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Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 8 - 16, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.718466

Abstract

There are many monuments made of stone in and around Ankara city center. Due to the geographical location of Ankara, due to its terrestrial climate, physical, chemical and biological deteriorations can be seen asone or combination of three types. Human-induced damages are just as effective as natural degradation types and even caused more damage. The monuments mentioned in this study are: Temple of Augustus, Roman Bath ruins, Julian Column and Gavurkalesi. The first three monuments are located in the Ulus district of Ankara, close to each other. Gavurkalesi is located in Dereköy in the Haymana district of Ankara. Since samples could not be taken from these monuments, the classification of the types of disruption was made to observe and the disruption types were listed by visual examination. A more detailed form of this study necessitates laboratory work. While doing such a study, the samples must be taken from the broken pieces and without damaging the monuments. The purpose of this study is to prepare a document with a preliminary preparation for the restoration of these monuments.

References

  • Caneva, G., Salvadori, O., 1988. Biodeterioration of stone. L. Lazzarini and R. Pieper (Ed.), The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,112-182
  • Croci, G., 1998. The Conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage. Southampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications.
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2017a. Mardin şehrindeki taştan yapılmış eserlerde görülen bozunmalar. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(1):60-74.
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2017b. Tunceli ili Çemişgezek ilçesinin kent merkezindeki tarihi yapılarındaki bozunma analizi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(2):35-51.
  • Dal, M., 2012. Clay minerals and their effects at stones of Edirne historic building. Trakya University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 13(1): 31-39.
  • Dal, M., 2011. Salts deterioration effects in Pınarhisar limestones and Marmara white marbles. Trakya University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Journal Sciences, 12(1), 47-56.
  • Dal, M., 2010. Trakya bölgesi tarihi yapılarında kullanılan karbonatlı taşların bozunma nedenleri. Vakıflar Dergisi, 34(2):47-59.
  • Dal, M., Irgas, C., 2012. Role on alterations of biological organisms on natural stones. Trakya University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 13(1): 41-55.
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2013a. Limestone used in Islamic religious architecture from Istanbul and Turkish Thrace. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 30(1): 29-44
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2013b. Investigations on stone weathering of Ottoman in Architecture: A Kirklareli Hizirbey Kulliye case study. PARIPEX – Indian Journal of Research, 2(11):1-7.
  • Dal, M., Umaroğulları, G., 2014. A Petrographic and chemical analysis of the degree of deformation in historical building stones in Edirne. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(3):392-395.
  • Ergin, Ş., Çelik, A.B., Dal, M., 2019. Technical characteristics of Kasimiye Madrasa building stones and analysis of stone decay problems. Kerpic’19 – Earthen Heritage, New Technology, Management, 7th International Conference, Köycegiz, Muğla Turkey, 05-07 September, 285-294.
  • Ergin, Ş., Dal, M., Çelik, A.B., 2020a. Abdullatif Camii (Latifiye Camii) taş bozunmalarının tesbiti ve XRF spektrometresi ile kimyasal analizi. Mimarlık Üzerine-1 Kitabı, 80-102, İksad Publishing House, Ankara.
  • Ergin, Ş., Dal, M., Çelik, A.B., 2020b. Şeyh Çabuk Camii cephelerinde görülen taş bozunma sorunlarının irdelenmesi ve kimyasal analizlerinin karşılaştırılması. Mimarlık Üzerine-1 Kitabı, 103-124, İksad Publishing House, Ankara.
  • Fitzner, B., 1994. Porosity properties and weathering behaviour of natural stones-methodology and examples, proceedings of the C.U.M. 2nd Course Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation, Heraklion-Crete 24-30 May 1993, C.U.M. University School of Monument Conservation, 101-113.
  • Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K., Kownatzi, R., 1995. Weathering forms-classification and mapping. Verwitterungsforum-Klassifizierung and Kartierung Berlin, Ernst and Sohn, 44-88.
  • Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K., Kownatzi, R., 1992. Weathering forms-classification and mapping of weathering forms, 7th Int. Cong. On Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Proceedings, Lisbon 957-968.
  • Foss, C., 1997. Late Antique and Byzantine Ankara, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31:85-135, Washington
  • Khooshroo, S., Javadi, N., Yardımlı, S., Hattap, S., 2017. Deteriorations detected in İstanbul Süleymaniye Mosque stone surfaces, 9th International Marble and Natural Stone Congres and Exhibition of Turkey, 227-235, Antalya-Turkey. December 13-15.
  • King, R.A., 2017, Figures in stone: architectural sculpture in New York city, W. W. Norton & Company University of California Press.
  • Küçükkaya, G., Dal, M., 2008. The Role of paleontology in the conservation of antique building stone Thrace and İstanbul, Extended Abstracts, IGCP-521- INQUA 0501 4th Plenary Meeting and Field Trip, October 4-16 2008, Bucharest/Romania – Varna/Bulgaria, 89-90.
  • Öcal, A.D., Dal, M., 2017. An archeometric approach for the conservation of archaeological monuments: deterioration mapping: A comparative analysis of the deterioration of the Karatepe-Aslantas orthostats of Turkey and the monoliths of the Archeological Park of Infiernito de Colombia. Paper presented at the Workshop Objects of Art: Archeometry - Conservation - Chemistry WC2017, Bogota, Colombia; May 31-June 2.
  • Öcal, A.D., Dal, M., 2012. Doğal taşlardaki bozunmalar, Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi, İstanbul. Ridgway, B.S., 1999, Prayers in stone: Greek architectural sculpture, W. W. Norton & Company University of California Press.
  • Tokmak, M., 2017. Anıtlar ve bozulma problemleri: Ankara Kalesi, Julian Sütunu, Augustus Tapınağı, Roma Hamamı, Gavur Kalesi, Midas Anıtı, Lap Lambert Publishing Company, Germany
  • Tokmak, M., 2006. Ankara Kalesinin bir bölgesindeki andezit taşlarının bozulma sorunları: Gençkapı Bölgesi, 21. Arkeometri Sempozyumu Antalya: 105-109
  • Tokmak, M., 2005. Documentation and examination of historic building materials for the purpose of conservation: case study, Part of the walls at the Citadel of Ankara, M.Sc. Thesis, METU.

