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Media and Teaching about the Middle East

Year 2009, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 24 - 44, 01.04.2009

Abstract

This qualitative study was conducted in 2006-2007 and found that teachers relied on a variety of readily available media to stay informed about the Middle East and used some of them in their teaching. Teachers tried to explain to their students that every Middle Eastern Muslim is not a terrorist and Iraq was not behind the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The guiding questions were: (1) What are the sources of news that teachers use to teach about the Middle East? (2) How do teachers use the media to teach about the Middle East in the post 9/11 schools? Semi-structured interviews were used to gather data and teachers’ instructional plans were examined. The Uses and Gratification theory provided the conceptual framework and data were analyzed using the grounded theory

References

  • Alrajehi, M. B. (2003). Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in Kuwaiti Newspapers: A Study of Uses and Gratifications Theory. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi.
  • Baker, S. K. (Writer) (1995). Cartoons Go To War. In S. K. Baker (Producer). USA: New Video Group, A&E Home Video.
  • Baldor, L. C. (Nov. 9, 2006). Rumsfeld: Iraq situation 'not well understood' in U.S. Seattle Post Intelligencer, pp. A1, A4.
  • Brown, J. R., Cramond, J. K., & Wilde, R. J. (1974). Displacement Effects of Television and the Child's Functional Orientation to Media. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Vol. III, pp. 93-112). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Burns, J. F. (2007). Second Iraq Hanging Also Went Awry. Retrieved 1-16-2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/world/middleeast/16hang.html?ref=world
  • Carey, J. W. (1992). Communication as Culture, Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge.
  • Chatman, E. A. (1991). Life in a Small World: Applicability of Gratification Theory to Information-Seeking Behavior. Journal of the American Society for Information Science (1986-1998), 42(6), 438-449.
  • Choices for the 21st Century (http://www.choices.edu/).
  • Cortes, C. E. (2005). The "Information" Media: Social Studies' Main Competitor. In M. S. Crocco (Ed.), Social Studies and the Press: Keeping the Beast at Bay? Greenwich, Connecticut: Information Age Publishing.
  • Dobos, J. (1992). Gratification Models of Satisfaction and Choice of Communication Channels in Organizations. Communication Research, 19(1), 29-51.
  • Domke, D. (2004). God Willing? Political Fundamentalism in the White House, the "War on Terror," and the Echoing Press. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
  • Farrokh, K. (2007). Dr. Kaveh Farrokh-The 300 Movie: Separating Fact from Fiction Retrieved 3-22-2007, 2007, from
  • http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/KavehFarrokh/300/index.htm
  • Fernandez, M. (1999). Postcolonial Media Theory. Art Journal, 58(3), 58-73.
  • Foucault, M. (2001). Fearless Speech. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1999). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
  • Greenberg, B. S. (1974). Gratifications of Television Viewing and Their Correlations. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratification Research (Vol. III, pp. 71-92). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Hunt, T. (11-19-2006). Indonesians Protest Ahead of Bush Visit, from http://www.comcast.net/news/index.jsp?cat=GENERAL&fn=/2006/11/19/524 294.html
  • Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., & Womack, D. F. (2003). Building Communication Theory (4th ed.). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press Inc.
  • Iran expects UNESCO to condemn measures distorting its history. (2007). Retrieved March 29, 2007, 2007, from http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1349.html
  • Iranian-Americans Rally against movie 300 in New York. (2007). Retrieved March 26, 2007, 2007, from http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1311.html
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Use of Mass Communications (Vol. III, pp. 19-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Kaviani, K. (Summer 2006). Influences on Social Studies Teachers' Issue-Selection for Classroom Discussion: Social Positioning and Media, Social Studies Research and Practice, (Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 201-222) http://www.socstrp.org/issues/PDF/1.2.4.pdf.
  • Kline, F. G., Miller, P. V., & Morrison, A. J. (1974). Adolescents and Family Planning Information: An Exploration of Audience Needs and Media Effects. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Vol. III, pp. 113-136). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Liebes, T. (2003). Herzog's "On Borrowed Experience": Its Place in the Debate over the Active Audience. In E. Katz, J. D. Peters, T. Liebes & A. Orloff (Eds.), Canonic Texts in Media Research (pp. 39-53). Maldan, MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  • Massing, M. (December 1, 2005). The End of News? The New York Review of Books, LII, 23-27.
  • McLeod, J. M., & Becker, L. B. (1974). Testing the Validity of Gratification Measures Through Political Effects Analysis. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Vol. III, pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Nasrawi, S. (2006). In Tape, Bin Laden Urges Fighters to Sudan. Retrieved 4-23- 2007, from http://www.comcast.net/includes/article/print.jsp?fn=/data/news/html//2006/0 4/23/374988.html
  • McLuhan, M. (1994). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • O'Heffernan, P. (1993). Mass media and U.S. foreign policy: A Mutual exploitation model of media influence in U.S. foreign policy. In R. J. Spitzer (Ed.), Media and Public Policy (pp. 187-228). Westport: Praeger.
  • Otto, S. (2005). Nostalgic for What? The Epidemic of Images of the Mid 20th Century Classroom in American Media Culture and What it means. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(4), 459-475.
  • Owen, D. (1991). Media Messages in American Presidential Elections (Vol. 25). New York: Greenwood Press.
  • Panja, T. (2007). British Crew: Iran Blindfolded Detainees. Retrieved 4-6-2007, from http://www.comcast.net/news/index.jsp?cat=GENERAL&fn=/2007/04/06/629 782.html
  • Parsi, T. (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Poll: 70% believe Saddam, 9-11 link. (2003). Retrieved 4-6-2007, from
  • http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-09-06-poll-iraq_x.htm
  • President Bush threatens World War III, 2007, October 17. from
  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjGX2Gdj2Y4
  • Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. (2007, October 19, 2007). From
  • http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/10/19/144225
  • Rendon, R. (2007). Family Struggles to Cope with Loss. Retrieved 1-7-2007, from
  • http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nb/bay/news/4451060.html
  • Risinger, C. F. (Jan-Feb 2006). Teaching About International Issues, Geography, and Multiple Points of View Using the Internet. Social Education, 70(1), 34-36.
  • Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communications & Society, 3(1), 3-37.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Said, E. W. (1981). Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Sarmast, B. (2007). 300 Evil-Doers. Retrieved March 22, 2007, 2007, from
  • http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1277.html
  • Starr, P. (2004). The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications. New York: Basic Books.
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative Research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2 ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Suleiman, M. F. (2001). Image Making of Arab Americans: Implications for Teachers in Diverse Settings (Research Paper No. UD034132). Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education Conference.
  • Tremblay, R. (2007, November 5, 2007). The Neocons' Crazy Dream of World War III. Retrieved 1-4-2008, 2008, from
  • http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_2603.shtml
  • UK sailors detained 0.5 km inside Iranian waters, embassy confirms. (2007). Retrieved 3-28-2007, from http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1340.html
  • Watson, I. (2006). Dubai Reacts to Ports Deal Controversy. Retrieved 10-25-2006, 2006, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5236879
  • Wiseman, A. W. (2006). The Impact of the "Gulf State Phenomenon" on Education in Iran, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. In K. Mutua & C. S. Sunal (Eds.), Crosscurrents and Crosscutting Themes (pp. 287-307). Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
  • Worth, R. F. (2008, 1-4-2008). AlJazeera No Longer Nips at Saudis. New York Times.
Year 2009, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 24 - 44, 01.04.2009

