Terror Financing and Unregulated Economy of Pakistan: An Investigation of an Economically Failed State

Year 2022, , 143 - 169, 01.05.2022

Debasısh Nandy

https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1058025

Abstract

Devlet otoritesinin terör örgütlerini kontrol etmedeki göreli özerkliğini kaybetmesi nedeniyle bazen Pakistan'a yönelik devlet destekli terörizm iddialarına tanık olunmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu makale, terörist gruplar ile Pakistan arasındaki bağlantıya yönelik iddiaları incelemeyi amaçlamakta ve terörizmin Pakistan'ın ekonomik kalkınması üzerindeki etkisine odaklanmaktadır. İddialara göre Pakistan'daki terörist gruplar devlet desteği sayesinde sadece paralel ekonomiler yürütmekle kalmıyor, aynı zamanda ülkenin kontrolsüz ekonomisini de kontrol ediyor. Bu kapsamda terör örgütleri çeşitli kanallardan kara para işlemleri de yapmaktadır. Ayrıca terörist grupların şiddet eylemleri binlerce can kaybına ve mülk ve altyapıların zarar görmesine neden olmuştur. Bu nedenle uluslararası kuruluşlar Pakistan'ı birkaç kez suçlamışlar ve devlet otoritesinin terör örgütlerini kontrol etmedeki göreceli özerkliğini kaybettiği için onu 'gri listeye' almışlardır. Dolayısıyla bu makale, güvenlik sorunları ve terör örgütleri bağlamında Pakistan'ın ekonomik geri kalmışlığının nedenlerine odaklanmaktadır.

Keywords

Ekonomik Güvenlik, Başarısız Devlet, Ulusal Güvenlik, Radikalleşme, Terör

Terror Financing and Unregulated Economy of Pakistan: An Investigation of an Economically Failed State

Abstract

Sometimes it has been witnesses the allegation of state-sponsored terrorism against Pakistan because the claim of state authority has lost its relative autonomy in controlling the terrorist organizations. Therefore this essay intends to examine the claims about the connection between the terrorist groups and Pakistan and focuses on the influence of terrorism on the economic development of Pakistan. According to claims, due to governmental support, the terrorist groups in Pakistan are not only running parallel economies but also control the unregulated economy of the country. Therefore international agencies have accused Pakistan several times and taken it on the ‘grey list’ because the state authority has lost its relative autonomy in controlling the terrorist organizations. So, this essay focuses on the reasons for the economic backwardness of Pakistan in the context of security problems and terrorist organizations.

