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Separate but Equal: Segregated Religious Education in Egypt’s Public Schools

Year 2012, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 6 - 21, 01.04.2012

Abstract

The Arab Spring exposed the hidden secrets of Egyptian society to the global community. In spite of the insatiable media attention paid to the Mubarak regime and the toll it took on the entire country, Egypt’s education system received little attention. For decades, Egypt’s public schools have forced students to attend segregated classes, based on an individual’s religious and ethnic background. Egypt’s Coptic community constitutes approximately 10 percent of the population yet members of this community must designate their religious affiliation and, as a result, students adhering to the Christian faith are given a separate religious education. Also, students identifying as Muslim must attend a course on Islam. This dichotomous system instills a sense of other in students at a young age, thereby promoting tension between the two communities. Phronetic research methods will be utilized in this study to chart a new direction for Egypt’s public education system

References

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  • Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Education, Book Sector. 1996. Mubarak wa Ta‘lim: Nazrah ila al-Mustaqbal. Cairo: Al Ashraf Press.
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  • Cook, B.J. (2000). Egypt's national education debate. Comparative Education, 36(4), 477-490
  • Cook, B.J. (2001). Islam and Egyptian higher education. Comparative Education, 45(3), 379-409.
  • DeLue, S. (1997). Political thinking, political theory, and civil society. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Delpit, L., & White-Bradley, P. (2003). Educating or imprisoning the spirit: Lessons from Ancient Egypt. Theory into Practice. 42(4), 283-288.
  • Fine, L. (1990). Souls of the skyscraper: Female clerical workers in Chicago, 1870- 1930. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Flyvbjerg, B. (1998). Habermas and foucault: thinkers for civil society? The British Journal of Sociology, 49(2), 210-233.
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  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Herder and Herder.
  • Ginsburg, M., & Megahed, N. (2002). What should we tell educators about terrorism and Islam? Some considerations in the global context after September 11, 2001. Educational Studies. 33(3), 288-310.
  • Harré, R., & Van Langenhove, L. (1991). Varieties of positioning. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 21(4), 393-407.
  • Hedges, C. As Egypt votes on Mubarak, he faces rising peril. (1993, Oct. 4). New York Times.
  • Hilgendorf, E. (2003).Islamic education: History and tendency. Peabody Journal of Education. 78(2), 63-75.
  • Hilliard, A.G., III. (1997). SBA: The reawakening of the African mind. Gainesville, FL: Makare Publishing.
  • Kirkpatrick, D. (2011, October 14). Egypt’s military expands power, raising alarms. New York Times.
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  • McLaren, P. (1997). Revolutionary multiculturalism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Mostafa, M. M. (2007). A Study of Machiavellian Orientation among Marketing Students in Egypt. College Student Journal, 41(1), 223-238.
  • Mubarak, H. (2004, Sept. 1). Speech by President Mubarak on education development. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Egypt State Information Service Web site: http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Speeshes/000001/040 1050200000000000306.htm
  • Neill, C. M. (2006). Islam in Egyptian education: Grades K-12. Religious Education, 101(4), 481-503.
  • Neal, L. I., & Moore, A. L. (2004). Their Cries Went Up Together: Brown et al. v. Board of Education Then and Now. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 20(1), 5-13.
  • Parsa, M. (1989). Social origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Rahman, K, & Bukhari, S. (2006). Pakistan: Religious education . The Muslim World. 96, 323-339.
  • Reiss, W. (2005). The Portrayal of Christianity in Egyptian textbooks. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, 57(1-2), 109-127.
  • Rowe, P (2001). Four guys and a fax machine: Diasporas, new information technologies and the internationalization of religion in Egypt. Journal of Church and State. 43(1), 81-92.
  • Saad, M. (1998). Habib Girgis. Bulletin of Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society 4, 29-33.
  • Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and imperialism. New York: Vintage.
  • Schaff, P., & Wace, H. (1885). Nicene and post-nicene fathers: st. basil: letters and selected http://books.google.com/books?id=kIAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR15&lpg=PR61 &ots=MUPjY8_4Kq&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false Retrieved from
  • Schaff, P. (1886). Nicene and post-nicene fathers: st. chrysostom: on priesthood; ascetic treatises; select homilies and letters; homilies on the statutes [Series I, Vol. IX]. Retrieved from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf109.toc.html
  • Shapiro, J. (2007). Strictly Confidential. Foreign Policy, (161), 72-73.
  • Shenoda, M. (2007). Displacing Dhimmi, maintaining hope: Unthinkable Coptic representations of Fatimid Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39(4)
  • Stanley, A. (2011, February 11). Mubarak's fall prompts double takes. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com
  • Tadros, M. (2009). Vicissitudes in the entante between the Coptic Orthodox Church and the state in Egypt (1952-2007). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41, 269-287.
  • Thelin, J. (2004). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • U.S. Dept. of Ed., (2006, June 2). Education around the world: Egypt. Retrieved Dec. 17, http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/PES/int_egypt.html U.S. Department of Education Web site:
  • U.S. State Dept., (2007, Sept. 14). International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2008, from U.S. State Department Web site: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90209.htm
  • Ward, B. (Ed.). (1987). Sayings of the desert fathers. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.
  • Watson, J.H. (2000). Among the Copts. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press.
  • West, C. (1993). Race matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Wilson, M. (2003).Egypt: Shaping gnosis for Christianity. Midwest Quarterly. 45(2), 222-234.
  • Yoon, B. (2008). Uninvited Guests: The Influence of Teachers' Roles and Pedagogies on the Positioning of English Language Learners in the Regular Classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 45(2), 495-522.
Year 2012, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 6 - 21, 01.04.2012

