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Is Israel Still A State that “Dwells Alone” in Its Foreign Relations?

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 351 - 374, 01.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1113870

Abstract

The Jewish people have experienced a history of persecution, restrictions, expulsions, and pogroms. All these accumulated to shape the worldview of the Jews and caused them to see the world as two parts, the Jewish and non-Jewish. The Jews believed that they are a people “who dwells alone”, they should be dependent only on other Jews, and they should be self-reliant. This frame of mind has inevitably affected the policy makers’ decisions while conducting Israel’s foreign relations. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to examine the worldview of the Jewish people and the policymakers to understand how this belief has shaped the foreign policy of Israel and to scrutinize whether the thought of "no friends" is still a valid argument for Israel.

References

  • Abadi, Jacob. Israel’s Leadership from Utopia to Crisis. Westport: Greenwood, 1993.
  • Arian, Asher. Security Threatened Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Arian, Asher. “A People Apart: Coping with National Security, Problems in Israel”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 33, sy. 4 (1989): 605-631.
  • Arian, Asher, Ilan Talmud ve Tamar Hermann. National Security and Public Opinion in Israel. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.
  • Barnett, Michael. “Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change: Israel’s Road to Oslo”. European Journal of International Relations 5, sy. 1 (1999): 5-36.
  • Bar-Tal, Daniel ve Dikla Antebi. “Siege Mentality in Israel”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16, sy. 3 (1992): 251-275.
  • Ben-Gurion, David. “David Ben-Gurion: Broadcast to the Nation after the Arab Invasion (May 15, 1948)”. Jewish Virtual Library, Mayıs 15, 1948. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ben-gurion-broadcast-to-the-nation-after-the-arab-invasion-may-1948 (26.04.2022).
  • Bergen, Doris L. War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
  • Bernstein, Richard J. Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
  • Brecher, Michael. The Foreign Policy System of Israel: Setting, Images, Process. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • Byrnes, Robert F. Antisemitism in Modern France. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1950.
  • Caplan, Neil. “Oom-Shmoom Revisted: Israeli Attitudes Towards the UN and the Great Powers, 1948-1960.” In Global Politics, Essays in Honour of David Vital, edited by Abraham Ben-Zvi ve Aharon Klieman, 167-200. London: Frank Cass, 2001.
  • Cohen, Raymond. “Israel’s Starry-Eyed Foreign Policy”. Middle East Quarterly, 1994, https://www.meforum.org/221/israels-starry-eyed-foreign-policy (23.04.2022).
  • Dimont, Max I. Jews, God, and History. New York: Penguin Publishing, 2004.
  • Dowty, Alan. “Israeli Foreign Policy and the Jewish Question”. Middle East Review of International Affairs 3, sy. 1 (1999): 1-13.
  • Eban, Abba. My Country. Jerusalem: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972.
  • Elizur, Judith. “The Fracturing of the Jewish Self-Image: The End of ‘We Are One’?” In Israel: The First Hundred Years, Volume III Israeli Politics and Society Since 1948 Problems of Collective Identity, edited by Efraim Karsh, 14-30. London: Frank Cass, 2002.
  • Elon, Amos. The Israelis: Founders and Sons. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971.
  • Gil, Merom. “Israel’s National Security and the Myth of Exceptionalism”. Political Science Quarterly 114, sy. 3 (1999): 409-434.
  • Goldstein, Jonathan. “The Republic of China and Israel, 1911-2003.” In Israel: The First Hundred Years Volume IV Israel in the International Arena, edited by Efraim Karsh, 216-248. London: Frank Cass, 2004.
  • Grossman, Gabrielle. “The Re-shaping of Anti-Semitism Through the Ages”. The Journal of Psychohistory 41, sy. 3 (2014): 198-208.
  • Guzansky, Yoel. “Israel’s Periphery Doctrine 2.0: The Mediterranean Plus”. Mediterranean Politics 19, sy. 1 (2014): 99-116.
  • Hirshfield, Claire. “The British Left and the ‘Jewish Conspiracy’: A Case Study of Modern Antisemitism”. Jewish Social Studies 43, sy. 2 (1981): 95-112.
  • Inbar, Efraim. “Israeli National Security, 1973-1996”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 555, sy. 1 (January 1998): 62-81.
  • Inbar, Efraim. Rabin and Israel’s National Security. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
  • Inbar, Efraim. Israel’s National Security Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War. New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Inbar, Efraim ve Shmuel Sandler. The Changing Israeli Strategic Equation: Toward a Security Regime. Tel Aviv: BESA Center for Strategic Studies, Security and Policy Studies No. 23, 1995.
  • Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
  • Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.