Ankara Taş Anıtlarında Gözlemlenen Fiziksel, Kimyasal ve Biyolojik Bozulmaların Sınıflandırılması

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 8 - 16, 30.06.2020
https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.718466

Abstract

Ankara il merkezinde ve çevresinde birçok taş eserlerden yapılmış anıtlar bulunmaktadır. Ankara'nın coğrafi konumu gereği karasal bir iklimde olması sebebiyle bu taş eserlerde fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik bozulmalar tek tek görülebildiği gibi kimi tarihi eserlerde bu üç bozulma türü aynı anda da olabilmektedir. İnsan kaynaklı zararlar doğal bozulma türleri kadar etkili ve hatta daha fazla tahribata sebep olmuştur. Bu çalışmada konu olan anıtlar şunlardır: Augustus Tapınağı, Roma Hamamı kalıntıları, Julian Sütunu ve Gavurkalesi. İlk üç anıt Ankara'nın Ulus semtinde olup birbirlerine yakın konumdadırlar. Gavurkalesi Ankara'nın Haymana ilçesine bağlı Dereköy mevkindedir. Bu eserlerden örnekler alınamadığı için bozulma türlerinin sınıflandırılması gözlemleme yoluna gidildi ve bozulma türleri ayrı ayrı olarak listelenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın daha detaylı bir şekli mutlaka laboratuvar çalışması gerektirmektedir. Böyle bir çalışma yapılırken örnekler mutlaka kopan parçalardan alınıp eserlere zarar verilmeden yapılmalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, bu anıtların restorasyonu için bir ön hazırlık içeren bir doküman hazırlamaktır.

