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Historicisation of Terrorism and Terrorist as Illusion

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 237 - 260, 19.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1554506

Abstract

In studies on the concept of terrorism, researchers have established a connection between acts of violence in different periods of history and terrorist violence today. The concepts of terrorism and terrorist are ambiguous terms that can be shaped according to the intentions and political aims of the language user and gain new meanings within the context. In this respect, the study aims to show that terrorism can be politically exploited and used in the construction of certain governance apparatuses. Consequently, the study posits that terrorism can be utilized as a tool for manipulation within society. The transformation of ‘terrorism’ in the axis of security and the potential threat of violence has been explained through the descriptive method.

References

  • Bonditti, Philippe. “Violence and the Modern International: An Archaeology of Terrorism” in Foucault and The Modern International: Silences and Legacies for the Study of World Politics, edited by Philippe Bonditti, Didier Bigo ve Frederic Gros, 155-174, Paris: Plagrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Chaliand, Gerard and Arnaud Blin. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. CA: University of California Press, 2007.
  • Cohen, Ariel. “Promoting Freedom and Democracy: Fighting The War of Ideas Against Islamic Terrorism”. Comparative Strategy, 22, 3 (2003): 207–22.
  • Crozier, Brian. The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960.
  • Enemark, Christian. “Farewell to WMD: The Language and Science of Mass Destruction”. Contemporary Security Policy, 32(2): 382–400.
  • Erlenbusch-Anderson, Verena. “Knowledge, Power, Subjectivity” in Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies edited by Priya Dixit and J. L. Stump. New York:Routledge, 2016.
  • Erlenbusch-Anderson, Verena. Genealogies of Terrorism: Revolution, State Violence, Empire. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018. Fanon, Frantz. A Dying Colonialism, trans. Haakon Chevalier, New York: Grove, 1965.
  • Fine, Gary Alan. “John Brown's Body: Elites, Heroic Embodiment, and The Legitimation of Political Violence”, Social Problems, 46 (1999): 225-49.
  • Foucault, Michel. “The Confession of The Flesh” in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews And Other Writings, edited by C. Gordon, 194-228, New York: Random House, 1980.
  • Galula, David. Counter-Insurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. New York: Praeger, 1964.
  • Goldstein, Joshua S. The Real Price of War: How You Pay For The War On Terror. New York: New York University Press, 2004.
  • Herman, Edward S. ve Gerry O’Sullivan. The Terrorism Industry: The Experts and Institutions that Shape our View of Terror. New York:Pantheon Books, 1989.
  • Herman, Edward. The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda. Boston: South End Press, 1982.
  • Hosmer, Stephen and O.Crane Sibylle. Counterinsurgency: A Symposium April 16-20, 1962. CA: RAND Publishing, 2006.
  • Ignatieff, Michael. The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in An Age of Terror. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
  • Ip, John. “Two Narratives of Torture”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 7, 1 (2009): 35–77.
  • Jackson, Richard, L.Jarvis, J.Gunning and M.Breen Smyth. Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2011.
  • Johnson, Chalmers. Perspectives on Terrorism. Berkeley: University of California, 1976.
  • Laquer, Walter. A History of Terrorism. New Jersey: Transaction Publisher, 2001.
  • Law, Randall D. Terrorism: A History. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Leach, Edmund. Custom, Law, and Terrorist Violence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977.
  • Livingston, Marius H., Lee Bruce Kress, and Marie G. Wanek. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
  • Michaelson, Christopher. “The Triviality of Terrorism”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 66, 4 (2012): 431–449.
  • Mustapha, Jennifer. “Threat Construction in the Bush Administration’s Post-9/11 Foreign Policy: (Critical) Security Implications for Southeast Asia”, The Pacific Review, 24, 4 (2011): 487–504.
  • Neumann, Peter. Old and New Terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Nietschmann, Bernard. “The Third World War”. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 11, sy.3 (1987):1-16
  • Paget, Julian. Counter-Insurgency Operations: Techniques of Guerrilla Warfare. New York: Walker, 1967.
  • Perenyi, Peter. “State Department Conference on Terrorism: Summary of Conference Sponsored by The Bureau of Intelligence and Research and the Planning and Coordination Staff”. US Department of State, External Research Study, (XR/RNAS-21) 1972.
  • Rapoport, David C. “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions”. American Political Science Review, 78, 3 (1984): 658–77.
  • Rapoport, David C. “Religion and Terror: Thugs, Assassins, and Zealots” in International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls edited by C. W. Kegley Jr. 146-157. New York: St. Martin’s Press 1990.
  • Robespierre, Maximillien. “On The Principles of Revolutionary Government” in Robespierre, Virtue and Terror, edited by Slovac Zizek, 98-107, London: Verso, 2007.
  • Sinclair, Andrew. An Anatomy of Terror: A History of Terrorism. London: Pan Macmillan, 2004.
  • Sluka, Jeffrey A. “The Contribution of Anthropology to Critical Terrorism Studies” in Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth, Jeroen Gunning, 138-155. London-New York: Routledge, 2009
  • Stampnıtzky, Lisa. Disciplining Terror: How Expert Invented “Terrorism”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Stampnitzky, Lisa. “Can Terrorism Be Defined?”, in Constructions of Terrorism: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Research and Policy, edited by Michael Stohl, 11-20, CA: University of California Press, 2017.
  • Thayer, Charles. Guerilla. New York: Harper&Row, 1963.
  • Thorton, Thomas. “Terror As A Weapon of Political Agitation” in Internal War: Problems and Approaches edited by Harry Eckstein, 1-99, New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
  • Whitbeck, John. Terrorism: The World Itself is Dangerous, Daily Star, 7 December 2001. Erişim Mart 15, 2024. http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=4747&CategoryId=5
  • Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations, trans. Gertrude E.M. Anscombe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
  • Wolfandale, Jessica. “The Narrative of Terrorism of Terrorism as an Existential Threat” in Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, edited by Richard Jackson, 247-268. New York: Routledge, 2016.