  • Jones, Clive ve Emma C. Murphy. Israel Challenges to Identity, Democracy and the State. New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Katz, Jacob. From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700–1933. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980.
  • Keohane, Robert O. ve Joseph S. Nye. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
  • Klieman, Aaron. Israel and the World after 40 Years. New York: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1990.
  • Kober, Avi. “Israeli War Objectives into an Era of Negativism”. Journal of Strategic Studies Special Issue Israel’s National Security Towards the 21st Century 24, sy. 2 (2001): 176-201.
  • Kumaraswamy, P.R. “The Maturation of Indo-Israeli Ties”. Middle East Quarterly 20, sy. 2 (2013): 39-48.
  • Kumaraswamy, P.R. “Israel-India Relations: Seeking Balance and Realism.” In Israel: The First Hundred Years Volume IV Israel in the International Arena, edited by Efraim Karsh, 249-267. London: Frank Cass, 2004.
  • Levite, Ariel. Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine. Jerusalem: Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies, 1989.
  • Liden, Anders. Security Perception: A Study of Change in Israel’s Official Doctrine 1967-1974. Lund: Distribution Studentlitteratur, 1979.
  • Lindemann, Albert S. The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894-1915. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Mohl, Allan. “The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots”. The Journal of Psychohistory 39, sy. 2 (2011): 115-128.
  • Momigliano, Arnaldo. “A Note on Max Weber’s Definition of Judaism as a Pariah-Religion”. History and Theory 19, sy. 3 (1980): 313-318.
  • Neuberger, Benjamin. Israel’s Relations with the Third World (1948–2008). Tel Aviv: The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies Research Paper No.5, 2009.
  • Olmert, Ehud. “Ehud Olmert Administration: Remarks at Meeting with Heads of Local Authorities During War (July 31, 2006)”. Jewish Virtual Library, Temmuz 31, 2006. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/prime-minister-olmert-remarks-at-meeting-with-heads-of-local-authorities-during-war-july-2006 (26.04.2022).
  • Peleg, Ilan. Begin’s Foreign Policy, 1977–1983 Israel’s Move to the Right. Westport: Greenwood, 1987.
  • Peleg, Ilan ve Paul Scham. “Israeli Neo-Revisionism and American Neoconservatism: The Unexplored Parallels”. Middle East Journal 61, sy. 1 (2007): 73-94.
  • Peres, Shimon. “The Lessons of War with Hezbollah”. New Perspectives Quarterly 23, sy. 4 (2006): 23-26.
  • Reich, Bernard ve David H. Goldberg. Historical Dictionary of Israel. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2008.
  • Roberts, Samuel J. Survival or Hegemony? The Foundations of Israeli Foreign Policy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973.
  • Rubinstein, Hilary L., Dan Cohn-Sherbok, Abraham J. Edelheit ve William D. Rubinstein. The Jews in the Modern World A History Since 1750. New York: Arnold Publishers, 2002.
  • Rubinstein, Amnon. The Zionist Dream Revisited: From Herzl to Gush Emunim and Back. New York: Schocken, 1984.
  • Sachar, Abram L. A History of the Jews. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.
  • Sandler, Shmuel. “Is There a Jewish Foreign Policy?” Jewish Journal of Sociology 29, (1987): 115-121.
  • Sandler, Shmuel. The State of Israel, the Land of Israel The Statist and Ethnonational Dimensions of Foreign Policy. London: Greenwood Press, 1993.
  • Schilling, Christopher L. “The Ghetto Complex: Rethinking Israel’s Foreign Policy”. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 5, sy. 4 (2010): 465-470.
  • Segev, Tom. The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.
  • Seliktar, Ofira. New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
  • Shai, Aron. Sino-Israeli Relations: Current Reality and Future Prospects. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2009.
  • “Sharon Maintains Control in Face of Demographic Shift”. The Irish Times, Ağustos 20, 2005. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/sharon-maintains-control-in-face-of-demographic-shift-1.482484 (26.04.2022).
  • Shlaim, Avi. “Israel Between East and West, 1948-56”. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36, sy. 4 (2004): 657-673.
  • Singer, David J. “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations”. World Politics 14, sy. 1 (1961): 77-92.
  • Slater, Robert. Rabin of Israel. London: Robson Books, 1977.
  • Smith, David N. “Judeophobia, Myth, and Critique.” In The Seductiveness of Jewish Myth: Challenge or Response, edited by S. Daniel Breslauer, 123-157. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
  • Sofer, Sasson. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Şahin, Güngör ve Serhat Güzel. “Orta Doğu Güvenliğinde Yeni Açılımlar ve İbrahim Antlaşması”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 34 (2021): 15-28.
  • Tjong-Alvares, Binyamin. “The Geography of Sino-Israeli Relations”. Jewish Political Studies Review 24, (2012): 96-121.
  • Weinberg, Meyer. Because They Were Jews A History of Antisemitism. New York: Praeger, 1986.

