Comparison of Motoric Characteristics in 11-12 Year-Old Primary School Athlete Students (Footballers and Wrestlers)

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to compare and evaluate certain motoric characteristics of primary school athlete students aged 11-12, specifically footballers and wrestlers. Within the scope of the study, motor performance parameters such as flexibility, balance, arm movement speed, standing long jump, sit-ups, 30-meter sprint, bent arm hang, and hand grip strength were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD test. There was no significant difference in average height and body weight between the football and wrestler students according to their branch (p>0.05). Significant differences were observed between age groups in terms of height, body weight, and sports age (p<0.001). In comparisons made by gender, significant differences were found in all motoric characteristics except for the 30-meter sprint time (p<0.001). Additionally, analyses according to age groups revealed significant differences in all motoric parameters (p<0.001). Positive and significant correlations were found among parameters such as flexibility, balance, arm movement speed, sit-ups, hand grip strength, and long jump; whereas a negative and statistically insignificant relationship was observed between the 30-meter sprint and long jump (p>0.05). In conclusion, the motoric performances of footballer and wrestler children aged 11-12 vary depending on age and gender. Gender differences particularly affect the development of some motoric characteristics in female students, while a more stable development is observed in males. Considering this in planning training programs will enable the provision of more efficient and effective sports education appropriate to the children’s developmental processes. It is also recommended that similar studies be repeated with larger sample groups in different age ranges and sports branches.

Keywords

• Primary Education
• Motor Performance
• Student
• Sport
• Football

Futbolcu ve Güreşçilerde Çeviklik, Sürat ve Güç Değerlerinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 11-12 yaş grubu ilkokul sporcu öğrencilerin, özellikle futbolcu ve güreşçilerin bazı motorik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması ve değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışma kapsamında esneklik, denge, kol hareket hızı, durarak uzun atlama, mekik, 30 metre sprint, bükülü kol asılı kalma ve el kavrama kuvveti gibi motor performans parametreleri ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen veriler tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve LSD testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Futbol ve güreş öğrencilerinin branşlarına göre ortalama boy ve vücut ağırlıkları arasında anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>0,05). Yaş grupları arasında boy, vücut ağırlığı ve spor yaşı açısından anlamlı farklılıklar görülmüştür (p<0,001). Cinsiyete göre yapılan karşılaştırmalarda, 30 metre sprint zamanı hariç tüm motorik özelliklerde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Ayrıca yaş gruplarına göre yapılan analizlerde tüm motorik parametrelerde anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur (p<0,001). Esneklik, denge, kol hareket hızı, mekik, el kavrama kuvveti ve uzun atlama gibi parametreler arasında pozitif ve anlamlı korelasyonlar bulunurken; 30 metre sprint ve uzun atlama arasında negatif ve istatistiksel olarak anlamsız bir ilişki bulunmuştur (p>0,05). Sonuç olarak, 11-12 yaş grubu futbolcu ve güreşçi çocukların motorik performansları yaşa ve cinsiyete göre değişmektedir. Cinsiyet farklılıkları özellikle kız öğrencilerde bazı motorik özelliklerin gelişimini etkilerken, erkeklerde daha istikrarlı bir gelişim görülmektedir. Antrenman programlarının planlanmasında bu durumun göz önünde bulundurulması, çocukların gelişim süreçlerine uygun, daha verimli ve etkili bir spor eğitiminin verilmesini sağlayacaktır. Ayrıca benzer çalışmaların farklı yaş aralıklarında ve spor branşlarında daha geniş örneklem gruplarıyla tekrarlanması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İlköğretim
• Motor Performans
• Öğrenci
• Spor
• Futbol

References

1. Ağaoğlu, Y., Eker, H., & İmamoğlu, O. (2009). Effect of knee strength and body mass index on 30 m and 1500 m running performance. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 6(11), 402–421.
2. Altınkök, M., Esen, H. T., Eraslan, M., Gürbüz, C., Şeran, B., Kurnaz, M., & Eravşar, H. (2019). Investigation of balance and flexibility capacities of preschool children practicing different movement education programs. Journal of Sportive, 3(1), 42–53.
3. Arı, E., Çakmak, E., Nefesoğlu, G. C., Karatopak, T., Özden, A., Gürbüz, C., & Özsoy, G. (2017). Evaluation of young football and basketball players in terms of different agility tests. International Journal of Anatolia Sport Sciences, 4, 216.
4. Balı, S., Özgür, S., & Varol, T. (2019). Comparison of static balance parameters of girls aged 9–12 who practice judo and those who do not participate in sports. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences, 11(2), 60–66. https://doi.org/10.5336/sportsci.2018-63180
5. Balyi, I., Cardinal, C., Higgs, C., Norris, S., & Way, R. (2005). Canadian sport for life. Canadian Sport Centres.
6. Boraczyński, M., & Sozański, H. (2015). Rate of physical development in boys aged 10–11 years and the effects of training loads during a 12-month soccer program. Developmental Period Medicine, 19(3), 367–374.
7. Born, D. P., Stöggl, T., & Sperlich, B. (2018). Influence of biological maturation on physical performance and fitness in adolescent athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(4), 432–439. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1327920
8. Branta, C., Haubenstricker, J., & Seefeldt, V. (1984). Age changes in motor skills during childhood and adolescence. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 12, 467–520.

