020). Tourism: The great patient of coronavirus COVID-2019. International Journal of Advanced Research , 4(8), 365-375.
  • Fritz, C., & Sonnentag, S. (2006). Recovery, well-being, and performance-related outcomes: The role of workload and vacation experiences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(4), 936.
  • Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., & Wood, S. A. (2017). Nature contact and human health: A research agenda. Environmental health perspectives, 125(7), 075001.
  • Gallego, I., & Font, X. (2021). Changes in air passenger demand as a result of the COVID-19 crisis: Using Big Data to inform tourism policy. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1470-1489.
  • Gil-Alana, L. A., & Poza, C. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on the Spanish tourism sector. Tourism Economics, 1354816620959914.
  • Godovykh, M., Pizam, A., & Bahja, F. (2021). Antecedents and outcomes of health risk perceptions in tourism, following the COVID-19 pandemic. Tourism Review.
  • Golets, A., Farias, J., Pilati, R., & Costa, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and tourism: The impact of health risk perception and intolerance of uncertainty on travel intentions. Current Psychology, 1-14.
  • Goossens, C. (2000). Tourism information and pleasure motivation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 301–321.
  • Gössling, S., Scott, D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Pandemics, tourism and global change: a rapid assessment of COVID-19. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 1-20.
  • Graburn, N. H. (1983). The anthropology of tourism. Annals of tourism research, 10(1), 9-33.
  • Gupta, A., Gupta, D. R., & Arora, N. (2010). The relationship between perceived travel risk, travel safety, travel anxiety and intentions to travel: A path analysis study of domestic traveller in India. International Journal of tourism and Travel, 3(1), 25.
  • Hair, J. F. J., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis Seventh Edition Prentice Hall.
  • Hall, C. M. (2006). Tourism, disease and global environmental change. In S. Gossling & M. Hall (eds.), Tourism and global environmental change (pp. 173-193). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gössling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 577-598.
  • Han, H., Al-Ansi, A., Chua, B. L., Tariq, B., Radic, A., & Park, S. H. (2020). The post-coronavirus world in the international tourism industry: Application of the theory of planned behavior to safer destination choices in the case of US outbound tourism. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(18), 6485.
  • Hobfoll, Stevan E. (1998). Stress, Culture, and Community: The Psychology and Physiology of Stress. New York: Plenum.
  • Hollingsworth, T. D., Ferguson, N. M., & Anderson, R. M. (2007). Frequent travelers and rate of spread of epidemics. Emerging infectious diseases, 13(9), 1288.
  • Hoque, A., Shikha, F. A., Hasanat, M. W., Arif, I., & Hamid, A. B. A. (2020). The effect of Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the tourism industry in China. Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 3(1), 52-58.
  • Hoyer, W. D. & Maclnnis, D.J. (2008). Consumer Behavior, 5th Edition, Cengage Learning, Ohio.
  • https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ , Date of Access: 28.06.2021.
  • Huang, L., & Tsai, H.-T. (2003). The study of senior traveler behavior in Taiwan. Tourism Management, 24(5), 561-574.
  • Huang, X., Dai, S., & Xu, H. (2020). Predicting tourists' health risk preventative behaviour and travelling satisfaction in Tibet: Combining the theory of planned behaviour and health belief model. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100589.
  • İslamoğlu, A.H., Altunışık, R., (2013), Tüketici Davranışları, Beta Basın Yayım, İstanbul.
  • Jang, S., & Wu, C. (2006). Seniors’ travel motivation and the influential factors: An examination of Taiwanese seniors. Tourism Management, 27(2), 306-316.
  • Karagöz, D., Işık, C., Dogru, T., & Zhang, L. (2020). Solo female travel risks, anxiety and travel intentions: Examining the moderating role of online psychological-social support. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(11), 1595-1612.
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., & Ahmed, S. (2018). Intention to visit India among potential travellers: Role of travel motivation, perceived travel risks, and travel constraints. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(3), 351-367.
  • Khan, M. J., Chelliah, S., Khan, F., & Amin, S. (2019). Perceived risks, travel constraints and visit intention of young women travelers: the moderating role of travel motivation. Tourism Review, 74(3), 721-738.
  • Kiewa, J. (1994). Self-control: The key to adventure? Towards a model of the adventure experience. Women & therapy, 15(3-4), 29-41.
  • Kim K, Noh J, Jogaratnam G (2006) Multi-Destination Segmentation Based on Push and Pull Motives: Pleasure Trips of Students at a U.S. University, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 21 (2-3): 19-32.
  • Kim, H. L. (2015). An examination of salient dimensions of senior tourist behavior: relationships among personal values, travel constraints, travel motivation, and quality of life (QoL) (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Tech).
  • Kim, J., & Lee, J. C. (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on preferences for private dining facilities in restaurants. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 67-70.
  • Kim, N. (2017). Trend Korea 2018. Miraebook Publishing.
  • Kim, S. S., & Prideaux, B. (2005). Marketing implications arising from a comparative study of international pleasure tourist motivations and other travel-related characteristics of visitors to Korea. Tourism Management, 26, 347–357.
