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DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT FINANCIAL RISK PERCEPTIONS OF INDIVIDUAL INVESTORS

Year 2009, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 129 - 150, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Financial risk perceptions of individual investors and measuring financial risk tolerance are quite important for both individual investors that want to increase the value of their savings and financial institutions that serve as intermediary and adviser. Financial risk perceptions of investors are also important for institutions that issue financial investment isntruments with respect to structuring financial instruments. The factors that affect financial risk perceptions of individual investors have been subject of research and discussion for long years. This study discusses the dimensions of relationship between financial risk perceptions and demographic and socioeconomic factors

References

  • Al-Ajmi, Jasim Y. (2008), “Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors in an Emerging Market”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 17, pp. 15-26.
  • Ardehali, Parisa Hosseini, Joseph C. Paradi ve Mette Asmild (2005), “Assessing Financial Risk Tolerance of Portfolio Investors Using Data Envelopment Analysis”, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 491–519.
  • Bajtelsmit, Vickie L. ve Alexandra Bernasek (1996), “Why Do Women Invest Differently Than Men?”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7, pp. 1-10.
  • Bajtelsmit, Vickie L. (1999), “Evidence of Risk Aversion in the Health and Retirement Study”, March 1, pp. 1-18, http://www.aria.org/rts/proceedings/1999/risk_aversion.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2008).
  • Başoğlu, Ufuk, Ali Ceylan ve İlker Parasız (2001), Finans: Teori, Kurum ve Araçlar, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa.
  • Bellante, Don ve Carole A. Gren (2004), “Relative Risk Aversion mong the Elderly”, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 13, pp. 269–281.
  • Brown, Sarah ve Karl Taylor (2003), “Wage Growth, Human Capital and Risk Preference”, June, pp. 1-28, http://repec.org/res2004/BrownTaylor.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2008).
  • Brown, Sarah ve Karl Taylor (2005), “Wage Growth, Human Capital and Financial Investment”, The Manchester School, Vol. 73, Issue 6, December, pp. 686–708.
  • Brown, Sarah ve Karl Taylor (2007), “Education, Risk Preference and Wages”, Manuscript, Departmant of Economics, University of Sheffield, January, pp.1- 27.
  • Brown, Sarah, Michael Dietrich, Aurora Ortiz ve Karl Taylor (2008), “Self- Employment and Risk Preference”, Sheffield Economic Research Paper Series, February, pp. 1-29.
  • Callan, Victor J. ve Malcolm Johnson (1999), “Measuring Risk Tolerance: A Psychological Perspective”, The University of Queensland, August, pp.1-25.
  • Charness, Gary ve Uri Gneezy (2007), “Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Investment”, September 18, pp. 1-21, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=648735, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2008).
  • Chaulk, Barbara, Phyllis J. Johnson ve Richard Bulcroft (2003), “Effects of Marriage and Children on Financial Risk Tolerance: A Synthesis of Family Development and Prospect Theory”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 257-279.
  • Coleman, Susan (2003), “Women and Risk: An Analysis of Attitudes and Investment Behavior”, Ed.: Janet L. Dye ve Denise Woodbury, Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 99-115.
  • Cordell, David M. (2001), “RiskPACK: How to Evaluate Risk Tolerance”, http://www.fpanet.org/journal/articles/2001_Issues/jfp0601-art5.cfm, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2008).
  • Corter, James E. ve Yuh-Jia Chen (2006), “Do Investment Risk Tolerance Attitudes Predict Portfolio Risk?”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 20, Issue 3, pp. 369-381.
  • Dohmen, Thomas, Armin Falk, David Huffman, Uwe Sunde, Jürgen Schupp ve Gert G. Wagner (2005), “Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 1730, September.
  • Dwyer, Peggy D. James H. Gilkeson ve John A. List (2002), “Gender Differences in Revealed Risk Taking: Evidence from Mutual Fund Investors”, Economics Letters, Vol. 76, Issue 2, pp. 151-158.
  • Embrey, Lori L. ve Jonathan J. Fox (1997), “Gender Differences in the Investment Decision-Making Process”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp.33-40.