Is Israel Still A State that “Dwells Alone” in Its Foreign Relations?

Year 2022, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 351 - 374, 01.10.2022
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1113870

Abstract

Yahudi halkı bir zulüm, kısıtlama, sınır dışı etme ve pogrom tarihi yaşadı. Bütün bunlar, Yahudilerin dünya görüşünü şekillendirmek için birikmiş ve dünyayı Yahudi ve Yahudi olmayan iki parça olarak görmelerine neden olmuştur. Yahudiler "yalnız yaşayan" bir halk olduklarına, sadece diğer Yahudilere bağımlı olmaları ve kendi kendilerine yetmeleri gerektiğine inanıyorlardı. Bu zihniyet, İsrail'in dış ilişkilerini yürütürken kaçınılmaz olarak politika yapıcıların kararlarını da etkilemiştir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı, bu inancın İsrail'in dış politikasını nasıl şekillendirdiğini anlamak için Yahudi halkının ve politika yapıcıların dünya görüşünü incelemek ve "dost yok" düşüncesinin İsrail için hala geçerli bir argüman olup olmadığını incelemektir.

References

  • Abadi, Jacob. Israel’s Leadership from Utopia to Crisis. Westport: Greenwood, 1993.
  • Arian, Asher. Security Threatened Surveying Israeli Opinion on Peace and War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Arian, Asher. “A People Apart: Coping with National Security, Problems in Israel”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 33, sy. 4 (1989): 605-631.
  • Arian, Asher, Ilan Talmud ve Tamar Hermann. National Security and Public Opinion in Israel. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.
  • Barnett, Michael. “Culture, Strategy and Foreign Policy Change: Israel’s Road to Oslo”. European Journal of International Relations 5, sy. 1 (1999): 5-36.
  • Bar-Tal, Daniel ve Dikla Antebi. “Siege Mentality in Israel”. International Journal of Intercultural Relations 16, sy. 3 (1992): 251-275.
  • Ben-Gurion, David. “David Ben-Gurion: Broadcast to the Nation after the Arab Invasion (May 15, 1948)”. Jewish Virtual Library, Mayıs 15, 1948. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ben-gurion-broadcast-to-the-nation-after-the-arab-invasion-may-1948 (26.04.2022).
  • Bergen, Doris L. War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009.
  • Bernstein, Richard J. Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996.
  • Brecher, Michael. The Foreign Policy System of Israel: Setting, Images, Process. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
  • Byrnes, Robert F. Antisemitism in Modern France. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1950.
  • Caplan, Neil. “Oom-Shmoom Revisted: Israeli Attitudes Towards the UN and the Great Powers, 1948-1960.” In Global Politics, Essays in Honour of David Vital, edited by Abraham Ben-Zvi ve Aharon Klieman, 167-200. London: Frank Cass, 2001.
  • Cohen, Raymond. “Israel’s Starry-Eyed Foreign Policy”. Middle East Quarterly, 1994, https://www.meforum.org/221/israels-starry-eyed-foreign-policy (23.04.2022).
  • Dimont, Max I. Jews, God, and History. New York: Penguin Publishing, 2004.
  • Dowty, Alan. “Israeli Foreign Policy and the Jewish Question”. Middle East Review of International Affairs 3, sy. 1 (1999): 1-13.
  • Eban, Abba. My Country. Jerusalem: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972.
  • Elizur, Judith. “The Fracturing of the Jewish Self-Image: The End of ‘We Are One’?” In Israel: The First Hundred Years, Volume III Israeli Politics and Society Since 1948 Problems of Collective Identity, edited by Efraim Karsh, 14-30. London: Frank Cass, 2002.
  • Elon, Amos. The Israelis: Founders and Sons. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971.