Terörizmin Tarihselleştirilmesi ve İllüzyon Olarak Terörist

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 237 - 260, 19.10.2024
https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1554506

Abstract

Terörizm kavramının tarihsel gelişimini araştırmaya yönelik pek çok çalışmada araştırmacılar tarihin farklı dönemlerindeki şiddet eylemleriyle günümüzdeki terörist şiddet arasında bağlantı olduğu iddiasında bulunmaktadırlar. Terörizm ve terörist kavramları; dili kullananın niyetine ve politik amaçlarına göre şekillenerek dile getirildikleri bağlam çerçevesinde yeni anlamlar kazanabilen muğlak terimler olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda; çalışma, terörizmin politik olarak istismar edilebilir, siyasallaştırılabilir ve belirli yönetim aygıtlarının inşasında kullanılabilir olduğunu göstermeyi hedeflemektedir. Bu doğrultuda, terörizmin toplumu yönlendirebilmek maksadıyla bir illüzyon olarak kullanıldığı iddiasıyla; bahse konu kavramın güvenlik ve potansiyel şiddet tehdidi eksenindeki dönüşümü betimleyici yöntem vasıtasıyla açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır

References

  • Bonditti, Philippe. “Violence and the Modern International: An Archaeology of Terrorism” in Foucault and The Modern International: Silences and Legacies for the Study of World Politics, edited by Philippe Bonditti, Didier Bigo ve Frederic Gros, 155-174, Paris: Plagrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Chaliand, Gerard and Arnaud Blin. The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda. CA: University of California Press, 2007.
  • Cohen, Ariel. “Promoting Freedom and Democracy: Fighting The War of Ideas Against Islamic Terrorism”. Comparative Strategy, 22, 3 (2003): 207–22.
  • Crozier, Brian. The Rebels: A Study of Post-War Insurrections. Boston: Beacon Press, 1960.
  • Enemark, Christian. “Farewell to WMD: The Language and Science of Mass Destruction”. Contemporary Security Policy, 32(2): 382–400.
  • Erlenbusch-Anderson, Verena. “Knowledge, Power, Subjectivity” in Critical Methods in Terrorism Studies edited by Priya Dixit and J. L. Stump. New York:Routledge, 2016.
  • Erlenbusch-Anderson, Verena. Genealogies of Terrorism: Revolution, State Violence, Empire. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018. Fanon, Frantz. A Dying Colonialism, trans. Haakon Chevalier, New York: Grove, 1965.
  • Fine, Gary Alan. “John Brown's Body: Elites, Heroic Embodiment, and The Legitimation of Political Violence”, Social Problems, 46 (1999): 225-49.
  • Foucault, Michel. “The Confession of The Flesh” in Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews And Other Writings, edited by C. Gordon, 194-228, New York: Random House, 1980.
  • Galula, David. Counter-Insurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice. New York: Praeger, 1964.
  • Goldstein, Joshua S. The Real Price of War: How You Pay For The War On Terror. New York: New York University Press, 2004.
  • Herman, Edward S. ve Gerry O’Sullivan. The Terrorism Industry: The Experts and Institutions that Shape our View of Terror. New York:Pantheon Books, 1989.
  • Herman, Edward. The Real Terror Network: Terrorism in Fact and Propaganda. Boston: South End Press, 1982.
  • Hosmer, Stephen and O.Crane Sibylle. Counterinsurgency: A Symposium April 16-20, 1962. CA: RAND Publishing, 2006.
  • Ignatieff, Michael. The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in An Age of Terror. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
  • Ip, John. “Two Narratives of Torture”, Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights, 7, 1 (2009): 35–77.
  • Jackson, Richard, L.Jarvis, J.Gunning and M.Breen Smyth. Terrorism: A Critical Introduction. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2011.
  • Johnson, Chalmers. Perspectives on Terrorism. Berkeley: University of California, 1976.