9. Buksur, A. (2021). Investigation of the effects of socioeconomic factors on physical fitness parameters in primary school students (A private school sample) [Master’s thesis, Namık Kemal University, Institute of Health Sciences].
10. Cumming, S. P., Brown, D. J., Mitchell, S., Bunce, J., Hunt, D., Hedges, C., & Malina, R. M. (2018). Premier League academy soccer players’ experiences of competing in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(7), 757–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1327920
11. Cumming, S. P., Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2017). Bio-banding in sport: Applications to competition, talent identification, and strength and conditioning of youth athletes. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 39(2), 34–47. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.0000000000000281
12. Çöndü, A., Şener, O. A., & Alpa, Ş. (2018). Comparison of the effects of physical education classes on students’ motor characteristics. Turkish Studies – Educational Sciences, 13(27), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.14627
13. Erdoğan, A. (2022). Investigation of the relationship between maturation and physical fitness levels of gymnasts aged 7–11 [Master’s thesis, Balıkesir University, Institute of Health Sciences].
14. Erol, F. (2019). The effect of a fundamental badminton training program on motor skills in students aged 11–12 [Master’s thesis, Uludağ University, Institute of Educational Sciences].
15. Ertan, H., & Söğüt, A. (2003). Anthropometric measurements and motor characteristics of primary school-aged athletes. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 1(2), 35–41.
16. Geraedts, P. (2020). Die motorische Entwicklung – Einmal Erworbenes geht nie mehr verloren. In P. Geraedts (Ed.), Motorische Entwicklung und Steuerung: Eine Einführung für Physiotherapeuten, Ergotherapeuten und Trainer (pp. 1–27). Springer.
17. Gribble, P. A., Robinson, R. H., Hertel, J., & Denegar, C. R. (2009). The effects of gender and fatigue on dynamic postural control. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation, 18(2), 240–257. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.18.2.240
18. Gül, M., İmamoğlu, O., Özdal, M., & Doğan, A. (2012). Annual changes of physical and physiological features of wrestlers staying in a wrestling training center. In M. Türkmen (Ed.), II International Traditional and Olympic Wrestling Symposium (p. 21). Kahramanmaraş, Turkey.
19. Güneş, S., Koca, F., & İmamoğlu, O. (2019). The effect of 8-week alpine discipline basic ski training on balance, flexibility, quickness, and endurance in children aged 8–10.
20. Hekim, M., & Hekim, H. (2015). Overview of strength development and strength training in children. The Journal of Current Pediatrics, 13, 110–115.
21. Hurüz, M., & Ateş-Çakır, B. (2020). Investigation of the relationship between static and dynamic balance performance and anthropometric characteristics in sedentary individuals. Ulusal Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(1), 59–72.
22. İmamoğlu, M., & Şener, O. (2019). Comparison of children's motor performances by age and gender. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 10–15. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2019.070102
23. İmamoğlu, O., Yamak, B., Çebi, M., & İslamoğlu, İ. (2018). Selected anthropometric and motoric characteristics of primary school wrestler students. The Journal of International Social Research, 1463–1468.
24. İmamoğlu, O., Ziyagil, M. A., & Zorba, E. (1994). The effects of exercise and sportive activity on growth and development. Ondokuz Mayıs University Journal of Education Faculty, 9, 74–89.
25. Kalınca, B., & Bolat, M. (2022). Investigation of the effect of regular exercise on developmental characteristics of adolescent children. Sivas Cumhuriyet University Journal of Sport Sciences, 3(2), 52–58.
26. Koca, F., Güneş, S., & İmamoğlu, O. (2019). Investigation of the effect of 8-week alpine discipline basic skiing training on strength and vertical jump in children aged 8–10. Turkish Studies – Social Sciences, 14(3), 755–768.
27. Koç, H., & Tekin, A. (2011). The effects of physical education classes on selected motor characteristics in children. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Education Faculty (Special Issue), 9–17. (7th National Physical Education and Sports Teaching Congress, May 25–27, 2011).
28. Korkmaz, S. (2020). Investigation of the effects of agility training on physical fitness parameters in 11-year-old students[Master’s thesis, İstanbul Gelişim University, Institute of Health Sciences].
29. Malina, R. M. (2014). Top 10 research questions related to growth and maturation of relevance to physical activity, performance, and fitness. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 85(2), 157–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2014.897592
30. Malina, R. M., Cumming, S. P., Rogol, A. D., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., Figueiredo, A. J., Konarski, J. M., & Kozieł, S. M. (2019). Bio-banding in youth sports: Background, concept, and application. Sports Medicine, 49(11), 1671–1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01166-x