References

  • Caneva, G., Salvadori, O., 1988. Biodeterioration of stone. L. Lazzarini and R. Pieper (Ed.), The Deterioration and Conservation of Stone,112-182
  • Croci, G., 1998. The Conservation and structural restoration of architectural heritage. Southampton, UK: Computational Mechanics Publications.
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2017a. Mardin şehrindeki taştan yapılmış eserlerde görülen bozunmalar. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(1):60-74.
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2017b. Tunceli ili Çemişgezek ilçesinin kent merkezindeki tarihi yapılarındaki bozunma analizi. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(2):35-51.
  • Dal, M., 2012. Clay minerals and their effects at stones of Edirne historic building. Trakya University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 13(1): 31-39.
  • Dal, M., 2011. Salts deterioration effects in Pınarhisar limestones and Marmara white marbles. Trakya University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Journal Sciences, 12(1), 47-56.
  • Dal, M., 2010. Trakya bölgesi tarihi yapılarında kullanılan karbonatlı taşların bozunma nedenleri. Vakıflar Dergisi, 34(2):47-59.
  • Dal, M., Irgas, C., 2012. Role on alterations of biological organisms on natural stones. Trakya University Journal of Engineering Sciences, 13(1): 41-55.
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2013a. Limestone used in Islamic religious architecture from Istanbul and Turkish Thrace. METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 30(1): 29-44
  • Dal, M., Öcal, A.D., 2013b. Investigations on stone weathering of Ottoman in Architecture: A Kirklareli Hizirbey Kulliye case study. PARIPEX – Indian Journal of Research, 2(11):1-7.
  • Dal, M., Umaroğulları, G., 2014. A Petrographic and chemical analysis of the degree of deformation in historical building stones in Edirne. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(3):392-395.
  • Ergin, Ş., Çelik, A.B., Dal, M., 2019. Technical characteristics of Kasimiye Madrasa building stones and analysis of stone decay problems. Kerpic’19 – Earthen Heritage, New Technology, Management, 7th International Conference, Köycegiz, Muğla Turkey, 05-07 September, 285-294.
  • Ergin, Ş., Dal, M., Çelik, A.B., 2020a. Abdullatif Camii (Latifiye Camii) taş bozunmalarının tesbiti ve XRF spektrometresi ile kimyasal analizi. Mimarlık Üzerine-1 Kitabı, 80-102, İksad Publishing House, Ankara.
  • Ergin, Ş., Dal, M., Çelik, A.B., 2020b. Şeyh Çabuk Camii cephelerinde görülen taş bozunma sorunlarının irdelenmesi ve kimyasal analizlerinin karşılaştırılması. Mimarlık Üzerine-1 Kitabı, 103-124, İksad Publishing House, Ankara.
  • Fitzner, B., 1994. Porosity properties and weathering behaviour of natural stones-methodology and examples, proceedings of the C.U.M. 2nd Course Stone Material in Monuments: Diagnosis and Conservation, Heraklion-Crete 24-30 May 1993, C.U.M. University School of Monument Conservation, 101-113.
  • Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K., Kownatzi, R., 1995. Weathering forms-classification and mapping. Verwitterungsforum-Klassifizierung and Kartierung Berlin, Ernst and Sohn, 44-88.
  • Fitzner, B., Heinrichs, K., Kownatzi, R., 1992. Weathering forms-classification and mapping of weathering forms, 7th Int. Cong. On Deterioration and Conservation of Stone, Proceedings, Lisbon 957-968.
  • Foss, C., 1997. Late Antique and Byzantine Ankara, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 31:85-135, Washington
  • Khooshroo, S., Javadi, N., Yardımlı, S., Hattap, S., 2017. Deteriorations detected in İstanbul Süleymaniye Mosque stone surfaces, 9th International Marble and Natural Stone Congres and Exhibition of Turkey, 227-235, Antalya-Turkey. December 13-15.
  • King, R.A., 2017, Figures in stone: architectural sculpture in New York city, W. W. Norton & Company University of California Press.
  • Küçükkaya, G., Dal, M., 2008. The Role of paleontology in the conservation of antique building stone Thrace and İstanbul, Extended Abstracts, IGCP-521- INQUA 0501 4th Plenary Meeting and Field Trip, October 4-16 2008, Bucharest/Romania – Varna/Bulgaria, 89-90.
  • Öcal, A.D., Dal, M., 2017. An archeometric approach for the conservation of archaeological monuments: deterioration mapping: A comparative analysis of the deterioration of the Karatepe-Aslantas orthostats of Turkey and the monoliths of the Archeological Park of Infiernito de Colombia. Paper presented at the Workshop Objects of Art: Archeometry - Conservation - Chemistry WC2017, Bogota, Colombia; May 31-June 2.
  • Öcal, A.D., Dal, M., 2012. Doğal taşlardaki bozunmalar, Mimarlık Vakfı İktisadi İşletmesi, İstanbul. Ridgway, B.S., 1999, Prayers in stone: Greek architectural sculpture, W. W. Norton & Company University of California Press.
  • Tokmak, M., 2017. Anıtlar ve bozulma problemleri: Ankara Kalesi, Julian Sütunu, Augustus Tapınağı, Roma Hamamı, Gavur Kalesi, Midas Anıtı, Lap Lambert Publishing Company, Germany
  • Tokmak, M., 2006. Ankara Kalesinin bir bölgesindeki andezit taşlarının bozulma sorunları: Gençkapı Bölgesi, 21. Arkeometri Sempozyumu Antalya: 105-109
  • Tokmak, M., 2005. Documentation and examination of historic building materials for the purpose of conservation: case study, Part of the walls at the Citadel of Ankara, M.Sc. Thesis, METU.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Musa Tokmak 0000-0001-9206-9942

Murat Dal 0000-0001-5330-1868

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date April 11, 2020
Acceptance Date June 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Tokmak, M., & Dal, M. (2020). Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 6(1), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.718466
AMA Tokmak M, Dal M. Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. June 2020;6(1):8-16. doi:10.29132/ijpas.718466
Chicago Tokmak, Musa, and Murat Dal. “Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 6, no. 1 (June 2020): 8-16. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.718466.
EndNote Tokmak M, Dal M (June 1, 2020) Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 6 1 8–16.
IEEE M. Tokmak and M. Dal, “Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments”, International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 8–16, 2020, doi: 10.29132/ijpas.718466.
ISNAD Tokmak, Musa - Dal, Murat. “Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 6/1 (June 2020), 8-16. https://doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.718466.
JAMA Tokmak M, Dal M. Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2020;6:8–16.
MLA Tokmak, Musa and Murat Dal. “Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments”. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, vol. 6, no. 1, 2020, pp. 8-16, doi:10.29132/ijpas.718466.
Vancouver Tokmak M, Dal M. Classification of Physical, Chemical and Biological Deteriorations Observed in Ankara Stone Monuments. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 2020;6(1):8-16.

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