Abstract

References

  • Alrajehi, M. B. (2003). Who Reads What, When, Where, and Why in Kuwaiti Newspapers: A Study of Uses and Gratifications Theory. Unpublished Dissertation, University of Southern Mississippi.
  • Baker, S. K. (Writer) (1995). Cartoons Go To War. In S. K. Baker (Producer). USA: New Video Group, A&E Home Video.
  • Baldor, L. C. (Nov. 9, 2006). Rumsfeld: Iraq situation 'not well understood' in U.S. Seattle Post Intelligencer, pp. A1, A4.
  • Brown, J. R., Cramond, J. K., & Wilde, R. J. (1974). Displacement Effects of Television and the Child's Functional Orientation to Media. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Vol. III, pp. 93-112). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Burns, J. F. (2007). Second Iraq Hanging Also Went Awry. Retrieved 1-16-2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/16/world/middleeast/16hang.html?ref=world
  • Carey, J. W. (1992). Communication as Culture, Essays on Media and Society. New York: Routledge.
  • Chatman, E. A. (1991). Life in a Small World: Applicability of Gratification Theory to Information-Seeking Behavior. Journal of the American Society for Information Science (1986-1998), 42(6), 438-449.
  • Choices for the 21st Century (http://www.choices.edu/).
  • Cortes, C. E. (2005). The "Information" Media: Social Studies' Main Competitor. In M. S. Crocco (Ed.), Social Studies and the Press: Keeping the Beast at Bay? Greenwich, Connecticut: Information Age Publishing.
  • Dobos, J. (1992). Gratification Models of Satisfaction and Choice of Communication Channels in Organizations. Communication Research, 19(1), 29-51.
  • Domke, D. (2004). God Willing? Political Fundamentalism in the White House, the "War on Terror," and the Echoing Press. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.
  • Farrokh, K. (2007). Dr. Kaveh Farrokh-The 300 Movie: Separating Fact from Fiction Retrieved 3-22-2007, 2007, from
  • http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/KavehFarrokh/300/index.htm
  • Fernandez, M. (1999). Postcolonial Media Theory. Art Journal, 58(3), 58-73.
  • Foucault, M. (2001). Fearless Speech. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1999). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.
  • Greenberg, B. S. (1974). Gratifications of Television Viewing and Their Correlations. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratification Research (Vol. III, pp. 71-92). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Hunt, T. (11-19-2006). Indonesians Protest Ahead of Bush Visit, from http://www.comcast.net/news/index.jsp?cat=GENERAL&fn=/2006/11/19/524 294.html
  • Infante, D. A., Rancer, A. S., & Womack, D. F. (2003). Building Communication Theory (4th ed.). Prospect Heights, Illinois: Waveland Press Inc.
  • Iran expects UNESCO to condemn measures distorting its history. (2007). Retrieved March 29, 2007, 2007, from http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1349.html
  • Iranian-Americans Rally against movie 300 in New York. (2007). Retrieved March 26, 2007, 2007, from http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1311.html
  • Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of Mass Communication by the Individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Use of Mass Communications (Vol. III, pp. 19-32). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications Ltd.
  • Kaviani, K. (Summer 2006). Influences on Social Studies Teachers' Issue-Selection for Classroom Discussion: Social Positioning and Media, Social Studies Research and Practice, (Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 201-222) http://www.socstrp.org/issues/PDF/1.2.4.pdf.
  • Kline, F. G., Miller, P. V., & Morrison, A. J. (1974). Adolescents and Family Planning Information: An Exploration of Audience Needs and Media Effects. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Vol. III, pp. 113-136). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Liebes, T. (2003). Herzog's "On Borrowed Experience": Its Place in the Debate over the Active Audience. In E. Katz, J. D. Peters, T. Liebes & A. Orloff (Eds.), Canonic Texts in Media Research (pp. 39-53). Maldan, MA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
  • Massing, M. (December 1, 2005). The End of News? The New York Review of Books, LII, 23-27.
