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AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN 19TH CENTURY

Year 2011, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 0 - 0, 01.12.2011

Murat Gökhan Dalyan

Abstract

The Agricultural activities of Nestorians, which was one of the Christian societies in Middle East in the 19th century, were carried out according to the geographical structure of the area they lived in. While they performed their agricultural activities in vast plains in Northwest Iran, they used terraces in deep valley created by rivers in Hakkari area. Wheat, walnut, mulberry, corn, grape, tobacco and melon were the main agricultural products. Grape and tobacco, being export products, were of more importance. Because of the climate of the area, they occasionally experienced draughts. As a result, Nestorians performed for rain prayer in the times of shortages

Keywords

Nestorians Agriculturel Grape Tobacco Walnut

References

  • Sadaret Mektubi Mühime Kalemi Evrakı (A.MKT.MHM.)
  • Dosya No: 480 Gömlek No: 66.
  • Yıldız Esas ve Sadrazam Kamil Paşa Evrakı (Y.E.E.)
  • Dosya No: 132 Gömlek No: 26.
  • Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Umum Vilayetler Tahriratı (Y.PRK. UM)
  • Dosya No:3 Gömlek No: 40.
  • Sadaret Umum Vilayetler Tahriratı (A.MKT. UM)
  • Dosya No: 147 Gömlek No: 43.
  • Albayrak, Kadir ( 1997), Keldaniler ve Nasturîler, Vadi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Anderson, Rufus (1872), History of the Missions of the American Board of Commissioners Foreign Missions to the Oriental Churches c. I, Boston.
  • Anderson, Rufus,( 1884). History of the Misions of the American Board of ComMissioners Foreign Missions to the Oriental Churches c.II, Boston 1884.
  • Badger, George Percy (MDCCCLII), The Nestorians and Their Rituals with the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844 Vol. I, Joseph Masters, Aldersgate Street, And New Bond Street, London.
  • Bilgili, Ali Sinan (2004), Osmanlı İran ve Azerbaycanı I. (16. ve 18. Yüzyıllar Sosyalve Ekonomik Tarih), Bozlar Yay., Erzurum.
  • Brauer, Eric and Patai, Raphael (2005), Kürdistanlı Yahudiler, Çev. Fahriye Adsay, Avesta Yayınları, I.Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Campell, William W. (1844), A Memoır Of Mrs. Judith S. Grnat, Late Missionary To Persia, New York.
  • Cantuar, F. (1899), “Nestorıan Distress Fund”, Querterly Report of Assyrian Mission, No. XXXVIII., Published For The Assyrian Mission London, 323.
  • Coleman, Lyman (1858), Ancient Christianity Exemplified in the Private, Domestic, Social, and Civil Life of Primative Christians, and in the Orginal Institutıons, Offices, Ordinances, and Rites of the Church, Lıppıncott, Grambo & Co., Philadelphia.
  • Cuinet, Vital (1891), La Turquie D’Asie Gêographie Administrative Statisique Descriptive et Raisonnêe De Chaque Province De L’Asıe-Mineure c. II, Ernest Leroux, Edıteur 28, Reu Bonaparte, 28, Paris.
  • Cutts, Edward L. (1876), Christians Under the Crescent in Asia, London.
  • Çelik, Mehmet (1995), Süryani Tarihi c. I, Ayraç Yayınları, I.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Dalyan, Murat Gökhan (2009), 19. Yüzyıl’da Nasturiler, (İdari-Sosyal-Yapı ve Siyasal İlişkiler), Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • Dwight, Harrison Gray Otis (1840), Memoir Of Mrs. Elizabeth B. Dwight: Including An Account Of The Plague 1837, New-York.
  • Grant, Asahal (1994), Nasturiler ya da Kayıp Boylar, Çev. Meral Barış, Bet-Prasa-Bet- Froso, Nsibin Yayınevi, Södertalje-Sweden.
