YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ VE EKONOMİK BÜYÜME İLİŞKİSİ: G20 ÜLKELERİ ÖRNEĞİ (2000-2016)
Year 2020,
Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 251 - 266, 30.06.2020
İclal Ünüvar
Sibel Keskinkılıç
Abstract
İktisadi faaliyetlerin devamı ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından enerji önemli bir üretim
faktörüdür. Sanayileşmenin ve teknolojinin getirdiği yeniliklerle beraber son yüzyılda enerji kullanımının
giderek artması enerji arz güvenliği sorununu beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu bakımdan dünyada
yenilenebilir enerjinin üretimi ve tüketimi son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da 2000-2016
dönemi, G20 üyesi 19 ülke için yenilenebilir enerji üretimi ile ekonomik büyüme arasında ilişkiyi
araştırmaktır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle panel veri setinde yer alan ülkeler için yatay kesit bağımlılığı
ve homojenlik testleri uygulanmıştır. Serilerin durağanlığı ise ADF ve PP Fisher birim kök testleriyle
incelenmiştir. Durağan seriler elde edildikten sonra yenilenebilir enerji üretimi ve ekonomik büyüme
arasındaki ilişki Kao ve Johansen Fisher panel eşbütünleşme testleriyle araştırılmış ve FMOLS ve DOLS
testi sonuçları ile ilişkinin yönü tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen ampirik bulgular yenilebilir enerji üretimi ile
ekonomik büyüme arasında pozitif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir.
References
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Econometrics, 115 (1), 53-74.
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Econometrics, 90 (1), 1-44.
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ve Makine, 54 (639), 32-44.
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Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100 (C), 51-57.
- Kutan, A. M., Paramati, S. R., Ummalla, M., & Zakari, A. (2017). Financing renewable energy projects
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ilişki: Brics-T ülkeleri üzerine panel ARLD analizi. Siyaset Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 4 (4), 111-130.
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Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 381-392.
- Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully-modified ols for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In B. H. Baltagi (Ed.),
Advances in econometric volume 15, nonstationary panels, panel cointegration and dynamic
panels (pp. 93-130). New-York: Elsevier.
- Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. The Review of Economics and
Statistics, 83 (4), 727-731.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of
Cambridge Working Paper, 0435. Retrieved March 05, 2020, from http://ftp.iza.org/dp1240.pdf.
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independence. Econometrics Journal, 1 (1), 105-107.
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prices?. Energy Economics, 48 (2015), 32-45.
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consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Freshevidence from BRICS countries.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39 (C), 14-23.
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growth: Evidence from multivariate panel data analysis. Sustainability, 11(8), 1-18.
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org/sites/default/files/reports/257/hdr_1996_en_complete_nostats.pdf
Year 2020,
Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 251 - 266, 30.06.2020
İclal Ünüvar
Sibel Keskinkılıç
References
- Acaravcı, A., & Erdoğan, S. (2018). Yenilenebilir enerji, çevre ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Seçilmiş
ülkeler için ampirik bir analiz. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler
Fakültesi Dergisi, 13 (1), 53-64.
- Ağaçbiçer, G. (2010). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının Türkiye ekonomisine katkısı ve yapılan swot
analizler (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Çanakkale On sekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Sosyal
Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Allegret, J. P., Couharde, C., Coulibaly, D., & Mignon, V. (2014). Current accounts and oil price
fluctuations in oil-exporting countries: The role of financial development. Journal of International
Money and Finance, 47 (C), 185-201.
- Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2014). The casual dynamics between renewable energy, real gdp, emissions
and oil prices: Evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 46 (36), 4519-4525.
- Bağcı, E. (2019). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji potansiyeli, üretimi, tüketimi ve cari işlemler dengesi
ilişkisi. R&S-Research Studies Anatolia Journal, 2 (4), 101-117.
- Ben Jebli, M., & Ben Youssef, S. (2015). Output, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and
international trade: Evidence from a panel of 69 countries. Renewable Energy, 83 (C), 799-808.
- Bento, J. P. C., & Moutinho, V. (2016). Co2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity
production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 55 (C), 142-155.
- Breitung, J. (2000). The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. Humboldt University
Berlin Institute of Statistics and Econometrics Spandauer Strasse 1, D-10178 Berlin,
Germany, 1-32. Retrieved March 04, 2020, from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1258/
f1b10115655e14a9baf7dd20e4d829f2a7f4.pdf.
- Breusch, T. S., & Pagan, A. R. (1980). The lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model
specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47 (1), 239-253.
