Research Article
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TRADE BALANCE OF TURKEY UNDER WORLD UNCERTAINITY INDEX : A MARCOV SWITCHING ANALYSIS

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 687 - 705
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1445457

Abstract

Unforeseen uncertainties such as wars, financial crises, trade wars and the Covid-19 pandemic in recent years may cause countries to experience macroeconomic instability. Macroeconomic instabilities can affect the economic decisions of households and companies, thus causing investments to fall, economic growth to be suppressed, international trade volume to decrease and foreign trade balances to deteriorate. In this context, in this study, the impact of uncertainties on Turkey's trade balance was tried to be explained with the Markov Switching Model. The main purpose of the study is to explain how uncertainties affect Turkey's trade balance in both expansion and contraction regimes with this model. In the model, quarterly data for the period 1998q1-2020q4 was used. While the trade balance (export/import) is the dependent variable, the world uncertainty index and the real effective exchange rate are the independent variables. According to the results of the study, the world uncertainty index has a positive sign and is statistically significant in both the expansion regime and the contraction regime. It can be said that the increase in uncertainties in both regimes increases Turkey's trade balance. The real effective exchange rate was statistically insignificant in both regimes.

References

  • Abel, A. B. (1983). Optimal investment under uncertainty. American Economic Review, 73(1) 228-233.
  • Abaidoo, R. (2019). Policy uncertainty and dynamics of international trade. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 11(1), 101-120.
  • Abolhassanbeigi, H., & Mahdavi, A. (2020). The effect of exchange rate on Iranian trade balance under uncertainty. Applied Economics Studies, Iran (AESI), 7 (32).
  • Aftap, M., & Phylaktis, K. (2022). Economic integration and exchange market pressure in a policy uncertain world. Journal of International Money and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin. 2022.102701.
  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2018). The world uncertainity index. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn. com/abstract=3275033 sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 24 Mayıs 2022
  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2022). The world uncertainty index, NBER Working Papers 29763, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. (2016). Measuring economic uncertainty, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 131(4), November, 1593-1636.
  • Bar-Ilan, A., & Strange, W. C. (1996). Investment lags. American Economic Review, 86(3), 610-622. Bildirici, M. E., Alp, E., Ersin Ö., & Bozoklu, Ü. (2010). İktisatta kullanılan doğrusal olmayan zaman serisi yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitabevi, 357.
  • Caldara, D., Lacoviello, M., Molligo, P., Prestipino A., & Raffo, A. (2020). Journal of Monetary Economics, 109 (2020) 38–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.11.002.
  • Economic Research and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, (2022). International trade export. https:// fred.stlouisfed.org/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2022.
  • Economic Research and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, (2022). International trade import. https:// fred.stlouisfed.org/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2022.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2021). Dünya belirsizlik endeksi, Kendime yazılar. https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2021/01/ dunya-belirsizlik-endeksi.html sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 30 Ocak 2021.
  • Feng, L., Li, Z., Swenson, D. (2017). Trade policy uncertainty and exports: Evidence from china’s WTO accession. Journal of International Economics, May, Vol 106, 20-36.
  • Hamilton, D., J. (1989). A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica, 57(2), 357-384.
  • Hamilton, D., J. (1990). Analysis of times series subject to changes in regime. Journal of Econometrics, 45(1,2), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(90)90093-9.
  • Hamilton, D., J. (1996). Specification testing in markov-switching time-series models. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 127-157.
  • Handley, K. (2014). Exporting under trade policy uncertainty: Theory and evidence. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 94, Issue 1, September, 50-66.
  • Handley, K., & Limao, N. (2017). Policy uncertainty, Trade, and welfare: Theory and evidence for China and the United States. American Economic Review, 107(9), 2731-2783.
  • Imbruno, M. (2019). Importing under trade policy uncertainty: Evidence from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 47(4), 806-826.
  • Liu, N., & Gao, F. (2022). The world uncertainty index and GDP growth rate. Finance Research Letters, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103137.
  • Mawusi, C. (2020). Economic policy uncertainty and international trade: A gravity model approach. University of Bordeaux, 17 December 2020, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-129375. Erşim Tarihi: 16 Nisan 2022.
  • Moura, G., & Sergio D., S. (2005). Is there a brazilian j−curve?. Economics Bulletin, 6(10), 1−17.
  • Novy, D., & Taylor, A. (2020). Trade and uncertainty. The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT press, Vol. 102(4), Pages 749-765, October.
  • Thanh, D., Canh, N., & Doytch, N. (2020). Asymmetric effects of U.S. Monetary policy on the U.S. Biletarel trade deficit with China: A marcov switching ARDL model approach. The Journal of Econometric Asymmetries, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2020.e00168.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (2022). Reel efektif döviz kuru. https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index. php?/evds/serieMarket sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 16 Nisan 2022.
  • Wei, Y. (2019). Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and China’s trade: A quantitative structural analysis. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 48, 20-31.
  • Yaman, D. (2022). Does economic policy effect import? Evidence from panel data anlaysis. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 29(2), 281:295.
  • Yazgan, Ş., Karademir, C., & Ceylan, R. (2023). Belirsizliğin uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki asimetrik etkileri: NARDL modeline dayalı ampirik bir inceleme. Fiscaoeconomia, E-ISSN: 2564-7504, 7(3), 2090-2109. http://doi /10.25295/fsecon.1286611.