  • Hay, W.R.. (2005), Two Years in Kurdistan (1918-1920),Londra 1921. ( Kürdistan’da iki Yıl 1918-1920, Çev. Fahri Adsay, I.Baskı, Avesta Yayınları, Barış Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Heazal, F. N. and Margoliouth, M.A., (1913), Kurds & Christians, London.
  • Hezarfen, Ahmet (2003), Osmanlı Belgeleri’nde Diyarbakır Tarihi, Yayına Hazırlayan: Cemal Şener, Etik Yay.I.Baskı, İstanbul Haziran.
  • Jenks, David (1892), “The Famine in Nochea”, Querterly Report of Assyrian Mission, No. XI., Published For The Assyrian Mission London, 23-24.
  • Joseph Plumb Cochran, M.D of Persia, Fleming H. Revell Company, New York.
  • Kinneir, John Macdonald (1818), Journey Through Asia Minor, Armenia and Koordistan, in The Years 1813 and 1814; with Remarks on The Marches of Alexander, and Retreat of The Ten Thousand, John Murray, Albemarle-Street, London.
  • Lalayan, E. A. (1914), Van Bölgesinde Asurlar, Çev. Edip İhsan Polat, Tiflis.
  • Laurie, Thomas (1853), Dr.Grant And The Mountain Nestorians, Boston.
  • Layard, Austen Henry (2000), Ninova ve Kalıntıları Kürdistan’ın Keldani Hıristiyanları, Yezidiler ya da Şeytana Tapanların Ülkesine Bir Gezi, Eski Asur’un Töre ve Sanatlarının Araştırılması, Çev. Zafer Avşar, Avesta Basın Yayın, İstanbul.
  • M., J. (1901), “Arrival At Urmi”, Querterly Report of Assyrıan Mission, No. XLIV., Published For The Assyrian Mıssıon London, 424-426.
  • Maclean, Arthur John and Browne, William Henry(1891), The Catholicos of the East and His People, Being the Impressions of Five Years Work in the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Assyrian Mission” An Account of the Religious and Secular Life and Opinions of the Esatern Assyrian Christians of Kurdistan and Northern Persia (Know also as Nestorians), London.
  • Marsh, Dwight W. (1865), The Tennesseean In Persia and Koordistan Being Scenes and Incidents in The Life Of Samuel Audley Rhea, Presbytrian Publication Committee, Philadelphia,.
  • Matiyef, KP. (1996), Asurlar, Modern Çağda Asur Ulusal Sorunu, Çev. Murat Kara, Bet-Prasa & Bet-Froso, Nsibin Yayınevi.
  • Millingen, Major Frederick (1998) Kürtler Arasında Doğal Yaşam, Çev. Nuray Mestçi, Doz Yaınları, I. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • N., F.H. (1902), “Tyarı”,Querterly Report of Assyrian Mission, No. XLVIII., Published For The Assyrian Mission London, 505-507.
  • Nikitin, Bazil (1976), Kürtler Sosyolojik ve Tarihi İnceleme, Özgülük Yolu Yay., İstanbul Aralık.
  • Perkins, Justin (1843a), A Residence of Eight Years in Persia Among The Nestorian Christians, Boston.
  • Perkins, Justin (1843b), “A Residence of Eight Years in Persia, Among The Nestorians Christians; With Notices of Muhammedans”, The Christian Examıner and General Rewiev Vol.XXXIV.Third Series Volum XVI., Boston, 100-110.
  • Perkins, Justin (1850c), “Journal of a Tour from to Mosul, through The Koordish Mountains, and a Visit to Ruins of Nineveh,” American Oriental Society, Boston, 71-119.
  • Perkins, Justin and Laurie, Thomas, (1862), Historical Sketch of the Mission to the Nestorians and of the Assyria Mission, New York,.
  • Perkins, Justin (1868d), Missionary Life in Persia Being Glimses of the A Century of Labros among the Nestorians, Boston.
  • Report (1842), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thırty-Thırd Annual Meeting, Held In The City of Norwıch, Connectıcut, Sept.13,14,15 & 16, 1842, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 127-131.