  • Faff, Robert (2008), “On the Linkage between Financial Risk Tolerance and Risk Aversion”, The Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp.1-23.
  • Finke, Michael S. ve Sandra J. Huston (2003), “The Brighter Side of Financial Risk: Financial Risk Tolerance and Wealth”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 233-256
  • Grable, John E. ve Ruth H. Lytton (1998), “Investor Risk Tolerance: Testing the Efficacy of Demographics as Differentiating and Classifying Factors”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 61-73.
  • Grable, John ve Ruth H. Lytton (1999a), “Financial Risk Tolerance Revisited: The Development of a Risk Assessment Instrument”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 8, pp. 163–181.
  • Grable, John E. ve Ruth H. Lytton (1999b), “Assessing Financial Risk Tolerance: Do Demographic, Socioeconomic and Attitudinal Factors Work?”, Family Relations and Human Development /Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial, pp. 1-9.
  • Grable, John E. ve So-Hyun Joo (1999), “Factors Related to Risk Tolerance: A Further Examination”, Consumer Interests Annual, Vol. 45, pp. 53-58.
  • Grable, John E. (2000), “Financial Risk Tolerance and Additional Factors that Affect Risk Taking in Everyday Money Matters”, Journal Of Business and Psychology, Vol. 14, Issue 4, pp. 25-63.
  • Grable, John E. ve So-Hyun Joo (2000), “A Cross-Disciplinary Examination of Financial Risk Tolerance”, Consumer Interests Annual, Volume 46, pp. 1-7.
  • Grable, John E. ve Ruth H. Lytton (2001), “Assessing the Concurrent Validity of the SCF Risk Tolerance Question”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 43-53.
  • Grable, John E. ve So-Hyun Joo (2004), “Environmental and Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Financial Risk Tolerance”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 73-82.
  • Grable, John, Ruth H. Lytton, Barbara O'neill, So-Hyun Joo ve Derek Klock (2006), “Risk Tolerance, Projection Bias, Vividness and Equity Prices”, The Journal of Investing, Summer, pp. 68-74.
  • Grable, John ve Michael J. Roszkowskj (2007), “Self-Assessments of Risk Tolerance by Women and Men”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 100, Issue 3, pp. 795-802.
  • Gutter, Michael S. ve Angela Fontes (2006), “Racial Differences in Risky Asset Ownership: A Two-Stage Model of the Investment Decision-Making Process”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 64-78.
  • Halek, Martin ve Joseph G. Eisenhauer (2001), “Demography of Risk Aversion”, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 68, Issue 1, pp. 1-24.
  • Haliassos, Michael ve Carol C. Bertaut (1995), “Why do so Few Hold Stocks?”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 105, September, pp. 1110-1129.
  • Hallahan, Terrence, Robert Faff ve Michael McKenzie (2003), “An Exploratory Investigation of the Relation between Risk Tolerance Scores and Demographic Characteristics”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Vol. 13, Issues 4-5, pp. 483-502.
  • Hallahan, Terrence A., Robert W. Faff ve Michael D. McKenzie (2004), “An Empirical Investigation of Personal Financial Risk Tolerance”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 13, pp. 57–78.
  • Hanna, Sherman D., Michael S. Gutter ve Jessie X. Fan (1998), “A Theory Based Measure of Risk Tolerance”, 1998 AFS Conference, pp.1-17. http://hec.osu.edu/people/shanna/sh/afs98risk.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2008).
  • Hanna, Sherman D., Michael S. Gutter ve Jessie X. Fan (2001), “A Measure of Risk Tolerance Based on Economic Theory”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 53-60.
  • Hanna, Sherman D. ve Suzanne Lindamood (2004), “An Improved Measure of Risk Aversion”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. 27-38.
  • Hanna, Sherman D. ve Suzanne Lindamood (2005), “Risk Tolerance of Married Couples” Presented at the Academy of Financial Services Meeting, October, pp. 1-28.
  • Harranta, Valérie ve Nicolas G. Vaillant (2008), “Are Women Less Risk Averse Than Men? The Effect Of Impending Death on Risk-Taking Behavior”, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 29, pp. 396–401.