Keywords

Economic Security, Failed States, National Security, Radicalization, Terrorism

References

• References Ahmed, Aijaz. (1978). Democracy and Dictatorship in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary Asia. Winter.
• Ahmed, W.(November 30, 2020). Indian state-sponsored terrorism in Balochistan. The News. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/751520-indian-state-sponsored-terrorism-in-balochistan, accessed on 10th March 2021.
• Alavi, H. (1983). Class and State. In Hassan Gardezi and Tamil Rashid (Eds.), Pakistan—the roots of dictatorship: The political Economy of a Praetorian State, Zed Press, London, p.25.
• Ashok, D.(2019). Balochistan Crisis and Its Implications in the Region. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviewers,6(1), p.26. Borthakur, A. and Kotokey, A. (2019). Ethno-Religious Deconstruction of the Mujahedeen Resistance Movement and its Impact on the Neighborhood. World Focus, 476, August, p.25.
• Brown, V, F. (2009). The Drug Economy in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and Military Conflict in the Region. National Bureau of Asian Research, Seattle.
• Chadha, V.(2017). Economic Sanctions as an Option to Fight Pakistan Sponsored Terrorism. Journal of Defence Studies, 11(2), pp. 13-35 Chengappa, B. M. (2004). Pakistan, Islamization, Army and Foreign Policy. APH Publishing, New Delhi.
• Das, S.K. (2013). Democracy’s Three Ripples: Reflections on The State of Democracy in India’s Neighbourhood. World Focus. July, p.5.
• Dawn. (June 17, 2011). https://www.dawn.com/news/637216, accessed March 12, 2021.
• Ghosh, S. (2006). Introduction. In Mohit Bhattaacharya, Sekhar Ghosh and Rabindranath Bhattacharyya (Eds.) Essays on International Terrorism. Levant Books, Kolkata.
• Gul, I. (2009). The Al Qaida Connection: The Taliban and Terror in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas. Penguin, New Delhi, p.240.
• Haqqani, H. (2004). The Role of Islam in Pakistan’s Future. The Washington Quarterly .28(1), Winter, p.5.
• Huntington, S.P. (1993). The Clash of Civilization? Foreign Affairs, Summer.
• Hyder, S., Akram, N., & Padda, I. U. (2015). Impact of terrorism on economic development in Pakistan. Pakistan Business Review, 16(4), 704–722.
• Khan, A., Estrada, M. A. R., & Yusof, Z. (2016). How terrorism affects the economic performance? The case of Pakistan. Quality & Quantity, 50(2), 867–883. doi:10.1007/s11135-015-0179-z.
• Lieven, A. (2012). Pakistan: A Hard Country. Penguin Books, New Delhi, pp. 175-76.
• Majumdar, N. (2011). An Anthology of Writings on Terrorism in South Asia. The Other Side of Terror. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, p. xiv.
• Musharraf, P. (2006). In the Line of Fire: A Memoir. Pocket Books, London, pp.202-203.
• Miklian, J. (2009, January 27). Illicit Trading in Nepal: Fuelling South Asian Terrorism South Asia. Working Paper No.3. International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
• Nandy, D.(2014). Baloch Insurgency in Pakistan: A History of Deprivation (1947-2013). The West Bengal Political Science Review. 15(16), p.150.
• Nandy, D. (2017). Understanding Pakistan. Kunal Books, New Delhi, pp.118-119.
• Nandy,D.(2019). India’s Pakistan Policy in the Post-Cold War Period: Calculus and Reality. World Focus. 476, August, p.16.
• Paul, T.V. (2014). The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World.. Random House India, Gurgaon, p.184.
• Petersen, H.E. (December 14, 2020). Kidnap, torture, murder: the plight of Pakistan’s thousands of disappeared. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/14/kidnap-torture-the-plight-of-pakistans-thousands-of-disappeared, accessed on February 3, 2021.
• Prasad, S. (2020). EU must use its moral weight to put Pakistan on the blacklist of FATF. South Asia Monitor. https://southasiamonitor.org/spotlight/eu-must-use-its-moral-weight-put-pakistan-blacklist-fatf, accessed on 9th March 2021.
• Raw, S.N. Nagewara.(1999). Patterns and trends of ethnic conflicts in South Asia: Security implications. In V.T Patil and N.K Jha (Eds.) Peace and Cooperative security in South Asia, P.R Books, Delhi, p.69.
• Shafqat, S.(2011). Praetorian and the People. In Maleeha Lodhi (Ed.) Pakistan Beyond the Crisis State. Hurst, London, p.105.
• Shafqat,S.(2019). Pakistan Military: Sustaining Hegemony and Constructing Democracy? Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 42(2), Winter, p.21.
• Shaikh, F.(2009).Making Sense of Pakistan. Hurst and Company, London, p.44.
• Sharma, V.B. (2020). How Pakistan's Unregulated Economy Feeds the Criminal Terror Nexus.
• South Asian Terrorism Portal(SATP) (2019). https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/pakistan/database/casualties.htm, accessed on 11th March 2021.
• ‘Terrorists Attack Navy Airbase in Karachi, Destroy Three Aircraft’, Dawn, 22 May 2011, available at http://www.dawn.com/news/630878, accessed on 5 December 2016.
• The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG)(2020). 1st Follow-Up Report Mutual Evaluation of Pakistan September 2020. Sydney South, http://www.fatf-gafi.org/media/fatf/documents/reports/fur/APG-1st-Follow-Up-Report-Pakistan-2020.pdf.
• The Economic Times. (January 1, 2021). https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/us-blocks-usd-63-million-funds-of global-terrorist-groups-such-as-pakistan-based-letjem/articleshow/80058410.cms?from=mdr, accessed on March 9, 2021.
• The Wire. (October 15, 2021). Karachi. https://thewire.in/south-asia/pakistan-terror-financing, accessed on 20th February, 2021.
• The Wire, https://thewire.in/south-asia/pakistan-terror-financing, accessed on 2nd March 2021.
• ‘US Drone Strike in Pakistan Kills Taliban Leader Mullah Mansoor’. The Guardian. 22 May 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/ world/2016/may/21/us-airstrike-taliban-leader-mullah-akhtar-mansoor, accessed on 12 January 2021.
• Ullah,H.K.(2014). Vying for Allah’s Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties, Political Violence, and Extremism in Pakistan. Foundation Books, New Delhi, p.131.
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes(UNODC). (2019). Training Manual for LEAs: Counter Terrorism Financing.
• Weatley, J.(2005). Ancient Banking, Modern Crimes: How Hawala Secretly Transfers the Finances of Criminals and thwarts Existing Laws. Journal of International Law. 26(2). 347–78.
• Zaidi, S.M. A (2010). Understanding the Appeal of the Taliban in Pakistan. Journal of Strategic Security, 3(3), 1–14.
• Zakaria, M., Jun, W, Ahmed, H. (2019). Effect of Terrorism on Economic Growth in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Economic Research. 32(1), pp.1794-1812. DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1638290, https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1638290.