Abstract

References

  • Abdeen, M. (2008).Evaluating the legal rights support program for education in Egypt: A case study. Educational Planning. 17(1), 44-52.
  • Arab Republic of Egypt, Ministry of Education, Book Sector. 1996. Mubarak wa Ta‘lim: Nazrah ila al-Mustaqbal. Cairo: Al Ashraf Press.
  • Baldwin, L. (Ed.). (2002). The legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr.. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
  • Bourdieu, P. (2003). Colonialism and ethnography: Foreword to Pierre Bourdieu's Travail et travailleurs en Algérie. Anthropology Today,19(2), 13-18.
  • Campbell, T. (1981). Seven theories of human society. Oxford University Press: New York, NY.
  • Canby, P. (1994). The heart of the sky: Travels among the Maya. New York, NY: Kodansha International.
  • Caroll, K. S. (2008). Building a Learning Community through Curriculum. International Journal of Progressive Education, 4(3)
  • Carson, R. (1962). Silent spring. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Cochran, J. (2008). Educational roots of political crisis in Egypt. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
  • Cook, B. (1999). Islamic versus western conceptions of education: Reflections on Egypt. International Review of Education. 45(3), 339-357.
  • Cook, B.J. (2000). Egypt's national education debate. Comparative Education, 36(4), 477-490
  • Cook, B.J. (2001). Islam and Egyptian higher education. Comparative Education, 45(3), 379-409.
  • DeLue, S. (1997). Political thinking, political theory, and civil society. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Delpit, L., & White-Bradley, P. (2003). Educating or imprisoning the spirit: Lessons from Ancient Egypt. Theory into Practice. 42(4), 283-288.
  • Fine, L. (1990). Souls of the skyscraper: Female clerical workers in Chicago, 1870- 1930. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Flyvbjerg, B. (1998). Habermas and foucault: thinkers for civil society? The British Journal of Sociology, 49(2), 210-233.
  • Flyvbjerg, B. (2001). Making social science matter: why social inquiry fails and how it can succeed again. Oxford: Cambridge University Press
  • Friedman, T. Holding up Arab reform. (2004, Dec. 16). New York Times.
  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York, NY: Herder and Herder.
  • Ginsburg, M., & Megahed, N. (2002). What should we tell educators about terrorism and Islam? Some considerations in the global context after September 11, 2001. Educational Studies. 33(3), 288-310.
  • Harré, R., & Van Langenhove, L. (1991). Varieties of positioning. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 21(4), 393-407.
  • Hedges, C. As Egypt votes on Mubarak, he faces rising peril. (1993, Oct. 4). New York Times.
  • Hilgendorf, E. (2003).Islamic education: History and tendency. Peabody Journal of Education. 78(2), 63-75.
  • Hilliard, A.G., III. (1997). SBA: The reawakening of the African mind. Gainesville, FL: Makare Publishing.
  • Kirkpatrick, D. (2011, October 14). Egypt’s military expands power, raising alarms. New York Times.
  • Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/15/world/middleeast/egypts- military-expands-power-raising-alarms.html?pagewanted=all
  • McLaren, P. (1997). Revolutionary multiculturalism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Mostafa, M. M. (2007). A Study of Machiavellian Orientation among Marketing Students in Egypt. College Student Journal, 41(1), 223-238.
  • Mubarak, H. (2004, Sept. 1). Speech by President Mubarak on education development. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Egypt State Information Service Web site: http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Speeshes/000001/040 1050200000000000306.htm
