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BEKLENTİ TEORİSİ VE HİNDİSTAN’IN KEŞMIR POLİTİKASI

Year 2021, , 1120 - 1137, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.827986

Abstract

Bu çalışma, son zamanlardaki Hindistan’ın Keşmir bölgesindeki riskli hareketlerini analiz etmektedir. Keşmir üzerindeki anlaşmazlık 1947 yılından itibaren dört savaşa neden olmuştur. Net kayıp ve kazançları inceleyen fayda teorisine karşıt olarak, bir referans noktasına göre kayıp ve kazançlara yönelik karar verme sürecini inceleyen beklenti teorisi, Keşmir’e yönelik riskli Hint politikasını açıklamak için kullanılacaktır. Beklenti teorisi, dış politikadaki riskli davranışları açıklamak için yararlıdır. Keşmir’deki riskli Hint politikasını analiz etmek için, bu çalışma, Hint referans noktalarını Hint politika yapıcılarının konuşmalarını ve bildirilerini yardımıyla teşhis etmeye çalışacaktır. Hintli politika yapıcılarının Keşmir hakkındaki referans noktalarını belirledikten sonra, kendilerini referans noktalarını korumak için riskli politikalara sevk eden şartları inceleyecektir. Bu makalenini ana fikri Hindistan’ın Keşmir üzerindeki egemenliğini tehdit ederek ve çatışmayı uluslararası hale getirerek, Çin Pakistan Ekonomik Koridoru, Hindistan’ın Keşmir konusundaki referans noktalarını zedelemektedir. Bu yüzden, Hindistan hayli gergin bir bölgede referans noktalarını korumak için riskli hamlelere başvurmaktadır.

