Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Recent Progress of the American Hegemony and the Rise of China

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 332 - 368, 01.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.944671

Abstract

One of the current issues in international relations is the hegemonic position of the United States of America (USA). After the collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) and the transformation of the bipolar international system into a unipolar USA-dominated system, the sustainability of the US hegemony has been an important topic of discussion. China, especially in the 21st century, has been trying to establish its own international system by acting on behalf of its own interests in certain issues rather than consenting to the institutions and rules of the Pax Americana, which were created after the Cold War. The USA, which has based its foreign policy largely on maintaining its global hegemony, is experiencing a competition with China today, similar to the competition it had with the USSR in the past. Although the US power declines relatively with the power transformation in the 21st century as China’s rises, many policymakers and international relations academics share the view that it will take a long time to end the global US hegemony due to the economic, military, and technological superiorities. Nevertheless, the rise of China would stay as the most important issue of US foreign policy in the coming years. With an extensive look on the literature, this study compares the US and China using the hard and soft power instruments of hegemony. Keeping in mind that no hegemonic order will last forever, the views on the current ‘power shift’, where the structural changes will lead American hegemony and whether the US is in a hegemonic decline will also be analysed

References

  • Acharya, A. (2008). Nonhegemonic International Relations: A Preliminary Conceptualization, Centre for Governance and International Affairs, University of Bristol, Working Paper No. 10-08.
  • Altman, R. (2009). "The Great Credit Crash, 2008: A Geopolitic Alset Back For the West", Foreign Affairs C:88 Sayı: 1, 2-15.
  • Arrighi, G. (2005). "Globalization in World-Systems Perspective", R.P. Appelbaum ve W. I. Robinson (eds.), Critical Globalization Studies, New York: Routledge, 33-44.
  • ASEAN (2017). "Economic Chart Books, 2009, 2014, 2017" (Erişim, 15.04.2019) http://www.aseanstats.org/category/asean-economic-chartbook.
  • BBC News (2019). “NATO Summit: Trump Blasts Macron ‘Brain Dead’ Comments as ‘Nasty’”, (Erişim, 07.12.2020) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50641403.
  • BBC Türkçe (2021 16, Nisan). “Taliban: Afganistan'da savaşı biz kazandık, ABD kaybetti” https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56760213 (Erişim, 16 Nisan 2021
  • Bischof, G. (2009). “The Empire Discourses: The ‘American Empire’ in Decline?” Kurswechsel, 14-23.
  • Bölme, S. M. (2012). İncirlik Üssü: ABD'nin Üs Politikası ve Türkiye, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Brooks S. G. ve Wohlforth W. (2016). America Abroad: the United States' Global Role in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2010). Büyük Satranç Tahtası: Amerika’nın Küresel Üstünlüğü ve Bunun Jeostratejik Gereklilikleri, (çev.) Y. Türedi, Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi.
  • Bush, G.H.W. (1990). "Address Before United Nations General Assembly", (Erişim, 17.04.2019) http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1990/html/Dispatchv1no06.html.
  • Bush G.W. (2002a). “US President George W. Bush, remarks at White House reception for veterans”, Office of the Press Secretary, (Erişim, 01.08.2020) https://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/ 11/20021111-2.html.
  • Bush G.W. (2002b). “President Delivers State of the Union Address”, 29 January 2002, (Erişim, 04.11.2020) http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html.
  • Coase, R.H. ve Wang, N. (2013). “How China Became Capitalist”, Cato Institute, January/February 2013, (Erişim, 07.12.2020) https://www.cato.org/policy-report/januaryfebruary-2013/how-china-became-capitalist.
  • Cohen, E. (2017). “Is Trump Ending the American Era? TheAtlantic”, Department of State, (Erişim, 28.05.2019) https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/is-trump-ending-the-american-era/537888.
  • Cooley, A. ve Nixon, D.H. (2020). “How Hegemony Ends”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2020, (Erişim, 08.11.2020) https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-06-09/how-hegemony-ends.
  • Cox, M. (2007). “Is the United States in Decline -- Again?”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 83 (4), 643-653.
  • Cox, R.W. (1987). Production, Power, And World Order, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Cullen, P. (2017). “The Rebalance to Asia Under Trump: What Comes Next?”, RUSI Journal, 162 (2), (April/May 2017).
  • Daojiong, Z. (2017). “China-US Relations Under Trump: More Continuity Than Change.”, Asian Perspective, 41, 701–715.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2002). "Felsefi ve Stratejik Boyutlarıyla 11 Eylül Sonrası Dönem", Sahibini Arayan Barış, (der.) Kürkçügil M., İstanbul: Everest Yayınları.

Amerikan Hegemonyasının Son Dönemlerdeki Seyri ve Çin’in Yükselişi

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 332 - 368, 01.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.944671

