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Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig

Year 2015, Volume: 18 Issue: 4, 267 - 275, 15.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000147483

Abstract

The present paper offers a methodological approach towards the estimation and definition of enthalpies constituting an energy balance around a fast pyrolysis experiment conducted in a laboratory scale fluid bed with a capacity of 1 kg h-1 operating with pure N2 as fluidization medium at atmospheric pressures and temperatures ~ 500oC. An effort was made to achieve a satisfying 92.5% retrieval of products (dry basis mass balance) with the differences mainly attributed to loss of some bio-oil constituents into the quenching medium, ISOPARTM. The chemical enthalpy recovery for bio-oil, char and permanent gases is calculated 64.6%, 14.5% and 7.1%, respectively. All the energy losses from the experimental unit into the environment, namely the pyrolyser, cooling unit etc. are discussed and compared to the heat of fast pyrolysis that was calculated at 1123.5 kJ per kg of beech wood. This only represents 2.4% of the biomass total enthalpy or 6.5% its HHV basis. For the estimation of some important thermo-physical properties such as heat capacity and density, it was found that using data based on the identified compounds from the GC/MS analysis is very close to the reference values despite the small fraction of the bio-oil components detected. The methodology and results can help as a starting point for the proper design of fast pyrolysis experiments, pilot and/or industrial scale plants.

References

  • The bubble point of the bio-oil is calculated at 92.2oC and the dew point at 303.4 oC. The specific enthalpy for bio-oil (both organics and water) condensation is estimated at 3909.1 kJ/kgbio-oil. Taking also into account the cooling load that is lost due to various factors, there is a considerable portion that is needed for heat balance closure around the quenching system and remains unidentified. Part of it may be contributed to the inconsistency of the assumption about bio-oil composition that is taken, or inaccuracy in heat losses calculations.
  • K. Braimakis, K. Atsonios, K. D. Panopoulos, S. Karellas, and E. Kakaras, "Economic evaluation of decentralized pyrolysis for the production of bio-oil as an energy carrier for improved logistics towards a large centralized Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35, 57-72, 2014. plant," Renewable and D. Mohan, C. U. Pittman, and P. H. Steele, "Pyrolysis of
  • Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil:  A Critical Review," Energy & Fuels, 20, 848-889, 2006.
  • A. V. Bridgwater, "Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading," Biomass and Bioenergy, 38, 68- , 2012.
  • Y. Haseli, J. A. van Oijen, and L. P. H. de Goey, "Modeling biomass particle pyrolysis with temperature- dependent heat of reactions," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 90, 140-154, 2011.
  • M. Van de Velden, J. Baeyens, A. Brems, B. Janssens, and endothermicity of the biomass pyrolysis reaction," Renewable Energy, 35, 232-242, 2010. kinetics and F. He, W. Yi, and X. Bai, "Investigation on caloric requirement of biomass pyrolysis using TG–DSC analyzer," Energy Conversion and Management, 47, 2469, 2006.
  • D. E. Daugaard and R. C. Brown, "Enthalpy for Pyrolysis for Several Types of Biomass," Energy & Fuels, 17, 934- , 2003/07/01 2003.
  • M. Stenseng, A. Jensen, and K. Dam-Johansen, "Investigation thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 58–59, 765-780, 2001. pyrolysis by
  • M. Antal, Jr., "Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review of the Literature Part 1—Carbohydrate Pyrolysis," in Advances in Solar Energy, K. Böer and J. Duffie, Eds., ed: Springer New York, 1985, pp. 61-111.
  • N. Y. Kirov, "Specific Heats and Total Heat Contents of Coals and Related Materials are Elevated Temperatures," BCURA Monthly Bulletin, 29-33, 1965.
  • I. P. Boukis, P. Grammelis, S. Bezergianni, and A. V. Bridgwater, "CFB air-blown flash pyrolysis. Part I: Engineering design and cold model performance," Fuel, , 1372-1386, 2007.
  • P. Mc Keough, M. Nissilhi, Y. Solantausta, D. Beckman, A. Ostman, A. Bergholm, et al., "IEA Cooperative Project D1: Biomass Liquefaction Test Facility Project," National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 1988.
  • K. S. Ng and J. Sadhukhan, "Process integration and economic analysis of bio-oil platform for the production of methanol and combined heat and power," Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 1153-1169, 2011.
  • M. Mos, S. W. Banks, D. J. Nowakowski, P. R. H. Robson, A. V. Bridgwater, and I. S. Donnison, "Impact of Miscanthus x giganteus senescence times on fast pyrolysis bio-oil quality," Bioresource Technology, 129, 342, 2013.
  • S. W. Banks, D. J. Nowakowski, and A. V. Bridgwater, "Fast pyrolysis processing of surfactant washed Miscanthus," Fuel Processing Technology, 128, 94-103, C. E. Greenhalf, D. J. Nowakowski, A. B. Harms, J. O. Titiloye, and A. V. Bridgwater, "A comparative study of straw, perennial grasses and hardwoods in terms of fast pyrolysis products," Fuel, 108, 216-230, 2013.
  • D. J. Nowakowski, A. V. Bridgwater, D. C. Elliott, D. Meier, and P. de Wild, "Lignin fast pyrolysis: Results from an international collaboration," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 88, 53-72, 2010.
  • C. E. Greenhalf, D. J. Nowakowski, A. B. Harms, J. O. Titiloye, and A. V. Bridgwater, "Sequential pyrolysis of willow SRC at low and high heating rates – Implications for selective pyrolysis," Fuel, 93, 692-702, 2012.
  • M. A. Patel, M. A. S. Baldanza, V. Teixeira da Silva, and A. V. Bridgwater, "In situ catalytic upgrading of bio- oil using supported molybdenum carbide," Applied Catalysis A: General, 458, 48-54, 2013.
  • D.-Y. Peng and D. B. Robinson, "A New Two-Constant Equation of State," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 15, 59-64, 1976.
  • AspenTech, "Physical Property Methods," vol. V7.1, ed. Burlington, MA: Aspen Technology Inc., 2009.
  • S. Czernik and A. V. Bridgwater, "Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil," Energy & Fuels, 18, 590-598, 2004.
  • A. C. Goteti, "Experimental investigation and systems modeling of fractional catalytic pyrolysis of pine," Master of Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, K. Papadikis, S. Gu, and A. V. Bridgwater, "Eulerian Model for the Condensation of Pyrolysis Vapors in a Water Condenser," Energy & Fuels, 25, 1859-1868,
  • J. P. Diebold, "A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado 2000.
Year 2015, Volume: 18 Issue: 4, 267 - 275, 15.10.2015
https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000147483

