Technology Reading Index (TRI) has used to determine individuals’ willingness to use of
technology. This study focuses on differences among belief and use new technology of academic staffs. The
article examines how each dimension (optimism, innovativeness, discomfort, insecurity) of Technology
Reading Index (TRI) influences Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) which have consumer perceived
usefulness and perceived ease of use dimensions. The results show that of optimism dimension of TRI has
a positive effect on both consumers perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use while innovativeness
dimension has a positive effect on perceived ease of use. Researches on TRI and TAM have overlooked
the potential role of technology readiness and acceptance in the development of academic staff. This study
tests belief and use new technology of academic staffs.
Acar, Z., & Gürol, P. (2018). Çalışanların teknoloji kullanım adaptasyonunun firmaların lojistik servis
performansına etkisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 19(1), 59-68.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of Academy of
Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
Borrero, J. D., Yousafzai, S. Y., Javed, U., & Page, K. L. (2014). Expressive participation in internet social
movements: Testing the moderating effect of technology readiness and sex on student sns use.
Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 39-49.
Brahima, S. (2017). The world in 2017: ICT facts and figures, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/
Pages/facts/default.aspx.
Cibaroğlu, M. O., & Turan, A. H. (2018). Elektronik belge yönetim sistemlerinin genişletilmiş teknoloji
kabul modeli temelinde kullanımı: Ampirik bir değerlendirme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 204-217.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information
technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Demirci, A.E., & Ersoy, N. F. (2008). Technology readiness for innovative high-tech products: How
consumers perceive and adopt new technologies. Business Review, 10(2).
Elliott, K. M., Hall, M. C. & Meng, J. G. (2008). Student technology readiness and its impact on cultural
competency. College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal (CTMS), 4(6), 11-22.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and
research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Godoe, P., & Johansen, T. S. (2012). Understanding adoption of new technologies: Technology readiness
and technology acceptance as an integrated concept. Journal of European Psychology Students,
3, 38-53.
Hagspiel, V., Huisman, K. J., & Nunes, C. (2015). Optimal technology adoption when the arrival rate of
new technologies changes. European Journal of Operational Research, 243, 897-911.
Haidari, S. M., Yelken, T. Y., & Akay, C. (2019). Technology-enhanced self-directed language learning
behaviors of efl student teachers. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(3), 229-245.
Hair, J. E., Anderson, R. E., Tatman, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5th Edition,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Lam, S. Y., Chiang J., & Parasuraman, A. (2008). The effects of the dimensions of technology readiness
on technology acceptance: An empirical analysis. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 22(4),19-39.
Lee, H.-J., Cho, H.J., Xu, W., & Fairhust, A. (2010). The influence of consumer traits and demographics
on intentions to use retail self-service checkouts. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 28(1), 46-
58.
Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A. van (2006). Technology readiness and the evaluation
and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13, 177-
191.
Lin, C., Shih H., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The
tram model. Psychology and Marketing, 24(7), 641-657.
Kumar, S. (2012). Use of computer, internet, and library opacs among rural and urban postgraduates in
Indian universities. OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives, 28(3),
144-163.
Meng, J. G., Elliot, K. M., & Hall, M. C. (2009). Technology readiness index (TRI): Assessing crosscultural
validity. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 22, 19-31.
Olschewski, M., Renken, U. B., Bullinger, A. C., & Möslein, K. M. (2013). Are you ready to use?
Assesing the meaning of social influence and technology readiness in collaboration technology
adoption. 46th Hawai International Conference on System Sciences, 620-629.
Özer, G., Günlük, M., & Özcan, M. (2019). Muhasebe akademisyenlerinin muhasebe eğitiminde
uzaktan eğitim uygulamaları kullanımına yönelik algılarının teknoloji kabul modeli çerçevesinde
incelenmesi. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi, 12(1), 65-90.
Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple-item scale to measure readiness to
embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307-320.
Parasuraman, A., & Colby, C. L. (2015). An updated and streamlined technology readiness index: TRI
2.0. Journal of Service Research, 18(1), 59-74.
Partala, T., & Saari, T. (2015). Understanding the most influential user experiences in succesful and
unsuccesful technology adoptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 381-395.