  • Laquer, Walter. A History of Terrorism. New Jersey: Transaction Publisher, 2001.
  • Law, Randall D. Terrorism: A History. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Leach, Edmund. Custom, Law, and Terrorist Violence. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1977.
  • Livingston, Marius H., Lee Bruce Kress, and Marie G. Wanek. International Terrorism in the Contemporary World. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.
  • Michaelson, Christopher. “The Triviality of Terrorism”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 66, 4 (2012): 431–449.
  • Mustapha, Jennifer. “Threat Construction in the Bush Administration’s Post-9/11 Foreign Policy: (Critical) Security Implications for Southeast Asia”, The Pacific Review, 24, 4 (2011): 487–504.
  • Neumann, Peter. Old and New Terrorism. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2009.
  • Nietschmann, Bernard. “The Third World War”. Cultural Survival Quarterly, 11, sy.3 (1987):1-16
  • Paget, Julian. Counter-Insurgency Operations: Techniques of Guerrilla Warfare. New York: Walker, 1967.
  • Perenyi, Peter. “State Department Conference on Terrorism: Summary of Conference Sponsored by The Bureau of Intelligence and Research and the Planning and Coordination Staff”. US Department of State, External Research Study, (XR/RNAS-21) 1972.
  • Rapoport, David C. “Fear and Trembling: Terrorism in Three Religious Traditions”. American Political Science Review, 78, 3 (1984): 658–77.
  • Rapoport, David C. “Religion and Terror: Thugs, Assassins, and Zealots” in International Terrorism: Characteristics, Causes, Controls edited by C. W. Kegley Jr. 146-157. New York: St. Martin’s Press 1990.
  • Robespierre, Maximillien. “On The Principles of Revolutionary Government” in Robespierre, Virtue and Terror, edited by Slovac Zizek, 98-107, London: Verso, 2007.
  • Sinclair, Andrew. An Anatomy of Terror: A History of Terrorism. London: Pan Macmillan, 2004.
  • Sluka, Jeffrey A. “The Contribution of Anthropology to Critical Terrorism Studies” in Critical Terrorism Studies: A New Research Agenda, edited by Richard Jackson, Marie Breen Smyth, Jeroen Gunning, 138-155. London-New York: Routledge, 2009
  • Stampnıtzky, Lisa. Disciplining Terror: How Expert Invented “Terrorism”. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Stampnitzky, Lisa. “Can Terrorism Be Defined?”, in Constructions of Terrorism: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Research and Policy, edited by Michael Stohl, 11-20, CA: University of California Press, 2017.
  • Thayer, Charles. Guerilla. New York: Harper&Row, 1963.
  • Thorton, Thomas. “Terror As A Weapon of Political Agitation” in Internal War: Problems and Approaches edited by Harry Eckstein, 1-99, New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1964.
  • Whitbeck, John. Terrorism: The World Itself is Dangerous, Daily Star, 7 December 2001. Erişim Mart 15, 2024. http://www.miftah.org/Display.cfm?DocId=4747&CategoryId=5
  • Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Philosophical Investigations, trans. Gertrude E.M. Anscombe. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.
  • Wolfandale, Jessica. “The Narrative of Terrorism of Terrorism as an Existential Threat” in Routledge Handbook of Critical Terrorism Studies, edited by Richard Jackson, 247-268. New York: Routledge, 2016.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Terrorism in International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yusuf Halhallı 0000-0002-1676-0536

Publication Date October 19, 2024
Submission Date September 23, 2024
Acceptance Date October 18, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Halhallı, Yusuf. “Terörizmin Tarihselleştirilmesi Ve İllüzyon Olarak Terörist”. International Journal of Politics and Security 6, no. 2 (October 2024): 237-60. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1554506.

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