Abstract

References

  • The bubble point of the bio-oil is calculated at 92.2oC and the dew point at 303.4 oC. The specific enthalpy for bio-oil (both organics and water) condensation is estimated at 3909.1 kJ/kgbio-oil. Taking also into account the cooling load that is lost due to various factors, there is a considerable portion that is needed for heat balance closure around the quenching system and remains unidentified. Part of it may be contributed to the inconsistency of the assumption about bio-oil composition that is taken, or inaccuracy in heat losses calculations.
  • K. Braimakis, K. Atsonios, K. D. Panopoulos, S. Karellas, and E. Kakaras, "Economic evaluation of decentralized pyrolysis for the production of bio-oil as an energy carrier for improved logistics towards a large centralized Sustainable Energy Reviews, 35, 57-72, 2014. plant," Renewable and D. Mohan, C. U. Pittman, and P. H. Steele, "Pyrolysis of
  • Wood/Biomass for Bio-oil:  A Critical Review," Energy & Fuels, 20, 848-889, 2006.
  • A. V. Bridgwater, "Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading," Biomass and Bioenergy, 38, 68- , 2012.
  • Y. Haseli, J. A. van Oijen, and L. P. H. de Goey, "Modeling biomass particle pyrolysis with temperature- dependent heat of reactions," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 90, 140-154, 2011.
  • M. Van de Velden, J. Baeyens, A. Brems, B. Janssens, and endothermicity of the biomass pyrolysis reaction," Renewable Energy, 35, 232-242, 2010. kinetics and F. He, W. Yi, and X. Bai, "Investigation on caloric requirement of biomass pyrolysis using TG–DSC analyzer," Energy Conversion and Management, 47, 2469, 2006.
  • D. E. Daugaard and R. C. Brown, "Enthalpy for Pyrolysis for Several Types of Biomass," Energy & Fuels, 17, 934- , 2003/07/01 2003.
  • M. Stenseng, A. Jensen, and K. Dam-Johansen, "Investigation thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 58–59, 765-780, 2001. pyrolysis by
  • M. Antal, Jr., "Biomass Pyrolysis: A Review of the Literature Part 1—Carbohydrate Pyrolysis," in Advances in Solar Energy, K. Böer and J. Duffie, Eds., ed: Springer New York, 1985, pp. 61-111.
  • N. Y. Kirov, "Specific Heats and Total Heat Contents of Coals and Related Materials are Elevated Temperatures," BCURA Monthly Bulletin, 29-33, 1965.
  • I. P. Boukis, P. Grammelis, S. Bezergianni, and A. V. Bridgwater, "CFB air-blown flash pyrolysis. Part I: Engineering design and cold model performance," Fuel, , 1372-1386, 2007.
  • P. Mc Keough, M. Nissilhi, Y. Solantausta, D. Beckman, A. Ostman, A. Bergholm, et al., "IEA Cooperative Project D1: Biomass Liquefaction Test Facility Project," National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 1988.
  • K. S. Ng and J. Sadhukhan, "Process integration and economic analysis of bio-oil platform for the production of methanol and combined heat and power," Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 1153-1169, 2011.
  • M. Mos, S. W. Banks, D. J. Nowakowski, P. R. H. Robson, A. V. Bridgwater, and I. S. Donnison, "Impact of Miscanthus x giganteus senescence times on fast pyrolysis bio-oil quality," Bioresource Technology, 129, 342, 2013.
  • S. W. Banks, D. J. Nowakowski, and A. V. Bridgwater, "Fast pyrolysis processing of surfactant washed Miscanthus," Fuel Processing Technology, 128, 94-103, C. E. Greenhalf, D. J. Nowakowski, A. B. Harms, J. O. Titiloye, and A. V. Bridgwater, "A comparative study of straw, perennial grasses and hardwoods in terms of fast pyrolysis products," Fuel, 108, 216-230, 2013.
  • D. J. Nowakowski, A. V. Bridgwater, D. C. Elliott, D. Meier, and P. de Wild, "Lignin fast pyrolysis: Results from an international collaboration," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 88, 53-72, 2010.
