Experimental and numerical analysis of the influence of the nozzle-to-plate distance in a jet impingement process

Abstract

Jet impingement is a complex heat transfer technique which involves several process variables, such as nozzle-to-plate distance, jet diameter, Reynolds number, jet temperature, among others. To understand the effect of each variable, it is important to study them separately. In industrial applications that use forced convection by air jet impingement, such as reflow soldering, the correct analysis of the flow structure and accurate definition of the variables values that affect the heat transfer over the target surface leads to an increase of the process performance decreasing the manufacturing costs. To reduce costs and time, the introduction of numerical methods has been fundamental. Using a Computational Fluid Dynamics software, the number of experiments is highly reduced, being possible to focus on the phenomena that are highly relevant for the purpose of the study. In this work, the nozzle-to-plate distance (H/D) variable is analyzed. This is considered one of the most important parameters since it influences the entire structure of the jet flow as well as the heat transfer coefficient over the target surface. The results present a comparison between different H/D under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions for a Reynolds number of 2,000.

Keywords

• Jet Impingement,Jet Flow,Nozzle-to-plate distance,PIV,SST k-ω turbulence model

References

1. [1] C. S. Lau, M. Z. Abdullah, and F. Che Ani, “Three dimensional thermal investigations at board level in a reflow oven using thermal‐coupling method,” Solder. Surf. Mt. Technol., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 167–182, 2012.
2. [2] D. C. Whalley, “A simplified model of the reflow soldering process,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., vol. 150, pp. 134–144, 2004.
3. [3] I. Balázs and G. Harsányi, “Heating characteristics of convection reflow ovens,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 29, no. 11–12, pp. 2166–2171, 2009.
4. [4] T. N. Tsai, “Thermal parameters optimization of a reflow soldering profile in printed circuit board assembly: A comparative study,” Appl. Soft Comput. J., vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 2601–2613, 2012.
5. [5] S. Yong, J. Z. Zhang, and G. N. Xie, “Convective heat transfer for multiple rows of impinging air jets with small jet-to-jet spacing in a semi-confined channel,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 86, pp. 832–842, 2015.
6. [6] S. V. Garimella and V. P. Schroeder, “Local Heat Transfer Distributions in Confined Multiple Air Jet Impingement,” J. Electron. Packag., vol. 123, no. 3, p. 165, 2001.
7. [7] M. Angioletti, R. M. Di Tommaso, E. Nino, and G. Ruocco, “Simultaneous visualization of flow field and evaluation of local heat transfer by transitional impinging jets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 46, pp. 1703–1713, 2003.
8. [8] R. Ben Kalifa, S. Habli, N. M. Saïd, H. Bournot, and G. Le Palec, “Parametric analysis of a round jet impingement on a heated plate,” Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, vol. 57, pp. 11–23, 2016.