Abstract

Uluslararası ilişkilerde güncel konulardan birisi, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD)’nin hegemonik konumudur. Sovyetler Birliği (SSCB)’nin dağılmasının ardından iki kutuplu uluslararası sistemin ABD’nin hakim olduğu tek kutuplu sisteme dönüşmesi sonrasında, 90’lı yıllardan itibaren ABD hegemonyasının sürdürülebilirliği önemli bir tartışma konusu olmuştur. Çin’in özellikle 21. yüzyıl itibarıyla, Soğuk Savaş sonrasında oluşturulan Pax Americana’nın kurumları ve kurallarına rızayı seçmek yerine belirli konularda kendi çıkarları adına hareket ederek kendi uluslararası sistemini kurmaya çalıştığı bilinmektedir. Dış politikasını büyük ölçüde küresel hegemonyasını devam ettirmek üzerine kuran ABD ise geçmiş dönemlerde SSCB ile yaşadığı rekabetin bir benzerini günümüzde Çin’le yaşamaktadır. Her ne kadar 21. yüzyılda yaşanılan güç dönüşümüyle ABD’nin gücü göreli olarak azalırken, Çin’inki artmaktaysa da, ABD’nin ekonomik, askeri ve teknolojik üstünlükleri nedeniyle küresel hegemonyasına son vermenin çok uzun zaman alacağı görüşü, günümüzde politika yapıcılar ve uluslararası ilişkiler akademisyenleri arasında yaygındır. Bununla birlikte, Çin’in yükselişi, önümüzdeki yıllarda ABD’nin dış politikasının en önemli meselesi olacaktır. Bu çalışmada kapsamlı bir literatür taraması ışığında hegemonyanın sert ve yumuşak güç unsurları ele alınarak ABD ve Çin karşılaştırılması yapılacak olup, hiçbir hegemonik düzenin sonsuza dek sürmeyeceği düşüncesiyle, yaşanılan yapısal değişimlerin Amerikan hegemonyasını nereye taşıyacağı, mevcut ‘güç kayması' ve ABD'nin hegemonik düşüşte olup olmadığına dair görüşler analiz edilecektir.

References

  • Acharya, A. (2008). Nonhegemonic International Relations: A Preliminary Conceptualization, Centre for Governance and International Affairs, University of Bristol, Working Paper No. 10-08.
  • Altman, R. (2009). "The Great Credit Crash, 2008: A Geopolitic Alset Back For the West", Foreign Affairs C:88 Sayı: 1, 2-15.
  • Arrighi, G. (2005). "Globalization in World-Systems Perspective", R.P. Appelbaum ve W. I. Robinson (eds.), Critical Globalization Studies, New York: Routledge, 33-44.
  • ASEAN (2017). "Economic Chart Books, 2009, 2014, 2017" (Erişim, 15.04.2019) http://www.aseanstats.org/category/asean-economic-chartbook.
  • BBC News (2019). “NATO Summit: Trump Blasts Macron ‘Brain Dead’ Comments as ‘Nasty’”, (Erişim, 07.12.2020) https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-50641403.
  • BBC Türkçe (2021 16, Nisan). “Taliban: Afganistan'da savaşı biz kazandık, ABD kaybetti” https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-56760213 (Erişim, 16 Nisan 2021
  • Bischof, G. (2009). “The Empire Discourses: The ‘American Empire’ in Decline?” Kurswechsel, 14-23.
  • Bölme, S. M. (2012). İncirlik Üssü: ABD'nin Üs Politikası ve Türkiye, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları.
  • Brooks S. G. ve Wohlforth W. (2016). America Abroad: the United States' Global Role in the 21st Century, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Brzezinski, Z. (2010). Büyük Satranç Tahtası: Amerika’nın Küresel Üstünlüğü ve Bunun Jeostratejik Gereklilikleri, (çev.) Y. Türedi, Ankara: İnkılap Kitabevi.
  • Bush, G.H.W. (1990). "Address Before United Nations General Assembly", (Erişim, 17.04.2019) http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/briefing/dispatch/1990/html/Dispatchv1no06.html.
  • Bush G.W. (2002a). “US President George W. Bush, remarks at White House reception for veterans”, Office of the Press Secretary, (Erişim, 01.08.2020) https://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/ 11/20021111-2.html.
  • Bush G.W. (2002b). “President Delivers State of the Union Address”, 29 January 2002, (Erişim, 04.11.2020) http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html.
  • Coase, R.H. ve Wang, N. (2013). “How China Became Capitalist”, Cato Institute, January/February 2013, (Erişim, 07.12.2020) https://www.cato.org/policy-report/januaryfebruary-2013/how-china-became-capitalist.
  • Cohen, E. (2017). “Is Trump Ending the American Era? TheAtlantic”, Department of State, (Erişim, 28.05.2019) https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/10/is-trump-ending-the-american-era/537888.
  • Cooley, A. ve Nixon, D.H. (2020). “How Hegemony Ends”, Foreign Affairs, July/August 2020, (Erişim, 08.11.2020) https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-06-09/how-hegemony-ends.
  • Cox, M. (2007). “Is the United States in Decline -- Again?”, International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 83 (4), 643-653.
  • Cox, R.W. (1987). Production, Power, And World Order, New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Cullen, P. (2017). “The Rebalance to Asia Under Trump: What Comes Next?”, RUSI Journal, 162 (2), (April/May 2017).
  • Daojiong, Z. (2017). “China-US Relations Under Trump: More Continuity Than Change.”, Asian Perspective, 41, 701–715.
  • Davutoğlu, A. (2002). "Felsefi ve Stratejik Boyutlarıyla 11 Eylül Sonrası Dönem", Sahibini Arayan Barış, (der.) Kürkçügil M., İstanbul: Everest Yayınları.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Cengiz Dinç 0000-0002-4433-9941

Onur Yurdabak 0000-0002-3143-0404

Publication Date October 1, 2021
Submission Date May 29, 2021
Acceptance Date June 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Dinç, Cengiz, and Onur Yurdabak. “Amerikan Hegemonyasının Son Dönemlerdeki Seyri Ve Çin’in Yükselişi”. International Journal of Politics and Security 3, no. 3 (October 2021): 332-68. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.944671.

23370

               

Data Sharing Policy
This journal encourages authors to share the data obtained as a result of their research while remaining within the requirements of the universal and legal criteria for the protection of personal rights with scientific ethics and citation rules. In this context, IJPS adopts the Budapest Open Access Initiative Declaration (2001).