31. Malina, R. M., Rogol, A. D., Cumming, S. P., Coelho-e-Silva, M. J., & Figueiredo, A. J. (2015). Biological maturation of youth athletes: Assessment and implications. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(13), 852–859. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094623
32. Mazlumoğlu, B. (2015). Comparison of physical fitness of 10–12-year-old girls and boys who participate and do not participate in sports using the Eurofit test battery [Master’s thesis, Atatürk University, Institute of Health Sciences].
33. Meydanlıoğlu, A. (2015). Biopsychosocial benefits of physical activity in children. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar – Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 7(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20140529020523
34. Miftakhov, A. F., Sergin, A. A., Starostin, V. G., Torgovkin, V. G., & Savinkova, O. N. (2019). Correlation of physical development indicators with speed-strength performance in 11–12-year-old boys. International Journal of Instruction, 12(1), 269–282. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12118a
35. Milanese, C., Bortolami, O., Bertucco, M., Verlato, G., & Zancanaro, C. (2010). Anthropometry and motor fitness in children aged 6–12 years. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 5(2), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2010.52.12
36. Milushkina, O. Y., Skoblina, N. A., Prusov, P. K., Bokareva, N. A., Tatarinchik, A. A., Kozyreva, F. U., & Moiseev, A. B. (2017). Dependence of muscle strength on biological maturation rates and key variables of physical development in teenage boys. Bulletin of Russian State Medical University, 6(6), 28–33.
37. Moraru, C., Neculaeş, M., & Hodorcă, R. M. (2014). Comparative study on the balance ability in sporty and unsporty children. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 3659–3663. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.818
38. Ödemiş, M. (2021). Balance, agility and standing long jump performance of 10–14 age group athletes. Mediterranean Journal of Sport Science, 4(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/10.38021/asbid.866322
39. Pratt, M. (1989). Strength, flexibility, and maturity in adolescent athletes. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 143, 560–563. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1989.02150170086031
40. Riemann, B., & Davies, G. (2013). Limb, sex, and anthropometric factors influencing normative data for the Biodex Balance System SD athlete single leg stability test. Athletic Training & Sports Health Care, 5(5), 225–232. https://doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20130813-02
41. Sanıvar, K. (2014). The effect of age on sprint and agility performance in male basketball players aged 11–14 [Master’s thesis, Hacettepe University, Institute of Health Sciences].
42. Schlag, E., Ferrari, N., Koch, B., Dordel, S., & Joisten, C. (2021). Secular trends in motor performance of children and adolescents between 2010 and 2020. Translational Sports Medicine, 4, 882–891. https://doi.org/10.1002/tsm2.292
43. Strauss, R. S., Rodzilsky, D., Burack, G., & Colin, M. (2001). Psychosocial correlates of physical activity in healthy children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, 897–902. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.155.8.897
44. Şahiner, İ. (2019). Comparison of different sit-and-reach flexibility tests applied to children [Master’s thesis, Selçuk University, Institute of Health Sciences].
45. Temur, B., & Selçuk, M. (2017). Investigation of flexibility and vertical jump values according to different variables in individuals aged 8–13. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 39, 200–209.
46. Temur, H. B., Gürbüz, C., Doğan, R., & Karakulaklı, H. (2022). Investigation of static balance in the light of different variables in individuals aged 10–14 who receive sports training in different branches. International Journal of Human Studies, 10(5), 385–393. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1146328
47. Tomkinson, G., Carver, K. D., Atkinson, F., Daniell, N. D., Lewis, L. K., Fitzgerald, J. S., et al. (2018). European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9–17 years: Results from 2,779,165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(22). https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098253
48. Valentini, N. C., Getchell, N., Logan, S. W., Liang, L. Y., Golden, D., Rudisill, M. E., et al. (2015). Exploring associations between motor skill assessments in children with, without, and at risk for developmental coordination disorder. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 3(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2014-0048
49. Yıldız, M., Atik, A. T., Baysal, A., Keleş, G., Kayan, Ö., & Tekin, D. (2017). The relationship between jumping and agility in tennis and team sports. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 175–182.https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.333333
50. Yüksel, O., Tamer, K., & Çalışkan, G. (2014). Evaluation of the physical fitness levels of Turkish primary school male and female children aged 7–14. Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport / Science, Movement and Health, 14(2), 585–593.