DÜNYA BELİRSİZLİK İNDEKSİ ALTINDA TÜRKİYE TİCARET DENGESİ: BİR MARKOV REJİM DEĞİŞİM ANALİZİ

Year 2024, Volume: 20 Issue: 3, 687 - 705
https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1445457

Abstract

Son yıllarda yaşanan savaşlar, finansal krizler, ticaret savaşları ve Covid-19 salgını gibi öngörülemeyen belirsizlikler ülkelerin makroekonomik istikrarsızlıklar yaşamalarına neden olabilmektedir. Makroekonomik istikrarsızlıklar ise hanehalkları ve firmaların ekonomik kararlarını etkileyebilmekte böylece yatırımların düşmesine, ekonomik büyümenin baskılanmasına, uluslararası ticaret hacminin düşmesine ve dış ticaret dengelerinin bozulmasına neden olabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada belirsizliklerin Türkiye'nin ticaret dengesine etkisi Markov Rejim Değişim Modeli ile açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu model ile hem genişleme hem de daralma rejimlerinde belirsizliklerin Türkiye’nin ticaret dengesine nasıl etki ettiğini açıklamak çalışmanın temel amacıdır. Modelde, 1998q1-2020q4 dönemine ait çeyreklik veriler kullanılmıştır. Ticaret dengesi (ihracat/ithalat) bağımlı değişken olurken, dünya belirsizlik indeksi ve reel efektif döviz kuru bağımsız değişkenler olarak yer almaktadır. Çalışmanın sonucuna göre, dünya belirsizlik indeksi hem genişleme rejiminde ve hem de daralma rejiminde pozitif işaretli ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlıdır. Her iki rejimde de belirsizliklerin artmasının Türkiye’nin ticaret dengesini artırdığını söylenebilir. Reel efektif döviz kuru ise her iki rejimde de istatistiksel olarak anlamsız çıkmıştır.