9. [9] S. A. Reodikar, H. C. Meena, R. Vinze, and S. V. Prabhu, “Influence of the orifice shape on the local heat transfer distribution and axis switching by compressible jets impinging on flat surface,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 104, pp. 208–224, 2016.
10. [10] H. Shariatmadar, S. Mousavian, M. Sadoughi, and M. Ashjaee, “Experimental and numerical study on heat transfer characteristics of various geometrical arrangement of impinging jet arrays,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 102, pp. 26–38, 2016.
11. [11] R. Brakmann, L. Chen, B. Weigand, and M. Crawford, “Experimental and Numerical Heat Transfer Investigation of an Impinging Jet Array on a Target Plate Roughened by Cubic Micro Pin Fins 1,” J. Turbomach., vol. 138, no. 11, p. 111010, 2016.
12. [12] J. Lee and S. J. Lee, “The effect of nozzle configuration on stagnation region heat transfer enhancement of axisymmetric jet impingement,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 43, no. 18, pp. 3497–3509, 2000.
13. [13] R. Viskanta, “Nusselt-Reynolds Prize Paper - Heat Transfer to Impinging Isothermal Gas and Flame Jets,” Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 6, pp. 111–134, 1993.
14. [14] Y. Q. Zu, Y. Y. Yan, and J. D. Maltson, “CFD Prediction for Multi-Jet Impingement Heat Transfer,” Vol. 3 Heat Transf. Parts A B, pp. 483–490, 2009.
15. [15] J. Ortega-Casanova and F. J. Granados-Ortiz, “Numerical simulation of the heat transfer from a heated plate with surface variations to an impinging jet,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 76, pp. 128–143, 2014.
16. [16] Z. Wen, Y. He, X. Cao, and C. Yan, “Numerical study of impinging jets heat transfer with different nozzle geometries and arrangements for a ground fast cooling simulation device,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 95, pp. 321–335, 2016.
17. [17] P. S. Penumadu and A. G. Rao, “Numerical investigations of heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics in multiple jet impingement system,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 110, pp. 1511–1524, 2017.
18. [18] F. R. Menter, “Two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence models for engineering applications,” AIAA J., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1598–1605, 1994.
19. [19] F. R. Menter, J. C. Ferreira, and T. Esch, “The SST Turbulence Model with Improved Wall Treatment for Heat Transfer Predictions in Gas Turbines,” Int. Gas Turbine Congr. 2003, no. 1992, pp. 1–7, 2003.
20. [20] S. Spring, Y. Xing, and B. Weigand, “An Experimental and Numerical Study of Heat Transfer From Arrays of Impinging Jets With Surface Ribs,” J. Heat Transfer, vol. 134, no. 8, p. 082201, 2012.
21. [21] J. H. Ferziger and M. Peric, Computational Methods for Fluid Dynamics, 3rd ed. USA: Springer, 1996.
22. [22] Inc. ANSYS, “ANSYS FLUENT Theory Guide,” Release 18.2. pp. 1–759, 2013.
23. [23] Y. A. Cengel and A. J. Ghajar, Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications. 2011.
24. [24] P. Xu, A. P. Sasmito, S. Qiu, A. S. Mujumdar, L. Xu, and L. Geng, “Heat transfer and entropy generation in air jet impingement on a model rough surface,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 72, pp. 48–56, 2016.
25. [25] S. Caliskan and S. Baskaya, “Experimental investigation of impinging jet array heat transfer from a surface with V-shaped and convergent-divergent ribs,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 59, pp. 234–246, 2012.
26. [26] T. Zhou, D. Xu, J. Chen, C. Cao, and T. Ye, “Numerical analysis of turbulent round jet impingement heat transfer at high temperature difference,” Appl. Therm. Eng., vol. 100, pp. 55–61, 2016.
27. [27] D. W. Zhou and S. J. Lee, “Forced convective heat transfer with impinging rectangular jets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 50, no. 9–10, pp. 1916–1926, 2007.
28. [28] M. Angioletti, E. Nino, and G. Ruocco, “CFD turbulent modelling of jet impingement and its validation by particle image velocimetry and mass transfer measurements,” Int. J. Therm. Sci., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 349–356, 2005.
29. [29] A. Melling, “Tracer particles and seeding for particle image velocimetry,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 8, pp. 1406–1416, 1997.
30. [30] J. Westerweel, “Fundamentals of digital particle image velocimetry,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 8, pp. 1379–1392, 1997.
31. [31] H. Martin, “Heat and Mass Transfer between Impinging Gas Jets and Solid Surfaces,” Adv. Heat Transf., 1977.
32. [32] J. N. B. Livingood and P. Hrycak, “Impingement heat transfer from turbulent air jets to flat plates: A literature survey,” Security, vol. X-2778, no. May, p. 43, 1973.
33. [33] N. Zuckerman and N. Lior, “Jet Impingement Heat Transfer : Physics , Correlations , and Numerical Modeling,” Adv. Heat Transf., vol. 39, no. 06, pp. 565–631, 2006.
34. [34] H. M. Hofmann, M. Kind, and H. Martin, “Measurements on steady state heat transfer and flow structure and new correlations for heat and mass transfer in submerged impinging jets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 50, no. 19–20, pp. 3957–3965, 2007.
35. [35] Y. O. Æ. E. Baydar, “Flow structure and heat transfer characteristics of an unconfined impinging air jet at high jet Reynolds numbers,” pp. 1315–1322, 2008.
36. [36] V. Katti and S. V Prabhu, “Experimental study and theoretical analysis of local heat transfer distribution between smooth flat surface and impinging air jet from a circular straight pipe nozzle,” vol. 51, pp. 4480–4495, 2008.
37. [37] L. Xin, L. A. Gabour, and J. H. Lienhard V, “Stagnation-Point Heat Transfer During Impingement of Laminar Liquid Jets : Analysis Including,” J. Heat Transfer, vol. 115, no. February, pp. 99–106, 1993.
38. [38] R. Gardon and C. Akfirat, “Heat Transfer Characteristics of Impinging Two-Dimensional Air Jets,” J. Heat Transf. Asme, pp. 1–7, 1966.
39. [39] R. Gardon and C. Akfirat, “The role of turbulence in determining the heat-transfer characteristics of impinging jets,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 8, pp. 1261–1272, 1965.
40. [40] V. Katti and S. V Prabhu, “Experimental study and theoretical analysis of local heat transfer distribution between smooth flat surface and impinging air jet from a circular straight pipe nozzle,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 51, pp. 4480–4495, 2008.