COVID-19 Salgınını Küresel Sosyal Adalet Perspektifinden Düşünmek

Abstract

COVID-19 küresel salgını, dünyanın farklı yerlerinden olan insanların krizlerden çeşitli biçimlerde etkilendiğine yönelik önemli bir kesit oluşturmaktadır. Salgının küresel eşitsizlikleri gün yüzüne çıkarıcı, derinleştirici ve yenilerini yaratan yönü dikkat çekmektedir. Belirli risklerle yüz yüze gelme ve başa çıkabilecek imkanlara sahip olma bakımından bazı kişilerin o risklere daha açık olduğu görünmektedir. Salgın döneminde küresel istihdam kayıplarının geçici ve yarı zamanlı çalışanlara etkisi, sağlık ve iş güvencesine sahip olma konuları birincil olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Çalışmak zorunda kalınan sektörler, eğitim düzeyi ve kazancı daha yüksek olan kişilerin iş faaliyetlerini evlerinden yapabilmeleri, evlerinde çocuklarını eğitecek yerlerinin olması, uzaktan eğitim imkanlarına sahip olma başlıkları bunları izleyen eşitsizliklerden yalnızca bazılarıdır. Salgın dönemi tedbirlerinden karantina altında kalma, ev içi ve dışı olmak üzere mekânsal eşitsizlikler yine küresel eşitsizliklerin bir parçasıdır. Küresel ekonomik faaliyetler sonucu ortaya çıkan bölüşüm adaletsizliklerinin, çeşitli eşitsizlikleri nasıl ve ne biçimde yeniden ürettiği salgın döneminde daha fazla dikkat çekmekte, adaletin uluslararası boyutu sorgulanmaktadır. Adaletin küresel yükümlülüklerine vurgu yapan kozmopolitan eşitlikçiler, zenginlik ve kaynakların bölüşümünde John Rawls’ın iki adalet ilkesinin uluslararası boyutta uygulanabileceği iddiasındadırlar. Bu noktadan hareketle çalışmamızda COVID-19 salgınının küresel eşitsizlikler üzerindeki etkilerini, salgın dönemi yardım uygulamalarını kozmopolitan eşitlikçilik bağlamında ele almaya çalışacağız.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Yoksulluk
• Küresel Adalet
• Eşitsizlik
• Kozmopolitan Eşitlikçilik

Thinking of the COVID-19 Pandemic From a Global Social Justice Perspective

Abstract

The COVID-19 global epidemic constitutes an important cross-section that people from different parts of the world are affected by the crises in various ways. In the face of a certain risk, it seems that some people are more open to those risks in terms of confronting them and having opportunities to cope. The aspect of the epidemic that brings global inequalities to light, deepens and creates new ones draws attention. During the epidemic, the effects of global employment losses on temporary and part-time workers, health and employment insurance are the primary issues. Sectors where people have to work, people with higher education and income levels, being able to carry out their business activities from their homes, having a place to educate their children at home, and having distance education opportunities are just some of the following inequalities. Spatial inequalities, including quarantine, indoor and outdoor inequalities, are also a part of global inequalities. How and in what way the distributional injustices resulting from global economic activities reproduce various inequalities draw more attention during the epidemic period, and the international dimension of justice is questioned. Emphasizing the global obligations of justice, cosmopolitan egalitarians claim that John Rawls' two principles of justice can be applied internationally in the distribution of wealth and resources. From this point of view, in our study, we will try to deal with the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on global inequalities and the aid practices during the epidemic in the context of cosmopolitan egalitarianism.

Keywords

• COVID-19
• Poverty
• Global Justice
• Inequality
• Cosmopolitan Egalitarianism

References

1. Akyol, D. S. (2016). Neoliberalizm tartışmalarına maliye politikası çerçevesinden bir bakış. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(Özel Sayı), 291−308. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.417479
2. Assa J., & Calderon, C. (2020). Privatization and pandemic: A cross-country analysis of COVID-19 rates and health-care financing structures (Working Paper No. 08). The New School for Social Research. https://www.economicpolicy research.org/econ/2020/NSSR_WP_082020.pdf
3. Balta, E. (2020). Geçmiş pandemileri anlamak neden önemli? İçinde D. Bayındır (Ed.). Salgın: Tükeniş çağında dünyayı yeniden düşünmek (ss. 205−219). Tellekt.
4. Bambra, C., Riordan, R., Ford, J., & Matthews, F. (2020). The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(11), 964−968. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2020-214401
5. Bauman, Z. (2018). Modernite, kapitalizm, sosyalizm: Küresel çağda sosyal eşitsizlik (F. D. Ergun, Çev.; 3. bs.). Say Yayınevi (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi 2011).
6. Beitz, C. R. (1999). Political theory and international relations. Princeton University Press.
7. Benhabib, S. (2007). Crises of the republic: Transformations of state sovereignty and the prospects of democratic citizenship. In Appiah, A., Lenz, G. H., Benhabib, S., Young, I. M., Fraser, N., & Dallmann, A. (Ed.). Justice, governance, cosmopolitanism, and the politics of difference: Reconfigurations in a transnational world (pp. 45−78). Humboldt-Univ.
8. Beyer, R.C.M, Chocce, M., & Rama, M. (2019). Employment in South Asia: A new dataset (Policy Research Working Paper No. 8779). World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/31405