  • Harrison, Glenn W., Morten I. Lau ve E. Elisabet Rutström (2005), “Estimating Risk Attitudes in Denmark: A Field Experiment”, Working Paper in Economics and Finance, No. 05/07, December.
  • Hawley, Clifford B. ve Edwin T. Fujii (1993-1994), “An Empirical Analysis of Preferences for Financial Risk: Further Evidence on the Friedman-Savage Model”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol.16, Issue 2, pp. 197-204
  • Jacobs-Lawson, Joy M. ve Douglas A. Hershey (2005), “Influence of Future Time Perspective, Financial Knowledge and Financial Risk Tolerance on Retirement Saving Behaviors”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 14, pp. 331-344.
  • Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon ve Alexandra Bernasek (1998), “Are Women More Risk Averse?”, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 36, October, pp. 620-630.
  • Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon ve Alexandra Bernasek (2006), “Financial Risk Taking by Age and Birth Cohort”, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 72, Issue 4, pp. 981- 1001.
  • Konuralp, Gürel (2001), Sermaye Piyasaları, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Korkmaz, Turhan ve Ali Ceylan (2007), Sermaye Piyasası ve Menkul Değer Analizi, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa.
  • Lugovskyy, Oleksandr ve Philip J. Grossman (2007), “Forecasting the Risk Attitudes of Women and Men: An Experimental Test of the Strength of Gender Stereotypes”, Saint Cloud State University, Department of Economics, Working Papers, Number 2008-07, October.
  • Masters, Robert (1989), “Study Examines Investors’ Risk Taking Propensities”, Journal of Financial Planning, Vol. 2, July, pp. 151-155.
  • Mittal, Manish ve R. K. Vyas (2007), “Demographics and Investment Choice among Indian Investors”, The ICFAI Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 4, Issue 52(4), pp. 51-65.
  • Olsen, Robert A. ve Constance M. Cox (2001), “The Influence of Gender on the Perception and Response to Investment Risk: The Case of Professional Investors”, The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 29–36.
  • Research Department Investment Company Institute (1993), “Piecing Together Shareholder Perceptions of Investment Risk”, Spring, pp.1-61.
  • Roszkowski, Michael J. ve John Grable (2005a), “Gender Stereotypes in Advisors’ Clinical Judgments of Financial Risk Tolerance: Objects in the Mirror are Closer than They Appear”, The Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. 181– 191.
  • Roszkowski, Michael J. ve John Grable (2005b), “Estimating Risk Tolerance: The Degree of Accuracy and the Paramorphic Representations of the Estimate”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 29-47.
  • Roszkowski, Michael J., Geoff Davey ve John E. Grable (2005), “Insights from Psychology and Psychometrics on Measuring Risk Tolerance”, Journal of Financial Planning, April, pp. 66-77.
  • Schooley, Diane K. ve D. Drecnik Worden (1996), “Risk Aversion Measures: Comparing Attitudes and Asset Allocation”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 87-99.
  • Schooley, Diane K. ve D. Drecnik Worden (1999), “Investors’ Asset Allocations Versus Life-Cycle Funds”, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 37-43.
  • Sunden, Annika E. ve Brian J. Surette (1998), “Gender Differences in the Allocation of Assets in Retirement Savings Plans”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 88, Issue 2, pp. 207-211.
  • Sung, Jaimie ve Sherman Hana (1996), “Factors Related to Risk Tolerance”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7, pp. 11-20.
  • Türko, Metin (2002), Finansal Yönetim, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Venter, Gerhard Van de (2006), “Financial Planners’ Perceptions of Risk Tolerance”, The 2006 Financial Management Association’s (FMA) Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 11 – 14 October, pp.1-31.
  • Wallach, Michael ve Nathan Kogan (1961), “Aspects of Judgment and Decision Making: Interrelationships and Changes With Age”, Behavioral Science, Vol. 6, pp. 23-26.
  • Wang, Cong ve Sherman D. Hanna (2007), “The Risk Tolerance and Stock Ownership of Business Owning Households”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 3-18.