References

  • Ahmed, Saifuddin, and Anurug Chakma. (2012). Kashmir Conflict: A Critical Analysis. Society & Change VI(3), 20–36.
  • Al Jazeera. India Revokes Kashmir’s Special Status. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-190904143838166.html (02.07.2020).
  • Ayres, Alyssa. (2020). The China-India Border Dispute: What to Know. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/china-india-border-dispute-what-know (12.07.2020).
  • Baruah, Darshana M. (2018). India’s Answer to the Belt and Road: A Road Map for South Asia. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
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  • Bhattacharjee, Dhrubajyoti. (2017). India, Pakistan and China: An Assessment of Connectivity Through China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Jindal School of International Affairs 1(2), 19–31.
  • Bose, Sumantra. (2007). Contested Lands Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  • Chengappa, Raj, Zahid Hussain, and Sujatha Shenoy. (1999). Uniting India. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042405/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/26071999/cover.html (06.07.2020).
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  • Farnham, Barbara. (1992). Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory. Political Psychology 13(2), 205–35. Ganguly, Rajat. (1998). India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute. Wellington: Asian Studies Institute & Centre for Strategic Studies.
  • Garver, John W. (2003). China’s Decision for War with India in 1962. Retrieved from: https://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/china decision for 1962 war 2003.pdf (12.07.2020).
  • Gettleman, Jeffrey, and Kai Schultz. (2020). Indian General Talks of ‘Deradicalization Camps’ for Kashmiris. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/world/asia/india-kashmir-camps.html (17.07.2020).
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  • Harrison, Selig S. (2010). China’s Discreet Hold on Pakistan’s Northern Borderlands. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/27/opinion/27iht-edharrison.html (20.07.2020).
  • Hay, Jeff. (2006). The Partition of British India. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
  • He, Kai, and Huiyun Feng. (2013). Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior. New York and London: Routledge.
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  • India Times. (2020). First China, Now Pakistan: How India’s Battling on Two Fronts. Retrieved from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-china-now-pakistan-how-indias-battling-on-two-fronts/articleshow/76761327.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst (17.07.2020).
  • India Today. (2019). Article 370 Move Leaves Pak Fuming: Imran Khan Severes Ties with India, Suspends Trade, Closes Airspace. Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/article-370-jammu-kashmir-pakistan-india-bilateral-relations-1578346-2019-08-07 (10.07.2020).
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  • India Today. (2017b). Farooq Abdullah: Wake up India, Talk to Pakistan or Lose Kashmir. Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farooq-abdullah-srinagar-bypoll-kashmir-pakistan-national-conference-970665-2017-04-11 (17.07.2020).
  • Jervis, Robert. (1992). Political Implication of Loss Aversion. Political Psychology 13(2), 187–204.
  • Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica 47(2), 263–91.
  • Kampani, Gaurav. (2005). Kashmir and India-Pakistan Nuclear Issues. In South Asia in World Politics, ed. Devin T. Hagerty. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 160–85.
  • Levy, Jack S. (1992a). An Introduction to Prospect Theory. Political Psychology 13(2), 171–86.
  • Levy, Jack S. (1992b). Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems. Political Psychology 13(2), 283–310.
  • Lim, Alvin Cheng-Hin. (2017). The Moving Border of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Geopolitics, 1–17.
  • McGarr, Paul. (2013). The Cold War in South Asia Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945-1965. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDermott, Rose. (1992). Prospect Theory in International Relations: The Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission. Political Psychology 13(2), 237–63.
  • McInerney, Audrey. (1992). Prospect Theory and Soviet Towards Syria, 1966-1967. Political Psychology 13(2), 265–82.
  • Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de. (1988). The Contribution of Expected Utility Theory to the Study of International Conflict. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18(4), 629–52.
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. Kashmir A True Story. (2004). Retrieved from: https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19156_Kashmir_The_True_Story_19-01-2004.pdf (02.07.2020).
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. Simla Agreement July 2, 1972. Retrieved from: https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972 (04.07.2020).
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  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Remarks on the Indian Government’s Announcement of the Establishment of the Ladakh Union Territory Which Involves Chinese Territory. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1686549.shtml (10.07.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015). Retrieved from: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1249618.shtml (17.05.2020).
  • Munshi, Soumyanetra. (2012). Analysis of Conflict within a Contested Land: The Case of Kashmir. Defense and Peace Economics 24(3), 261–92.
  • Park, Soyen. (2017). Why India Boycotted the Belt and Road Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/06/13/why-india-boycotted-the-belt-and-road-forum/ (12.07.2020).
  • Rafiq, Arif. (2017). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Barriers and Impact. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
  • Raju, Subramanyam. (2001). Third-Generation Indian Perspections of the Kashmir Issue. Colombo: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies.
  • Rifaat, Hamzah, and Tridivesh Singh Maini. (2016). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Strategic Rationales, External Perspectives, and Challenges to Effective Implementation. Washington D.C.
  • Samuelson, William, and Richard Zeckhauser. (1988). Status Quo Bias in Decision Making. Journal of Risk and Uncertainity 1, 7–59.
  • Saran, Shyam. (2019). The Morning After. Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20190826-the-morning-after-guest-column-1581071-2019-08-16 (18.07.2020).
  • Shafir, Eldar. (1992). Prospect Theory and Political Analysis: A Psychological Perspective. Political Psychology 13(2), 311–22.
  • Shida, Wang. (2020). India Blinded by ‘Double Confidence.’” China Economic Net. http://en.ce.cn/main/latest/202006/11/t20200611_35104226.shtml (July 11, 2020).
  • Spiegel. Pakistan Is Always Seen as the Rogue. (2010). Retrieved from: https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html (04.07.2020).
  • Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. (2004). Balancing Risks Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • The Hindu. (2020).India Reminds China of Claims over Gilgit-Baltistan. Retrieved from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-reminds-china-of-claims-over-gilgit-baltistan/article31585220.ece (16.07.2020).
  • Tribune. Chinese Pressure Sees Pakistan Mull Constitutional Status of Gilgit-Baltistan. (2016). Retrieved from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1023523/chinese-pressure-sees-pakistan-mull-constitutional-status-of-gilgit-baltistan (17.07.2020).
  • Unnikrishnan, Nandan, and Uma Purushothaman. (2020). Proceed with Caution: India’s Approach to China’s One Belt and Road and Other Cooperation Ideas in the Region. In The “Roads” and “Belts” of Eurasia, ed. Alexander Lukin. Moscow: Palgrave Macmillan, 103–29.
  • Venkataramanan, K. (2019). No Explained | How the Status of Jammu and Kashmir Is Being Changed. Retrieved from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true (07.07.2020).
  • Wirsing, Robert. (2003). Kashmir in the Shadow of War: Regional Rivalries in a Nuclear Age. New York and London: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
  • Zargar, Haris. (2019). Gilgit-Baltistan Is India’s End Game in Kashmir. Retrieved from: https://www.newframe.com/gilgit-baltistan-is-indias-end-game-in-kashmir/ (18.07.2020).