9. Blundell, R., Costa Dias, M., Joyce, R., & Xu, X. (2020). COVID-19 and Inequalities. Fiscal Studies, 41(2), 291−319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12232
10. Brighouse, H. (2016). Adalet (R. Çelik, Çev.). Epos Yayınları (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi 2004).
11. Callinicos, A. (2012). Contradictions of austerity. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 36(1), 65−77. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/ber026
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). Benefits of getting a COVID-19 vaccine. Retrieved August 17, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/vaccine-benefits.html
13. Chabert, G., Gregory, R., & Pierre, G. (2021, April 5). Funding the recovery of low-income countries after COVID. IMF Blog. https://blogs.imf.org/2021/04/05/funding-the-recovery-of-low-income-countries-after-covid
14. Congressional Research Service. (2021). Unemployment rates during the COVID-19 pandemic (Report No. R46554). Retrieved July 16, 2021, from https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R46554.pdf
15. Consultative Group to Assist the Poor (2020). Annual report 2020. Retrieved July 5, 2021, from https://www.cgap.org/sites/default/files/organizational-documents/2020_09_CGAP_2020_Annual_Report.pdf
16. Council of Europe. (1950). The European Convention on Human Rights. European Court of Human Rights & Council of Europe. Retrieved August 5, 2021, from https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/convention_eng.pdf
17. Dama, D. (2021). COVID-19 salgınıyla sosyal refah devleti uygulamalarının dönüşümü. İçinde M. Tiryakioğlu (Ed.). Afetlerle yoksullaşma: Salgınlar, göçler ve eşitsizlikler (ss. 243−264). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
18. Doğan, A. (2011). Küresel açlık sorunu ve sosyal adalet. Dergah Yayınları.
19. Economist Intelligence Unit. (2021). Q1 global forecast 2021 coronavirus vaccines: Expect delays. https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/q1-global-forecast-2021
20. Gorz, A. (2014). Yaşadığımız sefalet: Kurtuluş çareleri (N. Tutal, Çev.; 2. bs.). Ayrıntı Yayınları (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi 1997).
21. Haase, A. (2020). COVID-19 as a social crisis and justice challenge for cities. Frontiers in Sociology, 5, 583638, 1−7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2020.583638
22. Harvey, D. (2007). A brief history of neoliberalism. Oxford University Press.
23. Higgins-Desbiolles, F. (2020). Socialising tourism for social and ecological justice after COVID-19. Tourism Geographies, 22(3), 610−623. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1757748
24. ILO. (2020a, May 5). COVID-19 crisis and the informal economy: Immediate responses and policy challenges [ILO Brief]. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---travail/ documents/briefingnote/wcms_743623.pdf
25. ILO. (2020b, May 27). COVID-19 and the world of work: Fourth edition [ILO Monitor]. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_745963.pdf
26. Johns Hopkins University & Medicine (2021). Mortality analiyses [Coronavirüs mortalite analizleri]. Coronavirus Resource Center. Retrieved August 8, 2021, from https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality
27. Kalaycıoğlu, S. (2021), Afetler sonrasında yoksulluk, sosyal kırılganlık, sosyal politikalar ve yeniden yapılanma. İçinde M. Tiryakioğlu (Ed.), Afetlerle yoksullaşma: Salgınlar, göçler ve eşitsizlikler (ss. 3−27). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
28. Kocabaş, A. (2020, Eylül 17). Eşitsizlik ve COVID-19. İçinde COVID-19 pandemisi altıncı ay değerlendirme raporu (ss. 394−414). Türk Tabipler Birliği. https://www.ttb.org.tr/kutuphane/covid19-rapor_6/covid19-rapor_6_Part50.pdf
29. Krasner, S. D. (1999). Sovereignty: Organized hypocrisy. Princeton University Press.
30. Lakner, C., Yonzan, N., Mahler, D. G., Aguilar, R.A.C., & Wu, H. (2020). Updated estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/updated-estimates-impact-covid-19-global-poverty-looking-back-2020-and-outlook-2021
31. Launch & Scale Speedometer. (2021). Tracking COVID-19 vaccine purchases across the globe. Retrieved August 13, 2021, from https://launchandscalefaster.org/covid-19/vaccinepurchases
32. McCann, G., & Matenga, C. (2020). COVID-19 and Global Inequality. In P. Carmody, G. McCann, C. Colleran & C. O’Halloran (Eds), COVID-19 in the global south (pp. 161−172). Bristol University Press.
33. Millar, J. (1993). The continuing trend in rising poverty. In A. Sinfield (Ed.), Poverty, ineguality and justice (pp. 11−18). Edinburgh Press.
34. Moellendorf, D. (2002). Cosmopolitan justice. Wesview Press.