  • Wang, Hui ve Sherman Hanna (1997), “Does Risk Tolerance Decrease with Age?”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 27-31.
  • Watson, John ve Mark McNaughton (2007), “Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Expected Retirement Benefits”, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 4, pp. 52-62.
  • Yang, Yali (2004), “Measuring Risk Preferences: Re-examination of Grable & Lytton’s 13-Item Questionnaire”, Consumer Interests Annual, Vol. 50, pp. 119-122.
  • Yao, Rui ve Sherman D. Hanna (2005), “The Effect of Gender and Marital Status on Financial Risk Tolerance”, Journal of Personal Finance, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 66- 85.
  • Yao, Rui, Michael S. Gutter ve Sherman D. Hanna (2005), “The Financial Risk Tolerance of Blacks, Hispanics and Whites”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 51-62.
  • Yao, Rui, Sherman D. Hanna ve Suzanne Lindamood (2004), “Changes in Financial Risk Tolerance, 1983-2001”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 13, pp. 249-266.

BİREYSEL YATIRIMCILARIN FİNANSAL RİSK ALGILAMALARINI ETKİLEYEN DEMOGRAFİK VE SOSYOEKONOMİK FAKTÖRLER

Year 2009, Volume: 5 Issue: 9, 129 - 150, 01.06.2009

Abstract

Bireysel yatırımcıların finansal risk algılamaları ve finansal risk toleransının ölçülmesi, hem tasarruflarını çeşitli yatırım alternatiflerinde değerlendirmek isteyen bireysel yatırımcılar hem de yatırımcılara aracılık ve danışmanlık hizmeti sunan finansal kurumlar açısından oldukça önemlidir. Ayrıca yatırımcıların finansal risk algılamaları, finansal enstrümanların yapılandırılması açısından, finansal yatırım enstrümanlarını ihraç eden kurumlar için de önemlidir. Bireysel yatırımcıların finansal risk algılamalarını etkileyen faktörler, yıllardır pek çok araştırma ve tartışmanın konusu olmuştur. Bu çalışma, yatırımcıların finansal risk algılamaları ile demografik ve ekonomik faktörler arasındaki ilişkinin boyutlarını tartışmaktadır.

References

  • Al-Ajmi, Jasim Y. (2008), “Risk Tolerance of Individual Investors in an Emerging Market”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, Issue 17, pp. 15-26.
  • Ardehali, Parisa Hosseini, Joseph C. Paradi ve Mette Asmild (2005), “Assessing Financial Risk Tolerance of Portfolio Investors Using Data Envelopment Analysis”, International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making, Vol. 4, Issue 3, pp. 491–519.
  • Bajtelsmit, Vickie L. ve Alexandra Bernasek (1996), “Why Do Women Invest Differently Than Men?”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7, pp. 1-10.
  • Bajtelsmit, Vickie L. (1999), “Evidence of Risk Aversion in the Health and Retirement Study”, March 1, pp. 1-18, http://www.aria.org/rts/proceedings/1999/risk_aversion.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.09.2008).
  • Başoğlu, Ufuk, Ali Ceylan ve İlker Parasız (2001), Finans: Teori, Kurum ve Araçlar, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa.
  • Bellante, Don ve Carole A. Gren (2004), “Relative Risk Aversion mong the Elderly”, Review of Financial Economics, Vol. 13, pp. 269–281.
  • Brown, Sarah ve Karl Taylor (2003), “Wage Growth, Human Capital and Risk Preference”, June, pp. 1-28, http://repec.org/res2004/BrownTaylor.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2008).
  • Brown, Sarah ve Karl Taylor (2005), “Wage Growth, Human Capital and Financial Investment”, The Manchester School, Vol. 73, Issue 6, December, pp. 686–708.
  • Brown, Sarah ve Karl Taylor (2007), “Education, Risk Preference and Wages”, Manuscript, Departmant of Economics, University of Sheffield, January, pp.1- 27.
  • Brown, Sarah, Michael Dietrich, Aurora Ortiz ve Karl Taylor (2008), “Self- Employment and Risk Preference”, Sheffield Economic Research Paper Series, February, pp. 1-29.