  • Kock, F., Nørfelt, A., Josiassen, A., Assaf, A. G., & Tsionas, M. G. (2020). Understanding the COVID-19 tourist psyche: The evolutionary tourism paradigm. Annals of tourism research, 85, 103053.
  • Korstanje, M. E. (2011). The fear of traveling: a new perspective for tourism and hospitality. Anatolia, 22(2), 222-233.
  • Kourgiantakis, M., Apostolakis, A., & Dimou, I. (2020). COVID-19 and holiday intentions: the case of Crete, Greece. Anatolia, 32(1), 148-151.
  • Law, R. (2006). The perceived impact of risks on travel decisions. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(4), 289-300
  • Lee, C. C., & Chen, M. P. (2020). Do country risks matter for tourism development? International evidence. Journal of Travel Research, 0047287520954539.
  • Lee, C. K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. (2012). The impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel intentions: A model of goal-directed behavior. Tourism management, 33(1), 89-99.
  • Leggat, P. A., Brown, L. H., Aitken, P., & Speare, R. (2010). Level of concern and precaution taking among Australians regarding travel during pandemic (H1N1) 2009: results from the 2009 Queensland Social Survey. Journal of travel medicine, 17(5), 291-295.
  • Li, J., Nguyen, T. H. H., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). Coronavirus impacts on post-pandemic planned travel behaviours. Annals of Tourism Research. 102964.
  • Li, Y. W. (2003). Evaluating the urban commute experience: A time perception approach. Journal of Public Transportation, 6(4), 3.
  • Lin, H. F. (2007). Predicting consumer intentions to shop online: An empirical test of competing theories. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 6(4), 433-442.
  • Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel Anxiety, Risk Attitude and Travel Intentions towards “Travel Bubble” Destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the Fear of COVID-19. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(21), 7859.
  • Ma, H., Chiu, Y. H., Tian, X., Zhang, J., & Guo, Q. (2020). Safety or Travel: Which Is More Important? The Impact of Disaster Events on Tourism. Sustainability, 12(7), 3038.
  • Magano, J., Vidal, D. G., Dinis, M. A. P., & Leite, Â. (2021). Validation and Psychometric Properties of the Portuguese Version of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) and Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Associations with Travel, Tourism and Hospitality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 427.
  • Mansfeld, Y., & Pizam, A. (2006). Tourism and safety issues. In Y. Mansfeld & A. Pizam (Eds.), Tourism, security & safety: from theory to practice (pp. 139-141). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
  • Matiza, T. (2020). Post-COVID-19 crisis travel behaviour: towards mitigating the effects of perceived risk. Journal of Tourism Futures. ahead-of-print.
  • Meijman, Theo F., and Gijsbertus Mulder. (1998). “Psychological Aspects of Workload.” In Handbook of Work and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 2: Work Psychology), edited by Pieter Johan Diederik Drenth, Henk Thierry, and C. J. De Wolff. Hove, England: Psychology Press, pp. 5-33.
  • Minnaert, L. (2014). Social tourism participation: The role of tourism experience and uncertainty. Tourism Management, 40, 282–289.
  • Nazneen, S., Hong, X., & Ud Din, N. (2020). COVID-19 crises and tourist travel risk perceptions. Available at SSRN 3592321.
  • Neuburger, L., & Egger, R. (2020). Travel risk perception and travel behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic 2020: a case study of the DACH region. Current Issues in Tourism, 1-14.
  • Novelli, M., Burgess, L. G., Jones, A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2018). ‘No Ebola… still doomed’–The Ebola-induced tourism crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 70, 76-87.
  • Nugraha, A.K.N.A. (2014), Consumers ‘decision to visit a risky destination country: an analysis of tourists’ risk taking, Doctoral dissertation. Macquarie University,
  • Osland, G. E., Mackoy, R., & McCormick, M. (2017). Perceptions of personal risk in tourists’ destination choices: nature tours in Mexico. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 8(1), 38-50.
  • Öhman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology, evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 511–536). The Guilford Press
  • Parady, G., Taniguchi, A., & Takami, K. (2020). Travel behavior changes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: Analyzing the effects of risk perception and social influence on going-out self-restriction. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 7, 100181.
  • Park, K., & Reisinger, Y. (2010). Differences in the perceived influence of natural disasters and travel risk on international travel. Tourism Geographies, 12(1), 1-24.
  • Qi, C. X., Gibson, H. J., & Zhang, J. J. (2009). Perceptions of risk and travel intentions: The case of China and the Beijing Olympic Games. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(1), 43-67.
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020a). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33, e100213.
  • Qiu, R. T., Park, J., Li, S., & Song, H. (2020b). Social costs of tourism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102994.
  • Quintal, V. A., Lee, J. A., & Soutar, G. N. (2010). Risk, uncertainty and the theory of planned behavior: A tourism example. Tourism management, 31(6), 797-805.
  • Rachmawati, I., & Shishido, K. (2020). Travelers’motıvatıons To Travel Abroad Durıng Covıd 19 Outbreak. International Journal of Applied Sciences in Tourism and Events, 4(1), 1-11.
