ANALYZING THE LONG-RUN ASYMMETRIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TURKEY AND EUROPEAN STOCK MARKETS: APPLICATION OF IMPLICIT ASYMMETRIC COMBINED COINTEGRATION TEST
Year 2025,
Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 1169 - 1189, 30.09.2025
Serap Kamışlı
,
Güven Sevil
,
Melik Kamışlı
,
Fatih Temizel
,
Tuba Sevil
Abstract
Investors may diversify their portfolios by including financial assets from markets with different dynamics classified as developed and emerging markets. Therefore, they may reduce both country-specific risks and so the total risk of their portfolios exposed. At this point, it should be taken into account that relations may have an asymmetric structure and investment decisions should be made taking into account asymmetric relations. In this context, this study aims to identify the long-run asymmetric relationship between Turkish and European stock markets. For this purpose, the relationships between the Turkish stock market and the stock markets of 34 European countries are analyzed first with Bayer & Hanck (2013) Combined Cointegration test and then with Özer et al. (2024) Implicit Asymmetric Combined Cointegration test. As a result of the study, unlike the studies in the literature, long-run asymmetric relationships between the Turkish stock market and the European stock markets were found. The results obtained from the analysis indicate the existence of asymmetric relationship structures in the long term between the Turkish stock market and the European stock markets, except for the stock markets of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Austria. Therefore, investors who invest in Turkish and European equity markets should revise their portfolio decisions in response to asymmetric shocks.
Project Number
Bu çalışma, Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenen 1602E053 numaralı " Gelişmekte Olan Ülke Borsaları ve G7 Ülke Borsaları Arasındaki Saklı İlişkilerin Analiz Edilmesi" başlıklı araştırma projesinden türetilmiştir.
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Alom, F. (2014). Oil Price-macroeconomic relationship in Australia and new Zealand: Application of a hidden cointegration technique. Institutions and Economies, 6(2), 105-128.
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Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
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Batareddy, M., Gopalaswamy, A. K., & Huang, C. H. (2012). The stability of long‐run relationships: A study on Asian emerging and developed stock markets (Japan and US). International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801211197888
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Bayer, C., & Hanck, C. (2013). Combining non-cointegration tests. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 34(1), 83 – 95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2012.00814.x
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Boswijk, H. P. (1994). Testing for an unstable root in conditional and unconditional error correction models. Journal of Econometrics, 63, 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(93)01560-9
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Caporale, G. M., Gil-Alana, L. A., & You, K. (2021). Stock market linkages between the Asean countries, China and the US: A fractional integration/cointegration Approach. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 58(5), 1502–1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2021.1898366
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Chang, C. C., Sun, Y., & Chuang, C. (2013). Asymmetric dynamic interrelationships among the greater Chinese, Japanese and US stock markets. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 16(4-5), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2013.838446
-
Chien, M., Lee, C., Hu, T., & Hu, H. (2015). Dynamic Asian stock market convergence: Evidence from dynamic cointegration analysis among China and ASEAN-5. Economic Modelling, 51, 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.06.024
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Choi, G. (2020). A study on asymmetric market integration of the crude oil markets: An application of hidden Cointegration. Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers, 57(4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2020.57.4.341
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-
Fisher, R. (1932) Statistical methods for research workers. London: Oliver and Boyd.
-
Geyikçi, U. B. (2017). Test for cointegration and causality between ISE and emerging market indices; diversification opportunities for ınvestors-BİST ile yükselen piyasalara ait endeksler arasındaki es bütünleşme ve nedenselliğin test edilmesi; yatırımcılar açısından çeşitlendirme fırsatları. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3486-3503. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4943
-
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-
Gupta, R., & Guidi, F. (2012). Cointegration relationship and time varying co-movements among Indian and Asian developed stock markets. International Review of Financial Analysis, 21, 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2011.09.001
-
Honarvar, A. (2009). Asymmetry in retail gasoline and crude oil price movements in the United States: An application of hidden cointegration technique. Energy Economics, 31(3), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.01.010
-
Irandoust, M. (2016). Asymmetric and nonlinear pass‐through relationship between oil and other commodities. OPEC Energy Review, 40(3), 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12078
-
İbicioğlu, M., & Kapusuzoğlu, A. (2011). İmkb ile Avrupa birliği üyesi Akdeniz ülkelerinin hisse senedi piyasalarının entegrasyonunun ampirik analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 85-102.