  • C. E. Greenhalf, D. J. Nowakowski, A. B. Harms, J. O. Titiloye, and A. V. Bridgwater, "Sequential pyrolysis of willow SRC at low and high heating rates – Implications for selective pyrolysis," Fuel, 93, 692-702, 2012.
  • M. A. Patel, M. A. S. Baldanza, V. Teixeira da Silva, and A. V. Bridgwater, "In situ catalytic upgrading of bio- oil using supported molybdenum carbide," Applied Catalysis A: General, 458, 48-54, 2013.
  • D.-Y. Peng and D. B. Robinson, "A New Two-Constant Equation of State," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 15, 59-64, 1976.
  • AspenTech, "Physical Property Methods," vol. V7.1, ed. Burlington, MA: Aspen Technology Inc., 2009.
  • S. Czernik and A. V. Bridgwater, "Overview of Applications of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Oil," Energy & Fuels, 18, 590-598, 2004.
  • A. C. Goteti, "Experimental investigation and systems modeling of fractional catalytic pyrolysis of pine," Master of Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, K. Papadikis, S. Gu, and A. V. Bridgwater, "Eulerian Model for the Condensation of Pyrolysis Vapors in a Water Condenser," Energy & Fuels, 25, 1859-1868,
  • J. P. Diebold, "A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils," National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado 2000.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Regular Original Research Article
Authors

Konstantinos Atsonios

Kyriakos Panopoulos This is me

Anthony Bridgwater This is me

Emmanuel Kakaras This is me

Publication Date October 15, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 18 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Atsonios, K., Panopoulos, K., Bridgwater, A., Kakaras, E. (2015). Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig. International Journal of Thermodynamics, 18(4), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000147483
AMA Atsonios K, Panopoulos K, Bridgwater A, Kakaras E. Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig. International Journal of Thermodynamics. December 2015;18(4):267-275. doi:10.5541/ijot.5000147483
Chicago Atsonios, Konstantinos, Kyriakos Panopoulos, Anthony Bridgwater, and Emmanuel Kakaras. “Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Energy Balance of a 1kg/H Test Rig”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 18, no. 4 (December 2015): 267-75. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000147483.
EndNote Atsonios K, Panopoulos K, Bridgwater A, Kakaras E (December 1, 2015) Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig. International Journal of Thermodynamics 18 4 267–275.
IEEE K. Atsonios, K. Panopoulos, A. Bridgwater, and E. Kakaras, “Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig”, International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 267–275, 2015, doi: 10.5541/ijot.5000147483.
ISNAD Atsonios, Konstantinos et al. “Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Energy Balance of a 1kg/H Test Rig”. International Journal of Thermodynamics 18/4 (December 2015), 267-275. https://doi.org/10.5541/ijot.5000147483.
JAMA Atsonios K, Panopoulos K, Bridgwater A, Kakaras E. Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2015;18:267–275.
MLA Atsonios, Konstantinos et al. “Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Energy Balance of a 1kg/H Test Rig”. International Journal of Thermodynamics, vol. 18, no. 4, 2015, pp. 267-75, doi:10.5541/ijot.5000147483.
Vancouver Atsonios K, Panopoulos K, Bridgwater A, Kakaras E. Biomass fast pyrolysis energy balance of a 1kg/h test rig. International Journal of Thermodynamics. 2015;18(4):267-75.

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