  • Report (1843), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thırty-Fourth Annual meeting, Held In The City of Rochester, N.Y., Sept.12,13,14 &15, 1843, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 106-114.
  • Report (1844), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting, Held In The City of Worcester, Massachusetts., Sept.10-13, 1844, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 139-149.
  • Report (1845, )of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thırty-Sixth Annual Meeting, Held In Brooklyn, New York, Sept. 9-12, 1845., Printed For The Board, By T.R. Marvın. Boston, 113-126.
  • Report (1855), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Forty-Sixth Annual meeting, Held In The City of Utica, NewYork, September11–14, 1855, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 75-87.
  • Sasani, Han Melik (2006), Payitahtın Son Yıllarında Bir Sefir, Ter. Hakkı Uygur, Klasik Yay., I.Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Shedd, William A., (1903), “The Assyrians of Persia And Eastern Turkey”, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society Vol. 35., No. 1., New York, 1-7.
  • Shedd, J. H. ( 1871), A Sketch Of The Persıa Mission, New York.
  • Shedd, William A. (1903), “The Syrians Of Persia And Eastern Turkey”, Bulletin Of The American Geographical Society Vol.35., No1., 1903, New York, 1-7.
  • Smith, Eli and Dwight, H.G.O., ( 1834), Missionary Researches in Armenia: Including a Journey through Asia Minor, and into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oroomiah and Salmas, London.
  • Smith, Eli (1833), Researches of the Rev. E. Smith and Rev. H.G.O. Dwinght in Armenia: Including a Jurney Through Asia Minor, and into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Salmas, Vol. II, Boston.
  • Speer, Robert E. (1911), The Hakim Sahib The Foreign Doctor a Biography of
  • Termen, İ.R., (1910), 1906’da Van Bölgesindeki Hakkâri Dağlarına Düzenlenen Bir Gezi İle İlgili Rapor, Çev. Edip İhsan Polat, Tiflis.
  • The Forth-Eighth Annual Report (1885), Board of Foreign Missions Of The Presbyterıan Church of The Unıted States of America Presented To The General Assembly, May. 1885.., New York , Mission House, 23 Centre Street, 67-76.
  • The Forth-First Annual Report (1878), Board of Foreign Missions of The Presbyterıan Church of The Unıted States of America Presented To The General Assembly, May. 1878., New York , Mission House, 23 Centre Street, 46-51.
  • The Missionary Herald, (1851), Vol. XLVII. June, 1851, No.6.”, The Mıssıonary Herald Contaınıng The Proceedings of The American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Mission With A Vıew of Other Benevolent Operations For Teh Year 1851, Vol. XLVII., Boston, 182-190.
  • The Sixty-Second Annual Report (1899), Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterıan Church of The United States of America Presented to the General Assembly, May. 1899., New York, 193-209.
  • Tyler, W.S. (1859), Memoir of Rev. Henry Lobdell, M.D. Late Missionary of The American Board At Musul: Including The Early History of The Assyrian Mission, PublishedBy The American Tract Society, Boston.
  • Wigram,, W. A. (1929), The Assyrians And Their Neighbours, G.Bell & Sons, London
  • http://www.aina.org/books/aatn.htm. (Erişim tarihi: 17.3.2006.)
  • Wigram, W.A. and Wigram, Edgar T.A. (2004), İnsanlığın Beşiği Kürdistan’da Yaşam, Çev. İbrahim Bingöl, Avesta Yayınları, I.Baskı İstanbul.