-
Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88) 90041-3
-
Karahan, F. (2023). BIST 100 endeksinin uluslararası hisse senedi endeksleri ile ilişkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (78), 448-458. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1363099
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-
Le, T., Vo, L. H., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). A study on the nonlinear dynamics of ASEAN financial integration. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 31(1), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/jabes-03-2022-0040
-
Maneschiöld, P. (2006). Integration between the Baltic and international stock markets. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 42, 25-45. https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X420602
-
Nasser, O., & Hajilee, M. (2016). Integration of emerging stock markets with global stock markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 36, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.025
-
Ögel, S., & Temizel, F. (2020). The relationship between stock market indices of the biggest six economies of the European union and BIST 100. İçinde Y. Bayar (Ed.), Handbook of research on social and economic development in the European Union (ss. 257-275). IGI Global.
-
Özer, M., Frömmel, M., Kamişli, M., & Vuković, D. B. (2024). Do bitcoin shocks truly cointegrate with financial and commodity markets?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 95, 103354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103354
-
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TÜRKİYE VE AVRUPA HİSSE SENEDİ PİYASALARI ARASINDAKİ UZUN DÖNEMLİ ASİMETRİK İLİŞKİLERİN ANALİZ EDİLMESİ: ÖRTÜK ASİMETRİK BİRLEŞİK EŞBÜTÜNLEŞME TESTİ UYGULAMASI
Year 2025,
Volume: 21 Issue: 3, 1169 - 1189, 30.09.2025
Serap Kamışlı
,
Güven Sevil
,
Melik Kamışlı
,
Fatih Temizel
,
Tuba Sevil
Abstract
Yatırımcılar, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan piyasalar olarak sınıflandırılan farklı dinamiklere sahip piyasaların finansal varlıklarını portföylerine dahil ederek çeşitlendirme yapabilirler. Böylece hem ülkeye özgü riskleri hem de nihai olarak portföylerinin maruz kaldığı toplam riski azaltabilirler. Ancak çeşitlendirmeden istenilen faydanın sağlanabilmesi için finansal piyasalar/araçlar arasındaki ilişkilerin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir. Bu noktada, ilişkilerin asimetrik yapıya sahip olabileceğinin dikkate alınması ve yatırım kararlarının asimetrik ilişkilerin de göz önünde bulundurularak verilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışmada Türkiye ve Avrupa hisse senedi piyasaları arasındaki uzun dönemli asimetrik ilişkilerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye hisse senedi piyasası ile 34 Avrupa ülkesinin hisse senedi piyasası arasındaki ilişkiler önce Bayer & Hanck (2013) Birleşik Eşbütünleşme testi ile ardından da Özer vd. (2024) Örtük Asimetrik Birleşik Eşbütünleşme testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, literatürdeki çalışmalardan farklı olarak Türkiye hisse senedi piyasası ile Avrupa hisse senedi piyasaları arasında uzun dönemde asimetrik ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, Bosna Hersek ve Avusturya hisse senedi piyasası dışında Türkiye hisse senedi piyasası ile Avrupa hisse senedi piyasaları arasında uzun dönemde belirli bir asimetrik ilişki yapılarının varlığına işaret etmektedir. Dolayısıyla, Türkiye ve Avrupa hisse senedi piyasalarına yatırım yapan yatırımcıların asimetrik şoklara bağlı olarak portföy kararlarını revize etmeleri gerekmektedir.
Ethical Statement
Çalışmanın, etik kurul izni gerektirmeyen çalışmalar arasında yer aldığını beyan ederiz.