Ramaseshan, B., Kingshott, R. P. J., & Stein, A. (2015). Firm self-service technology readiness. Journal
of Service Marketing, 26(5), 751-776.
Rogers, E. M., & Scott, K. L. (1997). The diffusion of innovations model and outreach from the national
network of libraries of medicine to native American communities. https://nnlm.gov/archive/pnr/
eval/rogers.html.
Singh, S. (2006). Cultural differences in, and influences on consumers’ propensity to adopt ınnovations.
International Marketing Review, 23(2), 173-191.
Son, M., & Han, K. (2011). Beyond the technology adoption: Technology readiness effects on postadoption
behavior. Journal of Business Research, 64, 1178-1182.
Stock, R., & Grob, M. (2016). How does knowledge workers’ social technology readiness affect their
innovative work behavior? 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2166-2175.
Srite, M., & Karahanna, E. (2006). The role of espoused national cultural values in technology acceptance.
MIS Quarterly, 30(3), 679-704.
Tsourela, M., & Roumeliotis, M. (2015). The moderating role of technology readiness, gender, and sex in
consumer acceptance and actual use of technology-based services. Journal of High Technology
Management Research, 26, 124-136.
Westjohn, S. A., Arnold, M. J., Magnusson, P., Zdravkovic, S., & Zhou, J. X. (2009). Technology
readiness and usage: A global-identity perspective. Journal of the Academy Marketing Science,
37, 250-265.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four
longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information
technology: Towards a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions.
Decisions Sciences, 39(2), 273-315.
Vize, R., Coughlan, J., Kennedy, A., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2013). Technology readiness in a B2B online
retail context: An examination of antecedents and outcomes. Industrial Marketing Management,
42, 909-918.
Yıldırır, S. C., & Kaplan, B. (2019). Mobil uygulama kullanımının benimsenmesi: Teknoloji kabul modeli
ile bir çalışma. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(19), 22-51.
Acar, Z., & Gürol, P. (2018). Çalışanların teknoloji kullanım adaptasyonunun firmaların lojistik servis
performansına etkisi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 19(1), 59-68.
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the evaluation of structural equation models. Journal of Academy of
Marketing Science, 16, 74-94.
Borrero, J. D., Yousafzai, S. Y., Javed, U., & Page, K. L. (2014). Expressive participation in internet social
movements: Testing the moderating effect of technology readiness and sex on student sns use.
Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 39-49.
Brahima, S. (2017). The world in 2017: ICT facts and figures, https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/
Pages/facts/default.aspx.
Cibaroğlu, M. O., & Turan, A. H. (2018). Elektronik belge yönetim sistemlerinin genişletilmiş teknoloji
kabul modeli temelinde kullanımı: Ampirik bir değerlendirme. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi
Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 5(2), 204-217.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information
technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319-340.
Demirci, A.E., & Ersoy, N. F. (2008). Technology readiness for innovative high-tech products: How
consumers perceive and adopt new technologies. Business Review, 10(2).
Elliott, K. M., Hall, M. C. & Meng, J. G. (2008). Student technology readiness and its impact on cultural
competency. College Teaching Methods & Styles Journal (CTMS), 4(6), 11-22.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and
research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Godoe, P., & Johansen, T. S. (2012). Understanding adoption of new technologies: Technology readiness
and technology acceptance as an integrated concept. Journal of European Psychology Students,
3, 38-53.
Hagspiel, V., Huisman, K. J., & Nunes, C. (2015). Optimal technology adoption when the arrival rate of
new technologies changes. European Journal of Operational Research, 243, 897-911.
Haidari, S. M., Yelken, T. Y., & Akay, C. (2019). Technology-enhanced self-directed language learning
behaviors of efl student teachers. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(3), 229-245.
Hair, J. E., Anderson, R. E., Tatman, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5th Edition,
New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
Lam, S. Y., Chiang J., & Parasuraman, A. (2008). The effects of the dimensions of technology readiness
on technology acceptance: An empirical analysis. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 22(4),19-39.
Lee, H.-J., Cho, H.J., Xu, W., & Fairhust, A. (2010). The influence of consumer traits and demographics
on intentions to use retail self-service checkouts. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 28(1), 46-
58.
