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1979-89 SSCB’nin Afganistan Politikası: Sovyet-Peştun İttifakı

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 168 - 183, 19.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1534427

Abstract

19. yy. ve erken 20. yy. boyunca Britanya ve Çarlık Rusya’nın Afgan toprakları üzerindeki nüfuz mücadelesi, Afgan yöneticilerinin bu iki büyük güç arasında denge politikası izlemelerine neden olmuştur. 1. Dünya Savaşı sırasında gerçekleşen Ekim Devrimi ile Rusya'da iktidarı ele geçiren Bolşeviklerin kurduğu genç SSCB, seleflerinin izinden giderek güneydeki komşularıyla, kadim Rus-Afgan ilişkilerini sürdürmüştür. İki ülke arasındaki ilişki zaman zaman sekteye uğrasa da hiçbir zaman tamamen kopmamıştır. Sovyetlerin, Afganistan'ın hâkim etnik grubu ve yönetici elitini oluşturan Peştun milletiyle yakın teması, bu çalışmanın sorusuna kaynaklık etmiştir; Sovyetler, Afganistan’da niçin Peştun merkezli bir siyasi ajandayı takip etmiştir? Çalışmanın ana sorusunun daha açık hale gelebilmesi için Sovyet-Peştun ittifakının tarihsel arka planı ana hatlarıyla sunulacaktır. Akabinde çalışmanın ana sorusu olan Sovyet Peştu ittifakının sebepleri, yani
1. Bölgedeki diğer etnik gruplar olan Tacikler ve Hazaraların Sovyetler tarafından niçin müttefik olarak seçilmediği
2. Komünist ideolojinin alıcısının Peştun etnik grubu olması
3. Başkent Kabil’in hükümdarlarının Peştun aşiretleri arasında yer değiştirmesi
4. Hint Okyanusu’na Açılan Peştunistan Tezini değerlendirmek suretiyle Sovyetlerin Afganistan’da niçin Peştun merkezli bir dış siyaset takip ettiği ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Amin Saikal. Modern Afghanistan : A Struggle A History And Survival. London, 2004.
  • Amstutz, J. Bruce. The First Five Year Of Soviet Occupation. Washington D.C: National Defense University Press, 1986.
  • Arat, Reşit Rahmeti. Baburnâme. Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 2000.
  • Barfield, Thomas. Afganistan Politik ve Kültürel Bir Tarih. Çev. Burhan Yüksekkaş. İstanbul: Kültür Yayınları, 2021.
  • Barfield, Thomas J. “Problems in Establishing Legitimacy in Afghanistan.” Iranian Studies 37, no. 2 (June 2004): 263–93. doi:10.1080/0021086042000268100.
  • Barry, Michael. Kabul’s Long Shadows Historical Perspectives. New Jersey: Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, 2011.
  • Bradsher, H.S. Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Braithwaite, R. Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton University Press, 1980.
  • Farzam, Rahimullah. “Tarihsel ve Güncel Boyutlarıyla Hazara Toplumu.” İram Yayınları, 2020, 1–61.
  • Feifer, Gregory. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan. Harper Collins, 2009.
  • Gillard, David. The Struggle for Asia, 1828-1914 : A Study in British and Russian Imperialism. London: Methuen& CoLTd, 1977.
  • Hamşioğlu, Oğuz. “Afgan Modernleşmesi ve Türkiye.” Doktora, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2006.
  • Holmes, Leslie. “Afghanistan Sino-Soviet Relations.” in The Soviet Withdrawal From Afghanistan, edited by Amin Saikal ve William Maley, 122–42. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Hopkins B. D. The Making of Modern Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Hosking, Geoffrey. A History of the Soviet Union 1917-1991. London: Fontana Press, 1992.
  • Johnson, Robert. The Afghan Way Of War: How and Why They Fight. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Johnson T.H. and Adamec L.W. The Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. 5th ed. Lanham: Rowman &Littlefield, 2021.
  • Lee, Jonathan L. Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. London: Reacktion Books, 2018.
  • M. Hassan Kakar. The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. doi:10.14714/cp42.552.
  • Marsden, Peter. Afghanistan Aid, Armies and Empires. I.B Tauris, 2009.
  • Martín, Miguel Ángel Ballesteros. “Geopolitical Analysis of Afghanistan.” Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies (IEEE) 12, no. April (2011): 1–16.
  • Maya Latynski and S. Enders Wimbush. “The Mujahideen and the Russian Empire.” The National Interest 11 (1988): 30–42.
  • Miller, Robert F. “Afghanistan and Soviet Alliances.” In The Soviet Withdrawal From Afghanistan, edited by Amin Saikal ve William Maley, 101–22. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Naby, Eden. “The Ethnic Factor in Soviet-Afghan Relations.” Asian Survey 20, no. 3 (1980): 237–56. Batoor, Qari Feriaghun. “Afganistan’da Cumhuriyetin Kuruluşu.” Anasay Dergisi 2, no. 5 (2018): 13–33.
  • Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond. I.B. Tauris, 2010.
  • Rubin, Barnett R. The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International
  • System. 2nd ed. USA: Yale University Press, 2002.
  • Sinno, A.H. No Title. Organizations At War In Afghanistan And Beyond. London: Cornell University Press, 2011.
  • Sivrioğlu, Ulaş Töre. “Sovyet Askeri Müdahalesinden Önce Sovyetler Birliği-Afganistan İlişkileri (1919-1979).” Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Dergisi 3, no. 1 (2020): 57–75.
  • Stalin, Joseph. “The Foundation of Leninism.” In J. Stalin Works Volume 6. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1953.
  • Sivrioğlu U.T, Türkoğlu A.J. Afganistan 1978-1992: Soğuk Savaşın Sıcak Cephesi. Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi, 2021.
  • Yalçınkaya, Alaaddin. Sömürgecilik-Panislamizm Işığında Türkistan (1856-1922). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 1997.
  • Yegin, Abdullah. “Afganistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu,” 2015.