  • Neill, C. M. (2006). Islam in Egyptian education: Grades K-12. Religious Education, 101(4), 481-503.
  • Neal, L. I., & Moore, A. L. (2004). Their Cries Went Up Together: Brown et al. v. Board of Education Then and Now. Journal of Curriculum and Supervision, 20(1), 5-13.
  • Parsa, M. (1989). Social origins of the Iranian Revolution. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • Rahman, K, & Bukhari, S. (2006). Pakistan: Religious education . The Muslim World. 96, 323-339.
  • Reiss, W. (2005). The Portrayal of Christianity in Egyptian textbooks. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies, 57(1-2), 109-127.
  • Rowe, P (2001). Four guys and a fax machine: Diasporas, new information technologies and the internationalization of religion in Egypt. Journal of Church and State. 43(1), 81-92.
  • Saad, M. (1998). Habib Girgis. Bulletin of Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite Coptic Society 4, 29-33.
  • Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and imperialism. New York: Vintage.
  • Schaff, P., & Wace, H. (1885). Nicene and post-nicene fathers: st. basil: letters and selected http://books.google.com/books?id=kIAXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR15&lpg=PR61 &ots=MUPjY8_4Kq&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false Retrieved from
  • Schaff, P. (1886). Nicene and post-nicene fathers: st. chrysostom: on priesthood; ascetic treatises; select homilies and letters; homilies on the statutes [Series I, Vol. IX]. Retrieved from http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf109.toc.html
  • Shapiro, J. (2007). Strictly Confidential. Foreign Policy, (161), 72-73.
  • Shenoda, M. (2007). Displacing Dhimmi, maintaining hope: Unthinkable Coptic representations of Fatimid Egypt. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 39(4)
  • Stanley, A. (2011, February 11). Mubarak's fall prompts double takes. New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com
  • Tadros, M. (2009). Vicissitudes in the entante between the Coptic Orthodox Church and the state in Egypt (1952-2007). International Journal of Middle East Studies, 41, 269-287.
  • Thelin, J. (2004). A history of American higher education. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • U.S. Dept. of Ed., (2006, June 2). Education around the world: Egypt. Retrieved Dec. 17, http://www.ed.gov/offices/OUS/PES/int_egypt.html U.S. Department of Education Web site:
  • U.S. State Dept., (2007, Sept. 14). International Religious Freedom Report 2007. Retrieved December 17, 2008, from U.S. State Department Web site: http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90209.htm
  • Ward, B. (Ed.). (1987). Sayings of the desert fathers. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.
  • Watson, J.H. (2000). Among the Copts. Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press.
  • West, C. (1993). Race matters. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
  • Wilson, M. (2003).Egypt: Shaping gnosis for Christianity. Midwest Quarterly. 45(2), 222-234.
  • Yoon, B. (2008). Uninvited Guests: The Influence of Teachers' Roles and Pedagogies on the Positioning of English Language Learners in the Regular Classroom. American Educational Research Journal, 45(2), 495-522.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA49UC24PR
Journal Section Articles
Authors

John Isaac This is me

Publication Date April 1, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Isaac, J. (2012). Separate but Equal: Segregated Religious Education in Egypt’s Public Schools. International Journal Of Progressive Education, 8(1), 6-21.