  • Reisinger, Y., & Mavondo, F. (2005). Travel anxiety and intentions to travel internationally: Implications of travel risk perception. Journal of travel research, 43(3), 212-225.
  • Richards & Wilson. (2020). Should You Buy Travel Insurance Before Taking Any Trips?. www.time.com., Date of Access: 30.06.2021.
  • Richter, L. K. (2003). International tourism and its global public health consequences. Journal of Travel Research, 41(4), 340-347.
  • Rittichainuwat, B. N., & Chakraborty, G. (2009). Perceived travel risks regarding terrorism and disease: The case of Thailand. Tourism Management, 30(3), 410-418.
  • Rogers RW (1975) A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology 91(1): 93–114.
  • Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health education monographs, 2(4), 328-335.
  • Sangpikul, A. (2008). Travel motivations of Japanese senior travellers to Thailand. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10(1), 81-94.
  • Senbeto, D. L., & Hon, A. H. (2020). The impacts of social and economic crises on tourist behaviour and expenditure: an evolutionary approach. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 740-755.
  • Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of business research, 117, 312-321.
  • Sirgy MJ, Kruger PS, Lee DJ, et al. (2011) How does a travel trip affect tourists’ life satisfaction? Journal of Travel Research 50(3): 261–275.
  • Sönmez, S. F., & Graefe, A. R. (1998). Influence of terrorism risk on foreign tourism decisions. Annals of tourism research, 25(1), 112-144.
  • Strauss-Blasche, G., Reithofer, B., Schobersberger, W., Ekmekcioglu, C., & Wolfgang, M. (2005). Effect of vacation on health: moderating factors of vacation outcome. Journal of travel medicine, 12(2), 94-101.
  • Thornton, P. R., Shaw, G., & Williams, A. M. (1997). Tourist group holiday decision-making and behaviour: The influence of children. Tourism Management, 18(5), 287-297.
  • Tran, Q. (2021). Wellness Travel Motivation post COVID-19. Case: Vietnam. Available at: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/500977
  • Uğur, N. G., & Akbıyık, A. (2020). Impacts of COVID-19 on global tourism industry: A cross-regional comparison. Tourism Management Perspectives, 36, 100744.
  • Uysal, M., Li, X., & Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2008). Push-pull dynamics in travel decision. In Handbook of Hospitality Marketing Management, edited by H.Oh & A. Pizam, Burlington, MA, Elsevier, 413-439.
  • Wachyuni, S. S., & Kusumaningrum, D. A. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 pandemic: How are the future tourist behavior?. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 67-76.
  • Wen, J., Kozak, M., Yang, S., & Liu, F. (2020). COVID-19: potential effects on Chinese citizens’ lifestyle and travel. Tourism Review. 76(1), 74-87.
  • White, C. J., & Thompson, M. (2009). Self-determination theory and the wine club attribute formation process. Annals of Tourism Research, 36(4), 561–586.
  • Whittington, A. (2006). Challenging girls' constructions of femininity in the outdoors. Journal of Experiential Education, 28(3), 205-221.
  • Wiedemann, K. (2015). Anxiety and anxiety disorders. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2nd edition, Volume 1,p. 804-810.
  • Wilks, J., & Atherton, T. (1994). Health and safety in Australian marine tourism: A social, medical and legal appraisal. Journal of Tourism Studies, 5(2), 2-16
  • Wolff, K., Larsen, S., & Øgaard, T. (2019). How to define and measure risk perceptions. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 1-9.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2012, January 1). International travel and health. https://www.who.int/ith/ITH_EN_2012_WEB_1.2.pdf?ua=1
  • Yang, E. C. L., & Nair, V. (2014). Tourism at risk: A review of risk and perceived risk in tourism. Asia-Pacific Journal of Innovation in Hospitality and Tourism (APJIHT), 3(2), 1-21.
  • Yoon Y, Uysal M (2005) An Examination of The Effects of Motivation and Satisfaction on Destination Loyalty: A Structural Model, Tourism Management, 26 (1), 45-56.
  • Zenker, S., & Kock, F. (2020). The coronavirus pandemic – a critical discussion of a tourism research agenda. Tourism Management, 81, 104164.
  • Zenker, S., Braun, E., & Gyimóthy, S. (2021). Too afraid to Travel? Development of a pandemic (COVID-19) anxiety travel scale (PATS). Tourism Management, 84, 104286.
  • Zhang, L., Sun, X., & Wagner, C. (2019). Exploring the group holiday decision-making processwith the support of technology. Information Processing & Management, 56(4), 1409-1424.
There are 144 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Selçuk Efe Küçükkambak 0000-0001-6633-1492

Fatma Yüksel Çakır 0000-0001-6574-2775

Mesut Çakır 0000-0003-4980-1047

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date September 27, 2021
Acceptance Date February 2, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Küçükkambak, S. E., Yüksel Çakır, F., & Çakır, M. (2022). A STUDY TO DETERMINE THE MEDIATING ROLE OF TRAVEL ANXIETY AND HOLIDAY MOTIVATIONS IN THE EFFECT OF FEAR OF COVID-19 ON INTENTION TO TAKE A HOLIDAY. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 18(2), 538-571. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1001517