XIX. Yüzyılda Nasturilerde Tarım ve Tarımsal Faaliyetler

Year 2011, Volume: 7 Issue: 14, 0 - 0, 01.12.2011

Murat Gökhan Dalyan

Abstract

XIX. yüzyıl Ortadoğu’sunda yaşayan Hıristiyan bir topluluk Nasturilerde tarımsal faaliyetler bulundukları ülkelerin coğrafi yapısına göre yapılmıştır. Kuzey batı İran’da tarım, geniş ovalarda yapılırken; Hakkâri bölgesinde akarsuların aşındırdığı derin vadilerde oluşturulan teraslarda yapılmıştır. Buğday, ceviz, dut, mısır, darı, üzüm tütün, kavun başlıca yetiştirilen tarım ürünlerdir. Bu ürünlerden özellikle üzüm ve tütün, dışa satım konusunda diğer ürünlere göre daha fazla ön plandadır. Bölgenin iklimden dolayı, zaman zaman kuraklıklar meydana gelmiştir. Bu nedenle Nasturiler, kıtlık zamanlarında yağmur duasına çıkmışlardır.

Keywords

Nasturi Tarım Üzüm Tütün Ceviz

References

  • Sadaret Mektubi Mühime Kalemi Evrakı (A.MKT.MHM.)
  • Dosya No: 480 Gömlek No: 66.
  • Yıldız Esas ve Sadrazam Kamil Paşa Evrakı (Y.E.E.)
  • Dosya No: 132 Gömlek No: 26.
  • Yıldız Perakende Evrakı Umum Vilayetler Tahriratı (Y.PRK. UM)
  • Dosya No:3 Gömlek No: 40.
  • Sadaret Umum Vilayetler Tahriratı (A.MKT. UM)
  • Dosya No: 147 Gömlek No: 43.
  • Albayrak, Kadir ( 1997), Keldaniler ve Nasturîler, Vadi Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Anderson, Rufus (1872), History of the Missions of the American Board of Commissioners Foreign Missions to the Oriental Churches c. I, Boston.
  • Anderson, Rufus,( 1884). History of the Misions of the American Board of ComMissioners Foreign Missions to the Oriental Churches c.II, Boston 1884.
  • Badger, George Percy (MDCCCLII), The Nestorians and Their Rituals with the Narrative of a Mission to Mesopotamia and Coordistan in 1842-1844 Vol. I, Joseph Masters, Aldersgate Street, And New Bond Street, London.
  • Bilgili, Ali Sinan (2004), Osmanlı İran ve Azerbaycanı I. (16. ve 18. Yüzyıllar Sosyalve Ekonomik Tarih), Bozlar Yay., Erzurum.
  • Brauer, Eric and Patai, Raphael (2005), Kürdistanlı Yahudiler, Çev. Fahriye Adsay, Avesta Yayınları, I.Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Campell, William W. (1844), A Memoır Of Mrs. Judith S. Grnat, Late Missionary To Persia, New York.
  • Cantuar, F. (1899), “Nestorıan Distress Fund”, Querterly Report of Assyrian Mission, No. XXXVIII., Published For The Assyrian Mission London, 323.
  • Coleman, Lyman (1858), Ancient Christianity Exemplified in the Private, Domestic, Social, and Civil Life of Primative Christians, and in the Orginal Institutıons, Offices, Ordinances, and Rites of the Church, Lıppıncott, Grambo & Co., Philadelphia.
  • Cuinet, Vital (1891), La Turquie D’Asie Gêographie Administrative Statisique Descriptive et Raisonnêe De Chaque Province De L’Asıe-Mineure c. II, Ernest Leroux, Edıteur 28, Reu Bonaparte, 28, Paris.
  • Cutts, Edward L. (1876), Christians Under the Crescent in Asia, London.
  • Çelik, Mehmet (1995), Süryani Tarihi c. I, Ayraç Yayınları, I.Baskı, Ankara.
  • Dalyan, Murat Gökhan (2009), 19. Yüzyıl’da Nasturiler, (İdari-Sosyal-Yapı ve Siyasal İlişkiler), Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, Isparta.
  • Dwight, Harrison Gray Otis (1840), Memoir Of Mrs. Elizabeth B. Dwight: Including An Account Of The Plague 1837, New-York.
  • Grant, Asahal (1994), Nasturiler ya da Kayıp Boylar, Çev. Meral Barış, Bet-Prasa-Bet- Froso, Nsibin Yayınevi, Södertalje-Sweden.
  • Hay, W.R.. (2005), Two Years in Kurdistan (1918-1920),Londra 1921. ( Kürdistan’da iki Yıl 1918-1920, Çev. Fahri Adsay, I.Baskı, Avesta Yayınları, Barış Matbaası, İstanbul.
