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AN EXAMPLE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS IN THE SANJAK OF ALEXANDRETTA IN THE MANDATE PERIOD (1921-1938): AN EVALUATION OF THE DOCUMENT IN KESHISHIAN FAMILY HERITAGE

Year 2016, Volume: 3 Issue: 6 - DECEMBER, 56 - 75, 12.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.279876

Abstract

 

Demographic composition forming of the multi-ethnic and religious subjects can be a serious challenge for imperial powers especially in the time of dissolution. In the case of the Ottoman Empire, this reality was experienced deeply throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. After collapsing of the Ottoman Empire, movement of the population increased and varied. The Sanjak of Alexandretta (hereafter Sanjak) can be an interesting case to show movements of population in the first half of the 20th century. After the First World War, the region was occupied by following the agreement of Sykes-Picot. Following the French national interests, the providence of the Sanjak was changed demographically and administratively. It could be argued that demographic engineering in the Sanjak has been treated marginally in historiography. From the Turkish records and archives, there are not enough record on the settlements of Armenians and their exodus from the Sanjak. This paper is about interactions of the Armenians in the Sanjak between 1921 and 1939.

This paper seeks to put forward a snapshot of socio-economic activities of Armenians from the micro-history point of view. It consists of two sections. Firstly, a historical transformation of the Sanjak will be summarised. Despite Sanjak`s short history, political power changed several times. Change in political power emerged out dramatic demographic shifting. This section will provide an overview of the Sanjak’s political history from the mandate regime to the independence. Secondly, it will focus on the history of ordinary people. A document showing the debtor-creditor relationship between Agop Keshishian and Yusuf, a son of Mohammed will be transcribed. From the micro-history perspective, it argues that focusing on casual documents will be important in two ways. It not only shows socio-economic activities of Armenians in the Sanjak between 1921 and 1939, but also it helps us to evaluate the Armenian properties from a different point of view. Before members of the Armenian community left from the Sanjak, some properties had passed into other hands due to commercial disputes, which is ignored by “genocide scholars” claiming that the Turkish state seized the Armenian properties. Overall, this paper can show that polarisation between Armenians and Turks at the ground level of socio-economic life was not depth. They did not hesitate to trade with each other.  

References

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  • Birsel, Haktan and Olcay Özkaya Duman. “Le Sandjak Est Turc (Sancak Türktür) Broşüründe İskenderun Sancağı Sorunsalı.” Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi 13, no. 50 (2012): 343–66. doi:10.1501/tite_0000000361.
  • Boym, Svetlana. “Nostalgia and Its Discontents.” The Hedgehog Review 2007,. Accessed October 14, 2016. http://www.iasc-culture.org/eNews/2007_10/9.2CBoym.pdf.
  • Çoruh, Haydar. “2. Mahmud Döneminde Kıbrıs’ın İdarî, İktisadî Ve İctimaî Yapısı (1808-1839).” n.p., 2008.
  • Demir, Yaşar. “Keseb Nahıyesının Toplumsal Yapısı Ve Fransız Manda İdaresınce Antakya’Dan Koparılması.” Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 12, no. 31 (2015): 257–71.