  • Callan, Victor J. ve Malcolm Johnson (1999), “Measuring Risk Tolerance: A Psychological Perspective”, The University of Queensland, August, pp.1-25.
  • Charness, Gary ve Uri Gneezy (2007), “Strong Evidence for Gender Differences in Investment”, September 18, pp. 1-21, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=648735, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2008).
  • Chaulk, Barbara, Phyllis J. Johnson ve Richard Bulcroft (2003), “Effects of Marriage and Children on Financial Risk Tolerance: A Synthesis of Family Development and Prospect Theory”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 257-279.
  • Coleman, Susan (2003), “Women and Risk: An Analysis of Attitudes and Investment Behavior”, Ed.: Janet L. Dye ve Denise Woodbury, Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, Vol. 7, Issue 2, pp. 99-115.
  • Cordell, David M. (2001), “RiskPACK: How to Evaluate Risk Tolerance”, http://www.fpanet.org/journal/articles/2001_Issues/jfp0601-art5.cfm, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.08.2008).
  • Corter, James E. ve Yuh-Jia Chen (2006), “Do Investment Risk Tolerance Attitudes Predict Portfolio Risk?”, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 20, Issue 3, pp. 369-381.
  • Dohmen, Thomas, Armin Falk, David Huffman, Uwe Sunde, Jürgen Schupp ve Gert G. Wagner (2005), “Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 1730, September.
  • Dwyer, Peggy D. James H. Gilkeson ve John A. List (2002), “Gender Differences in Revealed Risk Taking: Evidence from Mutual Fund Investors”, Economics Letters, Vol. 76, Issue 2, pp. 151-158.
  • Embrey, Lori L. ve Jonathan J. Fox (1997), “Gender Differences in the Investment Decision-Making Process”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp.33-40.
  • Faff, Robert (2008), “On the Linkage between Financial Risk Tolerance and Risk Aversion”, The Journal of Financial Research, Vol. 31, Issue 1, pp.1-23.
  • Finke, Michael S. ve Sandra J. Huston (2003), “The Brighter Side of Financial Risk: Financial Risk Tolerance and Wealth”, Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 24, Issue 3, pp. 233-256
  • Grable, John E. ve Ruth H. Lytton (1998), “Investor Risk Tolerance: Testing the Efficacy of Demographics as Differentiating and Classifying Factors”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 9, Issue 1, pp. 61-73.
  • Grable, John ve Ruth H. Lytton (1999a), “Financial Risk Tolerance Revisited: The Development of a Risk Assessment Instrument”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 8, pp. 163–181.
  • Grable, John E. ve Ruth H. Lytton (1999b), “Assessing Financial Risk Tolerance: Do Demographic, Socioeconomic and Attitudinal Factors Work?”, Family Relations and Human Development /Family Economics and Resource Management Biennial, pp. 1-9.
  • Grable, John E. ve So-Hyun Joo (1999), “Factors Related to Risk Tolerance: A Further Examination”, Consumer Interests Annual, Vol. 45, pp. 53-58.
  • Grable, John E. (2000), “Financial Risk Tolerance and Additional Factors that Affect Risk Taking in Everyday Money Matters”, Journal Of Business and Psychology, Vol. 14, Issue 4, pp. 25-63.
  • Grable, John E. ve So-Hyun Joo (2000), “A Cross-Disciplinary Examination of Financial Risk Tolerance”, Consumer Interests Annual, Volume 46, pp. 1-7.
  • Grable, John E. ve Ruth H. Lytton (2001), “Assessing the Concurrent Validity of the SCF Risk Tolerance Question”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 43-53.
  • Grable, John E. ve So-Hyun Joo (2004), “Environmental and Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with Financial Risk Tolerance”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 73-82.
  • Grable, John, Ruth H. Lytton, Barbara O'neill, So-Hyun Joo ve Derek Klock (2006), “Risk Tolerance, Projection Bias, Vividness and Equity Prices”, The Journal of Investing, Summer, pp. 68-74.