1979-89 USSR’s Policy in Afghanistan: The Soviet-Pashtun Alliance

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 168 - 183, 19.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1534427

Abstract

The struggle for influence over Afghan territories between Britain and Tsarist Russia throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries led Afghan leaders to adopt a balancing policy between these two major powers. During World War I, the October Revolution brought the Bolsheviks to power in Russia, and the nascent Soviet Union continued the traditional Russo-Afghan relations with its southern neighbors, following in the footsteps of its predecessors. Although the relationship between the two countries occasionally encountered obstacles, it was never entirely severed. The close interaction between the Soviets and the Pashtun nation, which constitutes the dominant ethnic group and ruling elite in Afghanistan, has prompted the central question of this study: Why did the Soviets pursue a Pashtun-centered political agenda in Afghanistan?
To clarify this main question, the study will first outline the historical background of the Soviet-Pashtun alliance. It will then explore several factors that contributed to this alliance. The study will examine why the Soviets chose not to ally with other ethnic groups in the region, such as the Tajiks and Hazaras. Additionally, it will investigate why the Pashtun ethnic group was particularly receptive to communist ideology. The shifting of rulers among Pashtun tribes in the capital city of Kabul will also be considered. Lastly, the study will assess the significance of the Pashtunistan Thesis, which advocates for access to the Indian Ocean.
By evaluating these aspects, the study aims to uncover the reasons behind the Soviets' pursuit of a Pashtun-centered foreign policy in Afghanistan.