- Choi, I. (2001). Unit root tests for panel data. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20 (2), 249-
272.
- Çapik, M., Yılmaz, A. O., & Çavuşoğlu, İ. (2012). Present situation and potential role of renewable
energy in Turkey. Renewable Energy, 46, 1-13.
- Çöğürcü, İ., & Çoban, O. (2011). Dış borç ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği (1980-2009).
Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 13 (21), 133-
149.
- Den Elzen, M., Admiraal, A., Roelfsema, M., Yan Soest, H., Hof, A. F., & Forsell, N. (2016). Contribution
of the G20 economies to the global impact of the Paris agreement climate proposals. Climatic
Change, 137, 655-665.
- Dinç, D. T., & Akdoğan, E. C. (2019). Renewable energy production, energy consumption and sustainable
economic growth in Turkey: A VECM approach. Sustainability,11 (5),1-14.
- Edenhofer, O., Knopf, B., Bak, C., & Bhattacharya, A. (2017). Aligning climate policy with finance
ministers’ G20 agenda. Nature Climate Change, 7 (7), 463-465.
- Erdal, L. (2012). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları ve istihdam yaratma potansiyeli. Sosyal ve
Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (1), 171-181.
- Gündoğan, H., & Tok, D. (2019). Petrole bağımlı ülkelerde petrol fiyatlarının sanayi üretimine etkisi:
Panel nedensellik çalışması. Ege Akademik Bakış, 19 (1), 131-140.
- Irternational Energy Agency (IEA). (2012). World energy outlook (weo) executive summary 2012.
Retrieved February 23, 2020, from http://www.iea.org/Textbase/npsum/weo2012sum.pdf.
- Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of
Econometrics, 115 (1), 53-74.
- Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of
Econometrics, 90 (1), 1-44.
- Koç, E., & Şenel, M. C. (2013). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de enerji durumu–genel değerlendirme. Mühendis
ve Makine, 54 (639), 32-44.
- Koçak, E., & Şarkgüneşi, A. (2017). The renewable energy and economic growth nexus in Black Sea and
Balkan countries. Energy Policy, 100 (C), 51-57.
- Kutan, A. M., Paramati, S. R., Ummalla, M., & Zakari, A. (2017). Financing renewable energy projects
in major emerging market economies: Evidence in the perspective of sustainable economic
development. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54 (8),1761-1777.
- Levin, A., Fu Lin, C., & Shang James Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and
finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108 (1), 1-24.
- Menegaki, A. N. (2011). Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A random effect model with evidence
for neutrality hypothesis. Energy Economics, 33 (2), 257-263.
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (1997). Dollars from sense the economic benefits of renewable
energy, national renewable energy labaratory. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington. Retrieved
- February 26, 2020, from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy97/20505.pdf
- Özalp, M. (2019). Küresel ölçekte Türkiye’nin enerji arz ve talep güvenliği. Turkish Studies International
Academic Journals, 14 (1), 537-552.
- Özşahin, Ş., Mucuk, M., & Gerçeker, M. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki
ilişki: Brics-T ülkeleri üzerine panel ARLD analizi. Siyaset Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 4 (4), 111-130.
- Pao, H. T., & Fu, H. C. (2013). Renewable energy, non-renewable energy and economic growth in Brazil.
Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 381-392.
- Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully-modified ols for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In B. H. Baltagi (Ed.),
Advances in econometric volume 15, nonstationary panels, panel cointegration and dynamic
panels (pp. 93-130). New-York: Elsevier.
- Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. The Review of Economics and
Statistics, 83 (4), 727-731.
- Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of
Cambridge Working Paper, 0435. Retrieved March 05, 2020, from http://ftp.iza.org/dp1240.pdf.
- Pesaran, H. M., Ullah, A., & Yamagata, T. (2008). A bias-adjusted LM test of error cross-section
independence. Econometrics Journal, 1 (1), 105-107.
- Reboredo, J. (2015). Is there dependence and systemic risk between oil and renewable energy stock
prices?. Energy Economics, 48 (2015), 32-45.
- Sebri, M., & Salha, O. B. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy
consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Freshevidence from BRICS countries.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39 (C), 14-23.
- Singh, N., Nyuur, R., & Richmond, B. (2019). Renewable energy development as a driver of economic
growth: Evidence from multivariate panel data analysis. Sustainability, 11(8), 1-18.
- United Nations. (1996). Human development report. Retrieved February 26, 2020, from http://hdr.undp.
org/sites/default/files/reports/257/hdr_1996_en_complete_nostats.pdf