  • Grable, John ve Michael J. Roszkowskj (2007), “Self-Assessments of Risk Tolerance by Women and Men”, Psychological Reports, Vol. 100, Issue 3, pp. 795-802.
  • Gutter, Michael S. ve Angela Fontes (2006), “Racial Differences in Risky Asset Ownership: A Two-Stage Model of the Investment Decision-Making Process”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 64-78.
  • Halek, Martin ve Joseph G. Eisenhauer (2001), “Demography of Risk Aversion”, The Journal of Risk and Insurance, Vol. 68, Issue 1, pp. 1-24.
  • Haliassos, Michael ve Carol C. Bertaut (1995), “Why do so Few Hold Stocks?”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 105, September, pp. 1110-1129.
  • Hallahan, Terrence, Robert Faff ve Michael McKenzie (2003), “An Exploratory Investigation of the Relation between Risk Tolerance Scores and Demographic Characteristics”, Journal of Multinational Financial Management, Vol. 13, Issues 4-5, pp. 483-502.
  • Hallahan, Terrence A., Robert W. Faff ve Michael D. McKenzie (2004), “An Empirical Investigation of Personal Financial Risk Tolerance”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 13, pp. 57–78.
  • Hanna, Sherman D., Michael S. Gutter ve Jessie X. Fan (1998), “A Theory Based Measure of Risk Tolerance”, 1998 AFS Conference, pp.1-17. http://hec.osu.edu/people/shanna/sh/afs98risk.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2008).
  • Hanna, Sherman D., Michael S. Gutter ve Jessie X. Fan (2001), “A Measure of Risk Tolerance Based on Economic Theory”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 12, Issue 2, pp. 53-60.
  • Hanna, Sherman D. ve Suzanne Lindamood (2004), “An Improved Measure of Risk Aversion”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 15, Issue 2, pp. 27-38.
  • Hanna, Sherman D. ve Suzanne Lindamood (2005), “Risk Tolerance of Married Couples” Presented at the Academy of Financial Services Meeting, October, pp. 1-28.
  • Harranta, Valérie ve Nicolas G. Vaillant (2008), “Are Women Less Risk Averse Than Men? The Effect Of Impending Death on Risk-Taking Behavior”, Evolution and Human Behavior, Vol. 29, pp. 396–401.
  • Harrison, Glenn W., Morten I. Lau ve E. Elisabet Rutström (2005), “Estimating Risk Attitudes in Denmark: A Field Experiment”, Working Paper in Economics and Finance, No. 05/07, December.
  • Hawley, Clifford B. ve Edwin T. Fujii (1993-1994), “An Empirical Analysis of Preferences for Financial Risk: Further Evidence on the Friedman-Savage Model”, Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, Vol.16, Issue 2, pp. 197-204
  • Jacobs-Lawson, Joy M. ve Douglas A. Hershey (2005), “Influence of Future Time Perspective, Financial Knowledge and Financial Risk Tolerance on Retirement Saving Behaviors”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 14, pp. 331-344.
  • Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon ve Alexandra Bernasek (1998), “Are Women More Risk Averse?”, Economic Inquiry, Vol. 36, October, pp. 620-630.
  • Jianakoplos, Nancy Ammon ve Alexandra Bernasek (2006), “Financial Risk Taking by Age and Birth Cohort”, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 72, Issue 4, pp. 981- 1001.
  • Konuralp, Gürel (2001), Sermaye Piyasaları, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Korkmaz, Turhan ve Ali Ceylan (2007), Sermaye Piyasası ve Menkul Değer Analizi, Ekin Kitabevi, Bursa.
  • Lugovskyy, Oleksandr ve Philip J. Grossman (2007), “Forecasting the Risk Attitudes of Women and Men: An Experimental Test of the Strength of Gender Stereotypes”, Saint Cloud State University, Department of Economics, Working Papers, Number 2008-07, October.
  • Masters, Robert (1989), “Study Examines Investors’ Risk Taking Propensities”, Journal of Financial Planning, Vol. 2, July, pp. 151-155.
  • Mittal, Manish ve R. K. Vyas (2007), “Demographics and Investment Choice among Indian Investors”, The ICFAI Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 4, Issue 52(4), pp. 51-65.