References

  • Abel, A. B. (1983). Optimal investment under uncertainty. American Economic Review, 73(1) 228-233.
  • Abaidoo, R. (2019). Policy uncertainty and dynamics of international trade. Journal of Financial Economic Policy, 11(1), 101-120.
  • Abolhassanbeigi, H., & Mahdavi, A. (2020). The effect of exchange rate on Iranian trade balance under uncertainty. Applied Economics Studies, Iran (AESI), 7 (32).
  • Aftap, M., & Phylaktis, K. (2022). Economic integration and exchange market pressure in a policy uncertain world. Journal of International Money and Finance. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin. 2022.102701.
  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2018). The world uncertainity index. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn. com/abstract=3275033 sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 24 Mayıs 2022
  • Ahir, H., Bloom, N., & Furceri, D. (2022). The world uncertainty index, NBER Working Papers 29763, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Baker, S., Bloom, N., & Davis, S. (2016). Measuring economic uncertainty, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 131(4), November, 1593-1636.
  • Bar-Ilan, A., & Strange, W. C. (1996). Investment lags. American Economic Review, 86(3), 610-622. Bildirici, M. E., Alp, E., Ersin Ö., & Bozoklu, Ü. (2010). İktisatta kullanılan doğrusal olmayan zaman serisi yöntemleri. Türkmen Kitabevi, 357.
  • Caldara, D., Lacoviello, M., Molligo, P., Prestipino A., & Raffo, A. (2020). Journal of Monetary Economics, 109 (2020) 38–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.11.002.
  • Economic Research and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, (2022). International trade export. https:// fred.stlouisfed.org/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2022.
  • Economic Research and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, (2022). International trade import. https:// fred.stlouisfed.org/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 15 Nisan 2022.
  • Eğilmez, M. (2021). Dünya belirsizlik endeksi, Kendime yazılar. https://www.mahfiegilmez.com/2021/01/ dunya-belirsizlik-endeksi.html sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 30 Ocak 2021.
  • Feng, L., Li, Z., Swenson, D. (2017). Trade policy uncertainty and exports: Evidence from china’s WTO accession. Journal of International Economics, May, Vol 106, 20-36.
  • Hamilton, D., J. (1989). A new approach to the economic analysis of nonstationary time series and the business cycle. Econometrica, 57(2), 357-384.
  • Hamilton, D., J. (1990). Analysis of times series subject to changes in regime. Journal of Econometrics, 45(1,2), 39-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(90)90093-9.
  • Hamilton, D., J. (1996). Specification testing in markov-switching time-series models. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 127-157.
  • Handley, K. (2014). Exporting under trade policy uncertainty: Theory and evidence. Journal of International Economics, Vol. 94, Issue 1, September, 50-66.
  • Handley, K., & Limao, N. (2017). Policy uncertainty, Trade, and welfare: Theory and evidence for China and the United States. American Economic Review, 107(9), 2731-2783.
  • Imbruno, M. (2019). Importing under trade policy uncertainty: Evidence from China. Journal of Comparative Economics, 47(4), 806-826.
  • Liu, N., & Gao, F. (2022). The world uncertainty index and GDP growth rate. Finance Research Letters, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2022.103137.
  • Mawusi, C. (2020). Economic policy uncertainty and international trade: A gravity model approach. University of Bordeaux, 17 December 2020, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-129375. Erşim Tarihi: 16 Nisan 2022.
  • Moura, G., & Sergio D., S. (2005). Is there a brazilian j−curve?. Economics Bulletin, 6(10), 1−17.
  • Novy, D., & Taylor, A. (2020). Trade and uncertainty. The Review of Economics and Statistics, MIT press, Vol. 102(4), Pages 749-765, October.
  • Thanh, D., Canh, N., & Doytch, N. (2020). Asymmetric effects of U.S. Monetary policy on the U.S. Biletarel trade deficit with China: A marcov switching ARDL model approach. The Journal of Econometric Asymmetries, 22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2020.e00168.
  • Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (2022). Reel efektif döviz kuru. https://evds2.tcmb.gov.tr/index. php?/evds/serieMarket sayfasından erişilmiştir. Erişim tarihi: 16 Nisan 2022.
  • Wei, Y. (2019). Oil price shocks, economic policy uncertainty and China’s trade: A quantitative structural analysis. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 48, 20-31.
  • Yaman, D. (2022). Does economic policy effect import? Evidence from panel data anlaysis. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 29(2), 281:295.
  • Yazgan, Ş., Karademir, C., & Ceylan, R. (2023). Belirsizliğin uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki asimetrik etkileri: NARDL modeline dayalı ampirik bir inceleme. Fiscaoeconomia, E-ISSN: 2564-7504, 7(3), 2090-2109. http://doi /10.25295/fsecon.1286611.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Time-Series Analysis, International Economics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Figen Tombak 0000-0002-5380-1050

Early Pub Date September 27, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date March 1, 2024
Acceptance Date June 7, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 20 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Tombak, F. (2024). DÜNYA BELİRSİZLİK İNDEKSİ ALTINDA TÜRKİYE TİCARET DENGESİ: BİR MARKOV REJİM DEĞİŞİM ANALİZİ. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat Ve İşletme Dergisi, 20(3), 687-705. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.1445457