  • McLeod, J. M., & Becker, L. B. (1974). Testing the Validity of Gratification Measures Through Political Effects Analysis. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The Uses of Mass Communications: Current Perspectives on Gratifications Research (Vol. III, pp. 137-164). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
  • Nasrawi, S. (2006). In Tape, Bin Laden Urges Fighters to Sudan. Retrieved 4-23- 2007, from http://www.comcast.net/includes/article/print.jsp?fn=/data/news/html//2006/0 4/23/374988.html
  • McLuhan, M. (1994). Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • O'Heffernan, P. (1993). Mass media and U.S. foreign policy: A Mutual exploitation model of media influence in U.S. foreign policy. In R. J. Spitzer (Ed.), Media and Public Policy (pp. 187-228). Westport: Praeger.
  • Otto, S. (2005). Nostalgic for What? The Epidemic of Images of the Mid 20th Century Classroom in American Media Culture and What it means. Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, 26(4), 459-475.
  • Owen, D. (1991). Media Messages in American Presidential Elections (Vol. 25). New York: Greenwood Press.
  • Panja, T. (2007). British Crew: Iran Blindfolded Detainees. Retrieved 4-6-2007, from http://www.comcast.net/news/index.jsp?cat=GENERAL&fn=/2007/04/06/629 782.html
  • Parsi, T. (2007). Treacherous Alliance: The Secret Dealings of Israel, Iran, and the United States. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Poll: 70% believe Saddam, 9-11 link. (2003). Retrieved 4-6-2007, from
  • http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-09-06-poll-iraq_x.htm
  • President Bush threatens World War III, 2007, October 17. from
  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjGX2Gdj2Y4
  • Reel Bad Arabs: How Hollywood Vilifies a People. (2007, October 19, 2007). From
  • http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07/10/19/144225
  • Rendon, R. (2007). Family Struggles to Cope with Loss. Retrieved 1-7-2007, from
  • http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/nb/bay/news/4451060.html
  • Risinger, C. F. (Jan-Feb 2006). Teaching About International Issues, Geography, and Multiple Points of View Using the Internet. Social Education, 70(1), 34-36.
  • Ruggiero, T. E. (2000). Uses and Gratifications Theory in the 21st Century. Mass Communications & Society, 3(1), 3-37.
  • Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Said, E. W. (1981). Covering Islam: How the Media and the Experts Determine How We See the Rest of the World. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Sarmast, B. (2007). 300 Evil-Doers. Retrieved March 22, 2007, 2007, from
  • http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1277.html
  • Starr, P. (2004). The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communications. New York: Basic Books.
  • Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative Research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2 ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Suleiman, M. F. (2001). Image Making of Arab Americans: Implications for Teachers in Diverse Settings (Research Paper No. UD034132). Los Angeles: California Association for Bilingual Education Conference.
  • Tremblay, R. (2007, November 5, 2007). The Neocons' Crazy Dream of World War III. Retrieved 1-4-2008, 2008, from
  • http://onlinejournal.com/artman/publish/article_2603.shtml
  • UK sailors detained 0.5 km inside Iranian waters, embassy confirms. (2007). Retrieved 3-28-2007, from http://www.payvand.com/news/07/mar/1340.html
  • Watson, I. (2006). Dubai Reacts to Ports Deal Controversy. Retrieved 10-25-2006, 2006, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5236879
  • Wiseman, A. W. (2006). The Impact of the "Gulf State Phenomenon" on Education in Iran, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia. In K. Mutua & C. S. Sunal (Eds.), Crosscurrents and Crosscutting Themes (pp. 287-307). Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
  • Worth, R. F. (2008, 1-4-2008). AlJazeera No Longer Nips at Saudis. New York Times.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA49RA94YD
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Khodadad Kaviani This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaviani, K. (2009). Media and Teaching about the Middle East. International Journal Of Progressive Education, 5(1), 24-44.