References

  • Amin Saikal. Modern Afghanistan : A Struggle A History And Survival. London, 2004.
  • Amstutz, J. Bruce. The First Five Year Of Soviet Occupation. Washington D.C: National Defense University Press, 1986.
  • Arat, Reşit Rahmeti. Baburnâme. Ankara: T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı Yayınları, 2000.
  • Barfield, Thomas. Afganistan Politik ve Kültürel Bir Tarih. Çev. Burhan Yüksekkaş. İstanbul: Kültür Yayınları, 2021.
  • Barfield, Thomas J. “Problems in Establishing Legitimacy in Afghanistan.” Iranian Studies 37, no. 2 (June 2004): 263–93. doi:10.1080/0021086042000268100.
  • Barry, Michael. Kabul’s Long Shadows Historical Perspectives. New Jersey: Liechtenstein Institute on Self-Determination, 2011.
  • Bradsher, H.S. Afghan Communism and Soviet Intervention. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Braithwaite, R. Afgantsy: The Russians in Afghanistan 1979-89. Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Dupree, Louis. Afghanistan. Princeton University Press, 1980.
  • Farzam, Rahimullah. “Tarihsel ve Güncel Boyutlarıyla Hazara Toplumu.” İram Yayınları, 2020, 1–61.
  • Feifer, Gregory. The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan. Harper Collins, 2009.
  • Gillard, David. The Struggle for Asia, 1828-1914 : A Study in British and Russian Imperialism. London: Methuen& CoLTd, 1977.
  • Hamşioğlu, Oğuz. “Afgan Modernleşmesi ve Türkiye.” Doktora, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, 2006.
  • Holmes, Leslie. “Afghanistan Sino-Soviet Relations.” in The Soviet Withdrawal From Afghanistan, edited by Amin Saikal ve William Maley, 122–42. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Hopkins B. D. The Making of Modern Afghanistan. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
  • Hosking, Geoffrey. A History of the Soviet Union 1917-1991. London: Fontana Press, 1992.
  • Johnson, Robert. The Afghan Way Of War: How and Why They Fight. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Johnson T.H. and Adamec L.W. The Historical Dictionary of Afghanistan. 5th ed. Lanham: Rowman &Littlefield, 2021.
  • Lee, Jonathan L. Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. London: Reacktion Books, 2018.
  • M. Hassan Kakar. The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979-1982. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. doi:10.14714/cp42.552.
  • Marsden, Peter. Afghanistan Aid, Armies and Empires. I.B Tauris, 2009.
  • Martín, Miguel Ángel Ballesteros. “Geopolitical Analysis of Afghanistan.” Spanish Institute for Strategic Studies (IEEE) 12, no. April (2011): 1–16.
  • Maya Latynski and S. Enders Wimbush. “The Mujahideen and the Russian Empire.” The National Interest 11 (1988): 30–42.
  • Miller, Robert F. “Afghanistan and Soviet Alliances.” In The Soviet Withdrawal From Afghanistan, edited by Amin Saikal ve William Maley, 101–22. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
  • Naby, Eden. “The Ethnic Factor in Soviet-Afghan Relations.” Asian Survey 20, no. 3 (1980): 237–56. Batoor, Qari Feriaghun. “Afganistan’da Cumhuriyetin Kuruluşu.” Anasay Dergisi 2, no. 5 (2018): 13–33.
  • Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: The Power of Militant Islam in Afghanistan and Beyond. I.B. Tauris, 2010.
  • Rubin, Barnett R. The Fragmentation of Afghanistan: State Formation and Collapse in the International
  • System. 2nd ed. USA: Yale University Press, 2002.
  • Sinno, A.H. No Title. Organizations At War In Afghanistan And Beyond. London: Cornell University Press, 2011.
  • Sivrioğlu, Ulaş Töre. “Sovyet Askeri Müdahalesinden Önce Sovyetler Birliği-Afganistan İlişkileri (1919-1979).” Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi Dergisi 3, no. 1 (2020): 57–75.
  • Stalin, Joseph. “The Foundation of Leninism.” In J. Stalin Works Volume 6. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1953.
  • Sivrioğlu U.T, Türkoğlu A.J. Afganistan 1978-1992: Soğuk Savaşın Sıcak Cephesi. Çanakkale: Paradigma Akademi, 2021.
  • Yalçınkaya, Alaaddin. Sömürgecilik-Panislamizm Işığında Türkistan (1856-1922). İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 1997.
  • Yegin, Abdullah. “Afganistan Siyasetini Anlama Kılavuzu,” 2015.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Politics, Political Science (Other), Regional Studies, Middle East Studies, Politics in International Relations, International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yaren Yüce Şentürk 0009-0002-8949-1231

Publication Date October 19, 2024
Submission Date August 16, 2024
Acceptance Date September 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Yüce Şentürk, Yaren. “1979-89 SSCB’nin Afganistan Politikası: Sovyet-Peştun İttifakı”. International Journal of Politics and Security 6, no. 2 (October 2024): 168-83. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1534427.

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