PROSPECT THEORY AND INDIAN POLICY TOWARDS KASHMIR

Year 2021, , 1120 - 1137, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.827986

Abstract

This paper tries to analyze recent risky moves of India regarding Kashmir. The dispute over Kashmir caused four war wars with Pakistan since 1947. Prospect theory, which analyzes decision making processes depending on gains or losses according to a reference point, instead of expected utility theory, which calculates net gains or losses, will be used to explain risky Indian actions regarding Kashmir. Prospect theory is useful in explaining risky behavior in foreign policy decisions. To analyze Indian risky moves in Kashmir, firstly, this paper tries to identify Indian reference points with the help of the Indian policymakers’ speeches and statements. After determining Indian leaders’ reference points regarding Kashmir, it engages in understanding circumstances which drove them to pursue risky decisions to preserve reference points. The main argument of this paper is that the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) will infringe Indian reference points regarding Kashmir in that it harms India’s sovereignty claims over Kashmir and internationalize the conflict by involving China. Therefore, India resorts to risky moves in a highly troublesome region to preserve what it perceives to be status quo

References

  • Ahmed, Saifuddin, and Anurug Chakma. (2012). Kashmir Conflict: A Critical Analysis. Society & Change VI(3), 20–36.
  • Al Jazeera. India Revokes Kashmir’s Special Status. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/09/india-revokes-kashmir-special-status-190904143838166.html (02.07.2020).
  • Ayres, Alyssa. (2020). The China-India Border Dispute: What to Know. Retrieved from: https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/china-india-border-dispute-what-know (12.07.2020).
  • Baruah, Darshana M. (2018). India’s Answer to the Belt and Road: A Road Map for South Asia. Washington D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
  • BBC. Kashmir Territories Profile. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11693674 (01.07.2020).
  • Bhattacharjee, Dhrubajyoti. (2015). Gilgit Baltistan, China and Pakistan. New Delhi: Indian Council of World Affairs.
  • Bhattacharjee, Dhrubajyoti. (2017). India, Pakistan and China: An Assessment of Connectivity Through China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Jindal School of International Affairs 1(2), 19–31.
  • Bose, Sumantra. (2007). Contested Lands Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka. Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press.
  • Chengappa, Raj, Zahid Hussain, and Sujatha Shenoy. (1999). Uniting India. Retrieved from: https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042405/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/26071999/cover.html (06.07.2020).
  • CPEC. Long Term Plan for China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (2017-2030). (2017). Retrieved from: http://cpec.gov.pk/brain/public/uploads/documents/CPEC-LTP.pdf (13.07.2020).
  • Egazette. (2019a). The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 C.O. 272. Retrieved from: http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210049.pdf (08.07.2020).
  • Egazette. (2019b). The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act, 2019. Retrieved from: The Gazzete of India. http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf (07.07.2020).
  • Farnham, Barbara. (1992). Roosevelt and the Munich Crisis: Insights from Prospect Theory. Political Psychology 13(2), 205–35. Ganguly, Rajat. (1998). India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Dispute. Wellington: Asian Studies Institute & Centre for Strategic Studies.
  • Garver, John W. (2003). China’s Decision for War with India in 1962. Retrieved from: https://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/china decision for 1962 war 2003.pdf (12.07.2020).
  • Gettleman, Jeffrey, and Kai Schultz. (2020). Indian General Talks of ‘Deradicalization Camps’ for Kashmiris. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/17/world/asia/india-kashmir-camps.html (17.07.2020).
  • Government of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constitution Application to Jammu and Kashmir, 1954. Retrieved from: http://jklaw.nic.in/constitution_jk.pdf (07.07.2020).