  • Heazal, F. N. and Margoliouth, M.A., (1913), Kurds & Christians, London.
  • Hezarfen, Ahmet (2003), Osmanlı Belgeleri’nde Diyarbakır Tarihi, Yayına Hazırlayan: Cemal Şener, Etik Yay.I.Baskı, İstanbul Haziran.
  • Jenks, David (1892), “The Famine in Nochea”, Querterly Report of Assyrian Mission, No. XI., Published For The Assyrian Mission London, 23-24.
  • Joseph Plumb Cochran, M.D of Persia, Fleming H. Revell Company, New York.
  • Kinneir, John Macdonald (1818), Journey Through Asia Minor, Armenia and Koordistan, in The Years 1813 and 1814; with Remarks on The Marches of Alexander, and Retreat of The Ten Thousand, John Murray, Albemarle-Street, London.
  • Lalayan, E. A. (1914), Van Bölgesinde Asurlar, Çev. Edip İhsan Polat, Tiflis.
  • Laurie, Thomas (1853), Dr.Grant And The Mountain Nestorians, Boston.
  • Layard, Austen Henry (2000), Ninova ve Kalıntıları Kürdistan’ın Keldani Hıristiyanları, Yezidiler ya da Şeytana Tapanların Ülkesine Bir Gezi, Eski Asur’un Töre ve Sanatlarının Araştırılması, Çev. Zafer Avşar, Avesta Basın Yayın, İstanbul.
  • M., J. (1901), “Arrival At Urmi”, Querterly Report of Assyrıan Mission, No. XLIV., Published For The Assyrian Mıssıon London, 424-426.
  • Maclean, Arthur John and Browne, William Henry(1891), The Catholicos of the East and His People, Being the Impressions of Five Years Work in the Archbishop of Canterbury’s Assyrian Mission” An Account of the Religious and Secular Life and Opinions of the Esatern Assyrian Christians of Kurdistan and Northern Persia (Know also as Nestorians), London.
  • Marsh, Dwight W. (1865), The Tennesseean In Persia and Koordistan Being Scenes and Incidents in The Life Of Samuel Audley Rhea, Presbytrian Publication Committee, Philadelphia,.
  • Matiyef, KP. (1996), Asurlar, Modern Çağda Asur Ulusal Sorunu, Çev. Murat Kara, Bet-Prasa & Bet-Froso, Nsibin Yayınevi.
  • Millingen, Major Frederick (1998) Kürtler Arasında Doğal Yaşam, Çev. Nuray Mestçi, Doz Yaınları, I. Baskı, İstanbul.
  • N., F.H. (1902), “Tyarı”,Querterly Report of Assyrian Mission, No. XLVIII., Published For The Assyrian Mission London, 505-507.
  • Nikitin, Bazil (1976), Kürtler Sosyolojik ve Tarihi İnceleme, Özgülük Yolu Yay., İstanbul Aralık.
  • Perkins, Justin (1843a), A Residence of Eight Years in Persia Among The Nestorian Christians, Boston.
  • Perkins, Justin (1843b), “A Residence of Eight Years in Persia, Among The Nestorians Christians; With Notices of Muhammedans”, The Christian Examıner and General Rewiev Vol.XXXIV.Third Series Volum XVI., Boston, 100-110.
  • Perkins, Justin (1850c), “Journal of a Tour from to Mosul, through The Koordish Mountains, and a Visit to Ruins of Nineveh,” American Oriental Society, Boston, 71-119.
  • Perkins, Justin and Laurie, Thomas, (1862), Historical Sketch of the Mission to the Nestorians and of the Assyria Mission, New York,.
  • Perkins, Justin (1868d), Missionary Life in Persia Being Glimses of the A Century of Labros among the Nestorians, Boston.
  • Report (1842), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thırty-Thırd Annual Meeting, Held In The City of Norwıch, Connectıcut, Sept.13,14,15 & 16, 1842, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 127-131.
  • Report (1843), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thırty-Fourth Annual meeting, Held In The City of Rochester, N.Y., Sept.12,13,14 &15, 1843, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 106-114.