  • Olsen, Robert A. ve Constance M. Cox (2001), “The Influence of Gender on the Perception and Response to Investment Risk: The Case of Professional Investors”, The Journal of Psychology and Financial Markets, Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp. 29–36.
  • Research Department Investment Company Institute (1993), “Piecing Together Shareholder Perceptions of Investment Risk”, Spring, pp.1-61.
  • Roszkowski, Michael J. ve John Grable (2005a), “Gender Stereotypes in Advisors’ Clinical Judgments of Financial Risk Tolerance: Objects in the Mirror are Closer than They Appear”, The Journal of Behavioral Finance, Vol. 6, Issue 4, pp. 181– 191.
  • Roszkowski, Michael J. ve John Grable (2005b), “Estimating Risk Tolerance: The Degree of Accuracy and the Paramorphic Representations of the Estimate”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 16, Issue 2, pp. 29-47.
  • Roszkowski, Michael J., Geoff Davey ve John E. Grable (2005), “Insights from Psychology and Psychometrics on Measuring Risk Tolerance”, Journal of Financial Planning, April, pp. 66-77.
  • Schooley, Diane K. ve D. Drecnik Worden (1996), “Risk Aversion Measures: Comparing Attitudes and Asset Allocation”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 5, Issue 2, pp. 87-99.
  • Schooley, Diane K. ve D. Drecnik Worden (1999), “Investors’ Asset Allocations Versus Life-Cycle Funds”, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 5, pp. 37-43.
  • Sunden, Annika E. ve Brian J. Surette (1998), “Gender Differences in the Allocation of Assets in Retirement Savings Plans”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 88, Issue 2, pp. 207-211.
  • Sung, Jaimie ve Sherman Hana (1996), “Factors Related to Risk Tolerance”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 7, pp. 11-20.
  • Türko, Metin (2002), Finansal Yönetim, Alfa Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Venter, Gerhard Van de (2006), “Financial Planners’ Perceptions of Risk Tolerance”, The 2006 Financial Management Association’s (FMA) Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA, 11 – 14 October, pp.1-31.
  • Wallach, Michael ve Nathan Kogan (1961), “Aspects of Judgment and Decision Making: Interrelationships and Changes With Age”, Behavioral Science, Vol. 6, pp. 23-26.
  • Wang, Cong ve Sherman D. Hanna (2007), “The Risk Tolerance and Stock Ownership of Business Owning Households”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 18, Issue 2, pp. 3-18.
  • Wang, Hui ve Sherman Hanna (1997), “Does Risk Tolerance Decrease with Age?”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 8, Issue 2, pp. 27-31.
  • Watson, John ve Mark McNaughton (2007), “Gender Differences in Risk Aversion and Expected Retirement Benefits”, Financial Analysts Journal, Vol. 63, Issue 4, pp. 52-62.
  • Yang, Yali (2004), “Measuring Risk Preferences: Re-examination of Grable & Lytton’s 13-Item Questionnaire”, Consumer Interests Annual, Vol. 50, pp. 119-122.
  • Yao, Rui ve Sherman D. Hanna (2005), “The Effect of Gender and Marital Status on Financial Risk Tolerance”, Journal of Personal Finance, Vol. 4, Issue 1, pp. 66- 85.
  • Yao, Rui, Michael S. Gutter ve Sherman D. Hanna (2005), “The Financial Risk Tolerance of Blacks, Hispanics and Whites”, Financial Counseling and Planning, Vol. 16, Issue 1, pp. 51-62.
  • Yao, Rui, Sherman D. Hanna ve Suzanne Lindamood (2004), “Changes in Financial Risk Tolerance, 1983-2001”, Financial Services Review, Vol. 13, pp. 249-266.
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Adem Anbar This is me

Melek Eker This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 5 Issue: 9

Cite

APA Anbar, A., & Eker, M. (2009). BİREYSEL YATIRIMCILARIN FİNANSAL RİSK ALGILAMALARINI ETKİLEYEN DEMOGRAFİK VE SOSYOEKONOMİK FAKTÖRLER. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 5(9), 129-150.