  • Government of Jammu and Kashmir. The Constitution of Jumma and Kashmir. Retrieved from: http://jklaw.nic.in/pdf/CONSTITUTION .pdf (03.07.2020).
  • Hajni, Mehraj. (2008). The Kashmir Conflict: A Kashmiri Perspective. Swords and Ploughshares XVI(1), 12–14.
  • Harrison, Selig S. (2010). China’s Discreet Hold on Pakistan’s Northern Borderlands. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/27/opinion/27iht-edharrison.html (20.07.2020).
  • Hay, Jeff. (2006). The Partition of British India. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
  • He, Kai, and Huiyun Feng. (2013). Prospect Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis in the Asia Pacific Rational Leaders and Risky Behavior. New York and London: Routledge.
  • House of Commons Library. Kashmir: The Effects of Revoking Article 370. (2019). Retrieved from: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/world-affairs/asia/kashmir-the-effects-of-revoking-article-370/ (07.07.2020).
  • Indian Kanoon. Article 370 in The Constitution Of India 1949. Retrieved from: https://indiankanoon.org/doc/666119/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=14257c05ce3507cf8e5deaeb3086c888f5010f9f-1594215945-0-ARpO_cibV3IscVCMVdhlDCjcjW6VIIw63VLWqfFAWVT6zy3BzUbyd3XhYllwYdbSwHQS7kf99zvqkKjUjVGncLdCFpP90NExm78nttxFvU6i87ELU4P3YSRdyP1T1aMPe6gZ31E1H0Yi_jOH (07.07.2020).
  • India Times. (2020). First China, Now Pakistan: How India’s Battling on Two Fronts. Retrieved from: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/first-china-now-pakistan-how-indias-battling-on-two-fronts/articleshow/76761327.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst (17.07.2020).
  • India Today. (2019). Article 370 Move Leaves Pak Fuming: Imran Khan Severes Ties with India, Suspends Trade, Closes Airspace. Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/article-370-jammu-kashmir-pakistan-india-bilateral-relations-1578346-2019-08-07 (10.07.2020).
  • India Today. (2017a) Opposed to China’s CPEC That Passes through PoK, India Boycotts Belt and Road Initiative. (2017a). Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/one-belt-one-road-pakistan-occupied-kashmir-china-cpec-beijing-976918-2017-05-13 (14.07.2020).
  • India Today. (2017b). Farooq Abdullah: Wake up India, Talk to Pakistan or Lose Kashmir. Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/farooq-abdullah-srinagar-bypoll-kashmir-pakistan-national-conference-970665-2017-04-11 (17.07.2020).
  • Jervis, Robert. (1992). Political Implication of Loss Aversion. Political Psychology 13(2), 187–204.
  • Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica 47(2), 263–91.
  • Kampani, Gaurav. (2005). Kashmir and India-Pakistan Nuclear Issues. In South Asia in World Politics, ed. Devin T. Hagerty. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 160–85.
  • Levy, Jack S. (1992a). An Introduction to Prospect Theory. Political Psychology 13(2), 171–86.
  • Levy, Jack S. (1992b). Prospect Theory and International Relations: Theoretical Applications and Analytical Problems. Political Psychology 13(2), 283–310.
  • Lim, Alvin Cheng-Hin. (2017). The Moving Border of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Geopolitics, 1–17.
  • McGarr, Paul. (2013). The Cold War in South Asia Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945-1965. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • McDermott, Rose. (1992). Prospect Theory in International Relations: The Iranian Hostage Rescue Mission. Political Psychology 13(2), 237–63.
  • McInerney, Audrey. (1992). Prospect Theory and Soviet Towards Syria, 1966-1967. Political Psychology 13(2), 265–82.
  • Mesquita, Bruce Bueno de. (1988). The Contribution of Expected Utility Theory to the Study of International Conflict. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18(4), 629–52.
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. Kashmir A True Story. (2004). Retrieved from: https://mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/19156_Kashmir_The_True_Story_19-01-2004.pdf (02.07.2020).
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. Simla Agreement July 2, 1972. Retrieved from: https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19005/Simla+Agreement+July+2+1972 (04.07.2020).