Supporting Institution
Bu çalışma, Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenen 1602E053 numaralı " Gelişmekte Olan Ülke Borsaları ve G7 Ülke Borsaları Arasındaki Saklı İlişkilerin Analiz Edilmesi" başlıklı araştırma projesinden türetilmiştir.
Project Number
Bu çalışma, Anadolu Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenen 1602E053 numaralı " Gelişmekte Olan Ülke Borsaları ve G7 Ülke Borsaları Arasındaki Saklı İlişkilerin Analiz Edilmesi" başlıklı araştırma projesinden türetilmiştir.
References
-
Akel, V. (2015). Kırılgan beşli ülkelerinin hisse senedi piyasaları arasındaki eşbütünleşme analizi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 11(24), 75-96. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.2015.11.24.719
-
Alexakis, C., Dasilas, A., & Grose, C. (2013). Asymmetric dynamic relations between stock prices and mutual fund units in Japan. An application of hidden cointegration technique. International Review of Financial Analysis, 28, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2013.02.001
-
Alexakis, C., Pappas, V., & Tsikouras, A. (2017). Hidden cointegration reveals hidden values in Islamic investments. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 46, 70-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2016.08.006
-
Ali, S., Rehman, M. U., Shahzad, S. J., Raza, N., & Vinh Vo, X. (2021). Financial integration in emerging economies: An application of threshold cointegration. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, 25(4), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1515/snde-2018-0093
-
Alom, F. (2014). Oil Price-macroeconomic relationship in Australia and new Zealand: Application of a hidden cointegration technique. Institutions and Economies, 6(2), 105-128.
-
Banerjee, A., Dolado, J. J., & Mestre, R. (1998). Error-correction mechanism tests for cointegration in a single-equation framework. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 19(3), 267-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9892.00091
-
Batareddy, M., Gopalaswamy, A. K., & Huang, C. H. (2012). The stability of long‐run relationships: A study on Asian emerging and developed stock markets (Japan and US). International Journal of Emerging Markets, 7(1), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1108/17468801211197888
-
Bayer, C., & Hanck, C. (2013). Combining non-cointegration tests. Journal of Time Series Analysis, 34(1), 83 – 95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9892.2012.00814.x
-
Boswijk, H. P. (1994). Testing for an unstable root in conditional and unconditional error correction models. Journal of Econometrics, 63, 37-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(93)01560-9
-
Bozoklu, Ş., & Saydam, İ. M. (2010). BRIC ülkeleri ve Türkiye arasındaki sermaye piyasaları entegrasyonunun parametrik ve parametrik olmayan eşbütünleşme testleri ile analizi. Maliye Dergisi, 159, 416-431.
Boztosun, D., & Çelik, T. (2011). Türkiye borsasının Avrupa borsaları ile eşbütünleşme analizi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(1), 147-162.
-
Caporale, G. M., Gil-Alana, L. A., & You, K. (2021). Stock market linkages between the Asean countries, China and the US: A fractional integration/cointegration Approach. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 58(5), 1502–1514. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2021.1898366
-
Chang, C. C., Sun, Y., & Chuang, C. (2013). Asymmetric dynamic interrelationships among the greater Chinese, Japanese and US stock markets. Journal of Statistics and Management Systems, 16(4-5), 319-337. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720510.2013.838446
-
Chien, M., Lee, C., Hu, T., & Hu, H. (2015). Dynamic Asian stock market convergence: Evidence from dynamic cointegration analysis among China and ASEAN-5. Economic Modelling, 51, 84-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.06.024
-
Choi, G. (2020). A study on asymmetric market integration of the crude oil markets: An application of hidden Cointegration. Journal of the Korean Society of Mineral and Energy Resources Engineers, 57(4), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.32390/ksmer.2020.57.4.341
-
Economou, F., Panagopoulos, Y., & Tsouma, E. (2018). Uncovering asymmetries in the relationship between fear and the stock market using a hidden Co-integration approach. Research in International Business and Finance, 44, 459-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2017.07.116
-
Elfakhani, S., Arayssi, M., & Smahta, H. A. (2008). Globalization and investment opportunities: a cointegration study of Arab, US, and emerging stock markets. Financial Review, 43(4), 591-611. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6288.2008.00204.x
-
Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
-
Eyüboğlu, K., & Eyüboğlu, S. (2021). Hidden Cointegration among Borsa Istanbul Sector Indices. Iranian Economic Review, 25(2), 337-347. https://doi.org/10.22059/ier.2021.83455
-
Fisher, R. (1932) Statistical methods for research workers. London: Oliver and Boyd.