  • Report (1844), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thirty-Fifth Annual Meeting, Held In The City of Worcester, Massachusetts., Sept.10-13, 1844, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 139-149.
  • Report (1845, )of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Thırty-Sixth Annual Meeting, Held In Brooklyn, New York, Sept. 9-12, 1845., Printed For The Board, By T.R. Marvın. Boston, 113-126.
  • Report (1855), of The American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Mission. Present At The Forty-Sixth Annual meeting, Held In The City of Utica, NewYork, September11–14, 1855, Printed For The Board, By Crocker And Brewster, Boston, 75-87.
  • Sasani, Han Melik (2006), Payitahtın Son Yıllarında Bir Sefir, Ter. Hakkı Uygur, Klasik Yay., I.Baskı, İstanbul.
  • Shedd, William A., (1903), “The Assyrians of Persia And Eastern Turkey”, Bulletin of the American Geographical Society Vol. 35., No. 1., New York, 1-7.
  • Shedd, J. H. ( 1871), A Sketch Of The Persıa Mission, New York.
  • Shedd, William A. (1903), “The Syrians Of Persia And Eastern Turkey”, Bulletin Of The American Geographical Society Vol.35., No1., 1903, New York, 1-7.
  • Smith, Eli and Dwight, H.G.O., ( 1834), Missionary Researches in Armenia: Including a Journey through Asia Minor, and into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oroomiah and Salmas, London.
  • Smith, Eli (1833), Researches of the Rev. E. Smith and Rev. H.G.O. Dwinght in Armenia: Including a Jurney Through Asia Minor, and into Georgia and Persia, with a Visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Salmas, Vol. II, Boston.
  • Speer, Robert E. (1911), The Hakim Sahib The Foreign Doctor a Biography of
  • Termen, İ.R., (1910), 1906’da Van Bölgesindeki Hakkâri Dağlarına Düzenlenen Bir Gezi İle İlgili Rapor, Çev. Edip İhsan Polat, Tiflis.
  • The Forth-Eighth Annual Report (1885), Board of Foreign Missions Of The Presbyterıan Church of The Unıted States of America Presented To The General Assembly, May. 1885.., New York , Mission House, 23 Centre Street, 67-76.
  • The Forth-First Annual Report (1878), Board of Foreign Missions of The Presbyterıan Church of The Unıted States of America Presented To The General Assembly, May. 1878., New York , Mission House, 23 Centre Street, 46-51.
  • The Missionary Herald, (1851), Vol. XLVII. June, 1851, No.6.”, The Mıssıonary Herald Contaınıng The Proceedings of The American Board of Commissioners For Foreign Mission With A Vıew of Other Benevolent Operations For Teh Year 1851, Vol. XLVII., Boston, 182-190.
  • The Sixty-Second Annual Report (1899), Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterıan Church of The United States of America Presented to the General Assembly, May. 1899., New York, 193-209.
  • Tyler, W.S. (1859), Memoir of Rev. Henry Lobdell, M.D. Late Missionary of The American Board At Musul: Including The Early History of The Assyrian Mission, PublishedBy The American Tract Society, Boston.
  • Wigram,, W. A. (1929), The Assyrians And Their Neighbours, G.Bell & Sons, London
  • http://www.aina.org/books/aatn.htm. (Erişim tarihi: 17.3.2006.)
  • Wigram, W.A. and Wigram, Edgar T.A. (2004), İnsanlığın Beşiği Kürdistan’da Yaşam, Çev. İbrahim Bingöl, Avesta Yayınları, I.Baskı İstanbul.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Gökhan Dalyan This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 7 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Dalyan, M. G. (2011). XIX. Yüzyılda Nasturilerde Tarım ve Tarımsal Faaliyetler. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 7(14).