  • Ministry of External Affairs Government of India. Speech by Foreign Secretary at Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi. (2016). Retrieved from: http://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/26433/Speech_by_Foreign_Secretary_at_Raisina_Dialogue_in_New_Delhi_March_2_2015 (26.07.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying’s Remarks on the Indian Government’s Announcement of the Establishment of the Ladakh Union Territory Which Involves Chinese Territory. (2019). Retrieved from: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1686549.shtml (10.07.2020).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015). Retrieved from: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1249618.shtml (17.05.2020).
  • Munshi, Soumyanetra. (2012). Analysis of Conflict within a Contested Land: The Case of Kashmir. Defense and Peace Economics 24(3), 261–92.
  • Park, Soyen. (2017). Why India Boycotted the Belt and Road Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2017/06/13/why-india-boycotted-the-belt-and-road-forum/ (12.07.2020).
  • Rafiq, Arif. (2017). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Barriers and Impact. Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace.
  • Raju, Subramanyam. (2001). Third-Generation Indian Perspections of the Kashmir Issue. Colombo: Regional Centre for Strategic Studies.
  • Rifaat, Hamzah, and Tridivesh Singh Maini. (2016). The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Strategic Rationales, External Perspectives, and Challenges to Effective Implementation. Washington D.C.
  • Samuelson, William, and Richard Zeckhauser. (1988). Status Quo Bias in Decision Making. Journal of Risk and Uncertainity 1, 7–59.
  • Saran, Shyam. (2019). The Morning After. Retrieved from: https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20190826-the-morning-after-guest-column-1581071-2019-08-16 (18.07.2020).
  • Shafir, Eldar. (1992). Prospect Theory and Political Analysis: A Psychological Perspective. Political Psychology 13(2), 311–22.
  • Shida, Wang. (2020). India Blinded by ‘Double Confidence.’” China Economic Net. http://en.ce.cn/main/latest/202006/11/t20200611_35104226.shtml (July 11, 2020).
  • Spiegel. Pakistan Is Always Seen as the Rogue. (2010). Retrieved from: https://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-interview-with-pervez-musharraf-pakistan-is-always-seen-as-the-rogue-a-721110.html (04.07.2020).
  • Taliaferro, Jeffrey W. (2004). Balancing Risks Great Power Intervention in the Periphery. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.
  • The Hindu. (2020).India Reminds China of Claims over Gilgit-Baltistan. Retrieved from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-reminds-china-of-claims-over-gilgit-baltistan/article31585220.ece (16.07.2020).
  • Tribune. Chinese Pressure Sees Pakistan Mull Constitutional Status of Gilgit-Baltistan. (2016). Retrieved from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/1023523/chinese-pressure-sees-pakistan-mull-constitutional-status-of-gilgit-baltistan (17.07.2020).
  • Unnikrishnan, Nandan, and Uma Purushothaman. (2020). Proceed with Caution: India’s Approach to China’s One Belt and Road and Other Cooperation Ideas in the Region. In The “Roads” and “Belts” of Eurasia, ed. Alexander Lukin. Moscow: Palgrave Macmillan, 103–29.
  • Venkataramanan, K. (2019). No Explained | How the Status of Jammu and Kashmir Is Being Changed. Retrieved from: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/explained-how-the-status-of-jammu-and-kashmir-is-being-changed/article28822866.ece?homepage=true (07.07.2020).
  • Wirsing, Robert. (2003). Kashmir in the Shadow of War: Regional Rivalries in a Nuclear Age. New York and London: M.E. Sharpe, Inc.
  • Zargar, Haris. (2019). Gilgit-Baltistan Is India’s End Game in Kashmir. Retrieved from: https://www.newframe.com/gilgit-baltistan-is-indias-end-game-in-kashmir/ (18.07.2020).
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gökhan Tekir 0000-0003-3985-7442

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date November 18, 2020
Acceptance Date April 26, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Tekir, G. (2021). PROSPECT THEORY AND INDIAN POLICY TOWARDS KASHMIR. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 17(4), 1120-1137. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.827986