Liljander, V., Gillberg, F., Gummerus, J., & Riel, A. van (2006). Technology readiness and the evaluation
and adoption of self-service technologies. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 13, 177-
191.
Lin, C., Shih H., & Sher, P. J. (2007). Integrating technology readiness into technology acceptance: The
tram model. Psychology and Marketing, 24(7), 641-657.
Kumar, S. (2012). Use of computer, internet, and library opacs among rural and urban postgraduates in
Indian universities. OCLC Systems & Services: International Digital Library Perspectives, 28(3),
144-163.
Meng, J. G., Elliot, K. M., & Hall, M. C. (2009). Technology readiness index (TRI): Assessing crosscultural
validity. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 22, 19-31.
Olschewski, M., Renken, U. B., Bullinger, A. C., & Möslein, K. M. (2013). Are you ready to use?
Assesing the meaning of social influence and technology readiness in collaboration technology
adoption. 46th Hawai International Conference on System Sciences, 620-629.
Özer, G., Günlük, M., & Özcan, M. (2019). Muhasebe akademisyenlerinin muhasebe eğitiminde
uzaktan eğitim uygulamaları kullanımına yönelik algılarının teknoloji kabul modeli çerçevesinde
incelenmesi. Muhasebe ve Vergi Uygulamaları Dergisi, 12(1), 65-90.
Parasuraman, A. (2000). Technology readiness index (TRI): A multiple-item scale to measure readiness to
embrace new technologies. Journal of Service Research, 2(4), 307-320.
Parasuraman, A., & Colby, C. L. (2015). An updated and streamlined technology readiness index: TRI
2.0. Journal of Service Research, 18(1), 59-74.
Partala, T., & Saari, T. (2015). Understanding the most influential user experiences in succesful and
unsuccesful technology adoptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 381-395.
Ramaseshan, B., Kingshott, R. P. J., & Stein, A. (2015). Firm self-service technology readiness. Journal
of Service Marketing, 26(5), 751-776.
Rogers, E. M., & Scott, K. L. (1997). The diffusion of innovations model and outreach from the national
network of libraries of medicine to native American communities. https://nnlm.gov/archive/pnr/
eval/rogers.html.
Singh, S. (2006). Cultural differences in, and influences on consumers’ propensity to adopt ınnovations.
International Marketing Review, 23(2), 173-191.
Son, M., & Han, K. (2011). Beyond the technology adoption: Technology readiness effects on postadoption
behavior. Journal of Business Research, 64, 1178-1182.
Stock, R., & Grob, M. (2016). How does knowledge workers’ social technology readiness affect their
innovative work behavior? 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2166-2175.
Srite, M., & Karahanna, E. (2006). The role of espoused national cultural values in technology acceptance.
MIS Quarterly, 30(3), 679-704.
Tsourela, M., & Roumeliotis, M. (2015). The moderating role of technology readiness, gender, and sex in
consumer acceptance and actual use of technology-based services. Journal of High Technology
Management Research, 26, 124-136.
Westjohn, S. A., Arnold, M. J., Magnusson, P., Zdravkovic, S., & Zhou, J. X. (2009). Technology
readiness and usage: A global-identity perspective. Journal of the Academy Marketing Science,
37, 250-265.
Venkatesh, V., & Davis, F. D. (2000). A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: Four
longitudinal field studies. Management Science, 46(2), 186-204.
Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information
technology: Towards a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478.
Venkatesh, V., & Bala, H. (2008). Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions.
Decisions Sciences, 39(2), 273-315.
Vize, R., Coughlan, J., Kennedy, A., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2013). Technology readiness in a B2B online
retail context: An examination of antecedents and outcomes. Industrial Marketing Management,
42, 909-918.
Yıldırır, S. C., & Kaplan, B. (2019). Mobil uygulama kullanımının benimsenmesi: Teknoloji kabul modeli
ile bir çalışma. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(19), 22-51.
Bakırtaş, H., & Akkaş, C. (2020). TECHNOLOGY READINESS AND TECHNOLOGY ACCEPTANCE OF ACADEMIC STAFFS. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 16(4), 1043-1058. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.853629