  • Dündar, Fuat. Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar. İstanbul: Civiyazıları, 1999.
  • Greenshields, Thomas Hugh. “The Settlement of Armenian Refugees in Syria and Lebanon, 1915-1939.” n.p.: Durham University, 1978.
  • Güçlü, Yücel. The Question of the Sanjak of Alexandretta: A Study in Turkish-French-Syrian Relations. Ankara: Turkish historical society, 2001.
  • Hatipoğlu, Süleyman. “Hatay’ın Kurtuluşunun Fikri Temelleri.” In Anavatana Katılışının 60.Yıldönümünde Hatay, edited by Berna Türkdoğan, 41–67. Ankara: ATAM, 2001.
  • Jebejıan. “Changing Ideologies and Extralinguistic Determinants in Language Maintenance and Shift Among Ethnic Diaspora Armenians in Beirut.” Leicester.: Doctorate, 2007.
  • Karakoç, Ercan. “Atatürk’ün Hatay Davası.” Bilig, no. 50 (2009): 97–118.
  • Kürkçüoğlu, Omer. Osmanli Devletin`ne Karşi Arap Bağımsızlık Hareketi 1908-1918. Ankara Üniversitesi: Ankara, 1983.
  • Melek, Abdurrahman. Hatay Nasil Kurtuldu. Ankara: Turkish historical society, 1991.
  • Münir, Vedi. Yeni Mecmua. n.p., 1928.
  • Onaran, Nevzat. Cumhuriyette Ermeni Ve Rum Mallarının Türkleştirilmesi (1920-1930). Istanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın, 2013.
  • Oran, Baskın. Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar. 7th ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001.
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  • Pehlivanlı, Hamit, Yusuf Sarınay, and Hüsam Yıldırım. Türk Diş Politikasinda Hatay (1918 - 1939). Ankara: ASAM, 2001.
  • Peksen, Berna. “The Exodus of Armenians from the Sanjak of Alexandretta in 1930s.” In Turkey beyond nationalism towards post-nationalist identities, by Hans-Lukas Kieser, edited by Hans-Lukas Kieser, 57–66. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006.
  • Sander, Oral. Anka’Nın Yükseliş Ve Düşüşü. Ankara: Ankara SBF yayınları, 1987.
  • ———. Siyasi Tarih Ilkçağlardan 1918’E. 12th ed. Ankara: İmge, 2003.
  • Sanjian, Ara.. Armenians in the Midst of Civil Wars: Lebanon and Syria Compared [in English]. 2016,. Accessed November 13, 2016. https://www.academia.edu/17939611/Armenians_in_the_Midst_of_Civil_Wars_Lebanon_and_Syria_Compared_in_English_.
  • Sarınay, Yusuf. “Atatürk’ün Hatay Politikası-I- (1936-1938).” Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi 22, no. 34 (1996). Accessed October 14, 2016. http://www.atam.gov.tr/dergi/sayi-34/ataturkun-hatay-politikasi-i-1936-1938.
  • Shemmassian, Vahram. “The Exodus of Musa Dagh Armenians: From the Sanjak of Alexandretta to Anjar, Lebanon.” Special Reports December 2, 2012,. Accessed October 14, 2016. http://armenianweekly.com/2012/12/02/the-exodus-of-musa-dagh-armenians-from-the-sanjak-of-alexandretta-to-anjar-lebanon/.
  • Soyak, Hasa Rıza. Atatürk’Ten Hatıralar. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Tekin, Mehmet. Atatürk’ün Vazgeçilmez Davası Hatay. Antakya: Mehmet Tekin yayınları, 2009.
  • ———. Hatay Devlet Reisi Tayfur Sökmen. Antakya: Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2002.
  • YORULMAZ, Şerife. “Fransiz Manda Yönetimi Döneminde İskenderun Sancaği (Hatay) ’Nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Ve Siyasal Durumuna İlişkin Bazi Kayitlar (1918-1939).” Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, no. 22 (1998): 231–59. doi:10.1501/tite_0000000119.
Year 2016, Volume: 3 Issue: 6 - DECEMBER, 56 - 75, 12.12.2016
https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.279876