-
Geyikçi, U. B. (2017). Test for cointegration and causality between ISE and emerging market indices; diversification opportunities for ınvestors-BİST ile yükselen piyasalara ait endeksler arasındaki es bütünleşme ve nedenselliğin test edilmesi; yatırımcılar açısından çeşitlendirme fırsatları. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(4), 3486-3503. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i4.4943
-
Gözbaşı, O. (2010). İMKB ile gelişmekte olan ülkelerin hisse senedi piyasalarının etkileşimi: Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Yaklaşımı. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 99-118.
-
Gupta, R., & Guidi, F. (2012). Cointegration relationship and time varying co-movements among Indian and Asian developed stock markets. International Review of Financial Analysis, 21, 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2011.09.001
-
Honarvar, A. (2009). Asymmetry in retail gasoline and crude oil price movements in the United States: An application of hidden cointegration technique. Energy Economics, 31(3), 395-402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2009.01.010
-
Irandoust, M. (2016). Asymmetric and nonlinear pass‐through relationship between oil and other commodities. OPEC Energy Review, 40(3), 263-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12078
-
İbicioğlu, M., & Kapusuzoğlu, A. (2011). İmkb ile Avrupa birliği üyesi Akdeniz ülkelerinin hisse senedi piyasalarının entegrasyonunun ampirik analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 11(3), 85-102.
-
Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88) 90041-3
-
Karahan, F. (2023). BIST 100 endeksinin uluslararası hisse senedi endeksleri ile ilişkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (78), 448-458. https://doi.org/10.51290/dpusbe.1363099
-
Kenourgios, D., & Samitas, A. (2011). Equity market integration in emerging Balkan markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 25(3), 296-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2011.02.004
-
Le, T., Vo, L. H., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). A study on the nonlinear dynamics of ASEAN financial integration. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 31(1), 2-14. https://doi.org/10.1108/jabes-03-2022-0040
-
Maneschiöld, P. (2006). Integration between the Baltic and international stock markets. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 42, 25-45. https://doi.org/10.2753/REE1540-496X420602
-
Nasser, O., & Hajilee, M. (2016). Integration of emerging stock markets with global stock markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 36, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2015.09.025
-
Ögel, S., & Temizel, F. (2020). The relationship between stock market indices of the biggest six economies of the European union and BIST 100. İçinde Y. Bayar (Ed.), Handbook of research on social and economic development in the European Union (ss. 257-275). IGI Global.
-
Özer, M., Frömmel, M., Kamişli, M., & Vuković, D. B. (2024). Do bitcoin shocks truly cointegrate with financial and commodity markets?. International Review of Financial Analysis, 95, 103354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2024.103354
-
Öztürk, H. (2018). BIST 30 endeksi ile MSCI gelişmekte olan Piyasalar endeksinin küresel kriz öncesi ve sonrası eşbütünleşme analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 9(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.20409/berj.2017.89
-
Rafailidis, P., & Katrakilidis, C. (2016). Oil prices and the US effective exchange rate: A hidden cointegration analysis. Economics and Business Letters, 5(4), 134-144. https://doi.org/10.17811/ebl.5.4.2016.134-144
-
Shahzad, S. J., Zakaria, M., Ali, S., & Ali, N. (2015). Market efficiency and asymmetric relationship between south Asian stock markets: an empirical analysis. Pakistan Journal of Commerce and Social Sciences, 9(3), 875-889.
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