  • Gil, Merom. “Israel’s National Security and the Myth of Exceptionalism”. Political Science Quarterly 114, sy. 3 (1999): 409-434.
  • Goldstein, Jonathan. “The Republic of China and Israel, 1911-2003.” In Israel: The First Hundred Years Volume IV Israel in the International Arena, edited by Efraim Karsh, 216-248. London: Frank Cass, 2004.
  • Grossman, Gabrielle. “The Re-shaping of Anti-Semitism Through the Ages”. The Journal of Psychohistory 41, sy. 3 (2014): 198-208.
  • Guzansky, Yoel. “Israel’s Periphery Doctrine 2.0: The Mediterranean Plus”. Mediterranean Politics 19, sy. 1 (2014): 99-116.
  • Hirshfield, Claire. “The British Left and the ‘Jewish Conspiracy’: A Case Study of Modern Antisemitism”. Jewish Social Studies 43, sy. 2 (1981): 95-112.
  • Inbar, Efraim. “Israeli National Security, 1973-1996”. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 555, sy. 1 (January 1998): 62-81.
  • Inbar, Efraim. Rabin and Israel’s National Security. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.
  • Inbar, Efraim. Israel’s National Security Issues and Challenges Since the Yom Kippur War. New York: Routledge, 2008.
  • Inbar, Efraim ve Shmuel Sandler. The Changing Israeli Strategic Equation: Toward a Security Regime. Tel Aviv: BESA Center for Strategic Studies, Security and Policy Studies No. 23, 1995.
  • Jervis, Robert. Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.
  • Johnson, Paul. A History of the Jews. New York: HarperCollins, 1987.
  • Jones, Clive ve Emma C. Murphy. Israel Challenges to Identity, Democracy and the State. New York: Routledge, 2002.
  • Katz, Jacob. From Prejudice to Destruction: Anti-Semitism, 1700–1933. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980.
  • Keohane, Robert O. ve Joseph S. Nye. Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1970.
  • Klieman, Aaron. Israel and the World after 40 Years. New York: Pergamon-Brassey’s, 1990.
  • Kober, Avi. “Israeli War Objectives into an Era of Negativism”. Journal of Strategic Studies Special Issue Israel’s National Security Towards the 21st Century 24, sy. 2 (2001): 176-201.
  • Kumaraswamy, P.R. “The Maturation of Indo-Israeli Ties”. Middle East Quarterly 20, sy. 2 (2013): 39-48.
  • Kumaraswamy, P.R. “Israel-India Relations: Seeking Balance and Realism.” In Israel: The First Hundred Years Volume IV Israel in the International Arena, edited by Efraim Karsh, 249-267. London: Frank Cass, 2004.
  • Levite, Ariel. Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine. Jerusalem: Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies, 1989.
  • Liden, Anders. Security Perception: A Study of Change in Israel’s Official Doctrine 1967-1974. Lund: Distribution Studentlitteratur, 1979.
  • Lindemann, Albert S. The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank) 1894-1915. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991.
  • Mohl, Allan. “The Evolution of Anti-Semitism: Historical and Psychological Roots”. The Journal of Psychohistory 39, sy. 2 (2011): 115-128.
  • Momigliano, Arnaldo. “A Note on Max Weber’s Definition of Judaism as a Pariah-Religion”. History and Theory 19, sy. 3 (1980): 313-318.
  • Neuberger, Benjamin. Israel’s Relations with the Third World (1948–2008). Tel Aviv: The S. Daniel Abraham Center for International and Regional Studies Research Paper No.5, 2009.
  • Olmert, Ehud. “Ehud Olmert Administration: Remarks at Meeting with Heads of Local Authorities During War (July 31, 2006)”. Jewish Virtual Library, Temmuz 31, 2006. https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/prime-minister-olmert-remarks-at-meeting-with-heads-of-local-authorities-during-war-july-2006 (26.04.2022).