Abstract

References

  • Bibliography
  • Ada, Serhan. Türk-Fransız Ilişkilerinde Hatay Sorunu: (1918 - 1939). İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2005.
  • Arslan, Sezer. “BALKAN SAVAŞLARI SONRASI RUMELİ’DEN TÜRK GÖÇLERİ VE OSMANLI DEVLETİ’NDE İSKÂNLAR.” n.p., 2008. http://193.255.140.18/Tez/0069688/METIN.pdf.
  • Asbarez. “Armenian Musa Dagh as a Summer Resort in the Sanjak of Alexandretta During the 1920s-1930s.” September 12, 2008. Accessed October 14, 2016. http://asbarez.com/58688/armenian-musa-dagh-as-a-summer-resort-in-the-sanjak-of-alexandretta-during-the-1920s-1930s/.
  • Berber, Ferhat. “19. YÜZYILDA KAFKASYA’DAN ANADOLU’YA YAPILAN GÖÇLER.” Karadeniz Araştırmaları, no. 31 (2011): 17–49.
  • Birsel, Haktan and Olcay Özkaya Duman. “Le Sandjak Est Turc (Sancak Türktür) Broşüründe İskenderun Sancağı Sorunsalı.” Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi 13, no. 50 (2012): 343–66. doi:10.1501/tite_0000000361.
  • Boym, Svetlana. “Nostalgia and Its Discontents.” The Hedgehog Review 2007,. Accessed October 14, 2016. http://www.iasc-culture.org/eNews/2007_10/9.2CBoym.pdf.
  • Çoruh, Haydar. “2. Mahmud Döneminde Kıbrıs’ın İdarî, İktisadî Ve İctimaî Yapısı (1808-1839).” n.p., 2008.
  • Demir, Yaşar. “Keseb Nahıyesının Toplumsal Yapısı Ve Fransız Manda İdaresınce Antakya’Dan Koparılması.” Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 12, no. 31 (2015): 257–71.
  • Dündar, Fuat. Türkiye Nüfus Sayımlarında Azınlıklar. İstanbul: Civiyazıları, 1999.
  • Greenshields, Thomas Hugh. “The Settlement of Armenian Refugees in Syria and Lebanon, 1915-1939.” n.p.: Durham University, 1978.
  • Güçlü, Yücel. The Question of the Sanjak of Alexandretta: A Study in Turkish-French-Syrian Relations. Ankara: Turkish historical society, 2001.
  • Hatipoğlu, Süleyman. “Hatay’ın Kurtuluşunun Fikri Temelleri.” In Anavatana Katılışının 60.Yıldönümünde Hatay, edited by Berna Türkdoğan, 41–67. Ankara: ATAM, 2001.
  • Jebejıan. “Changing Ideologies and Extralinguistic Determinants in Language Maintenance and Shift Among Ethnic Diaspora Armenians in Beirut.” Leicester.: Doctorate, 2007.
  • Karakoç, Ercan. “Atatürk’ün Hatay Davası.” Bilig, no. 50 (2009): 97–118.
  • Kürkçüoğlu, Omer. Osmanli Devletin`ne Karşi Arap Bağımsızlık Hareketi 1908-1918. Ankara Üniversitesi: Ankara, 1983.
  • Melek, Abdurrahman. Hatay Nasil Kurtuldu. Ankara: Turkish historical society, 1991.
  • Münir, Vedi. Yeni Mecmua. n.p., 1928.
  • Onaran, Nevzat. Cumhuriyette Ermeni Ve Rum Mallarının Türkleştirilmesi (1920-1930). Istanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın, 2013.
  • Oran, Baskın. Türk Dış Politikası: Kurtuluş Savaşından Bugüne Olgular, Belgeler, Yorumlar. 7th ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001.
  • Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World. Online, 2013. s.v “Levant.” Accessed November 11, 2016. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195176322.001.0001/acref-9780195176322-e-900.
  • Özdoğan, Günay Göksu and Füsun Üstel. Türkiye’de Ermeniler Cemaat-Birey-Yurttaş. Istanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2009.
  • Pehlivanlı, Hamit, Yusuf Sarınay, and Hüsam Yıldırım. Türk Diş Politikasinda Hatay (1918 - 1939). Ankara: ASAM, 2001.
  • Peksen, Berna. “The Exodus of Armenians from the Sanjak of Alexandretta in 1930s.” In Turkey beyond nationalism towards post-nationalist identities, by Hans-Lukas Kieser, edited by Hans-Lukas Kieser, 57–66. London: I.B. Tauris, 2006.
  • Sander, Oral. Anka’Nın Yükseliş Ve Düşüşü. Ankara: Ankara SBF yayınları, 1987.
  • ———. Siyasi Tarih Ilkçağlardan 1918’E. 12th ed. Ankara: İmge, 2003.
  • Sanjian, Ara.. Armenians in the Midst of Civil Wars: Lebanon and Syria Compared [in English]. 2016,. Accessed November 13, 2016. https://www.academia.edu/17939611/Armenians_in_the_Midst_of_Civil_Wars_Lebanon_and_Syria_Compared_in_English_.
  • Sarınay, Yusuf. “Atatürk’ün Hatay Politikası-I- (1936-1938).” Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi 22, no. 34 (1996). Accessed October 14, 2016. http://www.atam.gov.tr/dergi/sayi-34/ataturkun-hatay-politikasi-i-1936-1938.
  • Shemmassian, Vahram. “The Exodus of Musa Dagh Armenians: From the Sanjak of Alexandretta to Anjar, Lebanon.” Special Reports December 2, 2012,. Accessed October 14, 2016. http://armenianweekly.com/2012/12/02/the-exodus-of-musa-dagh-armenians-from-the-sanjak-of-alexandretta-to-anjar-lebanon/.
  • Soyak, Hasa Rıza. Atatürk’Ten Hatıralar. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Tekin, Mehmet. Atatürk’ün Vazgeçilmez Davası Hatay. Antakya: Mehmet Tekin yayınları, 2009.
  • ———. Hatay Devlet Reisi Tayfur Sökmen. Antakya: Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, 2002.
  • YORULMAZ, Şerife. “Fransiz Manda Yönetimi Döneminde İskenderun Sancaği (Hatay) ’Nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Ve Siyasal Durumuna İlişkin Bazi Kayitlar (1918-1939).” Ankara Üniversitesi Türk İnkilap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, no. 22 (1998): 231–59. doi:10.1501/tite_0000000119.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mustafa Tayfun Üstün

Publication Date December 12, 2016
Submission Date November 15, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 3 Issue: 6 - DECEMBER

Cite

APA Üstün, M. T. (2016). AN EXAMPLE FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC INTERACTIONS IN THE SANJAK OF ALEXANDRETTA IN THE MANDATE PERIOD (1921-1938): AN EVALUATION OF THE DOCUMENT IN KESHISHIAN FAMILY HERITAGE. Uluslararası Sosyal Ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(6), 56-75. https://doi.org/10.20860/ijoses.279876

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