  • Peleg, Ilan. Begin’s Foreign Policy, 1977–1983 Israel’s Move to the Right. Westport: Greenwood, 1987.
  • Peleg, Ilan ve Paul Scham. “Israeli Neo-Revisionism and American Neoconservatism: The Unexplored Parallels”. Middle East Journal 61, sy. 1 (2007): 73-94.
  • Peres, Shimon. “The Lessons of War with Hezbollah”. New Perspectives Quarterly 23, sy. 4 (2006): 23-26.
  • Reich, Bernard ve David H. Goldberg. Historical Dictionary of Israel. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2008.
  • Roberts, Samuel J. Survival or Hegemony? The Foundations of Israeli Foreign Policy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973.
  • Rubinstein, Hilary L., Dan Cohn-Sherbok, Abraham J. Edelheit ve William D. Rubinstein. The Jews in the Modern World A History Since 1750. New York: Arnold Publishers, 2002.
  • Rubinstein, Amnon. The Zionist Dream Revisited: From Herzl to Gush Emunim and Back. New York: Schocken, 1984.
  • Sachar, Abram L. A History of the Jews. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968.
  • Sandler, Shmuel. “Is There a Jewish Foreign Policy?” Jewish Journal of Sociology 29, (1987): 115-121.
  • Sandler, Shmuel. The State of Israel, the Land of Israel The Statist and Ethnonational Dimensions of Foreign Policy. London: Greenwood Press, 1993.
  • Schilling, Christopher L. “The Ghetto Complex: Rethinking Israel’s Foreign Policy”. The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 5, sy. 4 (2010): 465-470.
  • Segev, Tom. The Seventh Million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. New York: Henry Holt, 1991.
  • Seliktar, Ofira. New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel. London: Croom Helm, 1986.
  • Shai, Aron. Sino-Israeli Relations: Current Reality and Future Prospects. Tel Aviv: Institute for National Security Studies, 2009.
  • “Sharon Maintains Control in Face of Demographic Shift”. The Irish Times, Ağustos 20, 2005. https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/sharon-maintains-control-in-face-of-demographic-shift-1.482484 (26.04.2022).
  • Shlaim, Avi. “Israel Between East and West, 1948-56”. International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 36, sy. 4 (2004): 657-673.
  • Singer, David J. “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations”. World Politics 14, sy. 1 (1961): 77-92.
  • Slater, Robert. Rabin of Israel. London: Robson Books, 1977.
  • Smith, David N. “Judeophobia, Myth, and Critique.” In The Seductiveness of Jewish Myth: Challenge or Response, edited by S. Daniel Breslauer, 123-157. New York: State University of New York Press, 1997.
  • Sofer, Sasson. Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  • Şahin, Güngör ve Serhat Güzel. “Orta Doğu Güvenliğinde Yeni Açılımlar ve İbrahim Antlaşması”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, sy. 34 (2021): 15-28.
  • Tjong-Alvares, Binyamin. “The Geography of Sino-Israeli Relations”. Jewish Political Studies Review 24, (2012): 96-121.
  • Weinberg, Meyer. Because They Were Jews A History of Antisemitism. New York: Praeger, 1986.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

A.murat Ağdemir 0000-0001-6773-3493

Publication Date October 1, 2022
Submission Date May 8, 2022
Acceptance Date August 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Ağdemir, A.murat. “Is Israel Still A State That ‘Dwells Alone’ in Its Foreign Relations?”. International Journal of Politics and Security 4, no. 3 (October 2022): 351-74. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1113870.

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