35. Monbiot, G. (2016, April 15). Neoliberalism-The ideology at the root of all our problems. Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/15/neoliberalism-ideology-problem-george-monbiot
36. Moussie, R., & Staab, S. (2020). Three ways to contain COVID-19’s impact on informal women workers. UN Women. https://data.unwomen.org/features/three-ways-contain-covid-19s-impact-informal-women-workers
37. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2020). COVID-19 spending helped to lift foreign aid to an all-time high in 2020 but more effort needed. https://www.oecd.org/development/covid-19-spending-helped-to-lift-foreign-aid-to-an-all-time-high-in-2020-but-more-effort-needed.htm
38. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2021, March 18). Access to COVID-19 vaccines: Global approaches in a global crisis. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/?ref=1069_1069384-ewmqrw9sx2&title=Access-to-COVID-19-vaccines-Global-approaches-in-a-global-crisis&_ga=2.229762969.420982253.1629549992-89227078.1628597781
39. Our World in Data. (2021). Statistics and research coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations. Retrieved August 14, 2021, from https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations.
40. Oxfam International (2020, January 20). World’s billionaires have more wealth than 4.6 billion people [Press release]. https://www.oxfam.org/en/press-releases/worlds-billionaires-have-more-wealth-46-billion-people
41. Oxfam International (2021a, July 9). The hunger virus multiplies: deadly recipe of conflict, Covid-19 and climate accelerate world hunger [Oxfam media briefing]. https://oi-files-d8-prod.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2021-07/The%20Hunger%20Virus%202.0_media%20brief_EN.pdf
42. Oxfam International (2021b). Extreme Poverty vs Extreme Wealth: How Big is the Inequality Gap?” Retrieved August 12, 2021, from https://www.oxfam.org/en/5-shocking-facts-about-extreme-global-inequality-and-how-even-it#:~:text=The%20world's%20richest%201%25%20have,less%20than%20%245.50%20a%20day
43. Özerkmen, N. (2004). Uluslararası eşitsizliği derinleştiren bir süreç olarak ekonomik küreselleşme. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1), 135–148. http://dtcfdergisi.ankara.edu.tr/index.php/dtcf/article/view/760
44. Pogge, T. W. (1994). An egalitarian law of peoples. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 23(3), 195-224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.1994.tb00011.x
45. Pogge, T. W. (2002). World poverty and human rights: Cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms. Polity Press.
46. PovcalNet (2021, January 8). COVID-19-induced new poor in 2020, various growth vintages. https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/4697157
47. Poyiadji, N., Cormier, P., Patel, P. Y., Hadied, M. O., Bhargava, P., Khanna, K., Nadig, J., Keimig, T., Spizarny, D., Reeser, N., Klochko, C., Peterson, E. L., & Song, T. (2020). Acute pulmonary embolism and COVID-19. Radiology, 297(3), E335-E338. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201955
48. Rawls, J. (1999). A theory of justice. Belknap Press.
49. Rawls, J. (2001). The law of peoples: With, the idea of public reason revisited. Harvard University Press.
50. Runde, D. F., & Savoy, C. M., McKeown, S. (2020, May 1). Covid-19 has consequences for U.S. foreign aid and global leadership. Center for Strategic and International Studies. https://www.csis.org/analysis/covid-19-has-consequences-us-foreign-aid-and-global-leadership
51. Sahlins, M. (1972). Stone Age Economics. Aldine-Atherton.
52. Sennet, R. (2014). Karakter aşınması: Yeni kapitalizmde işin kişilik üzerine etkileri (B. Yıldırım, Çev.; 8. Baskı). Ayrıntı Yayınları (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi 1998).
53. Singer, M. (2010). Pathogen-pathogen interaction. Virulence, 1(1), 10−18. https://doi.org/10.4161/viru.1.1.9933
54. Singer, P. (2015). Famine, affluence, and morality. Oxford University Press.
55. Singer, M., & Rylko-Bauer, B. (2020). The Syndemics and structural violence of the COVID pandemic: Anthropological insights on a crisis. Open Anthropological Research, 1(1), 7−32. https://doi.org/10.1515/opan-2020-0100
56. Solomon, R. C. (2004). Adalet tutkusu (E. Altınay, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi 1995).
57. Stok, F. M., Bal, M., Yerkes, M. A., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2021). Social inequality and solidarity in times of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6339. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126339
58. UNESCO (2021). World Inequality Database on Education. Retrieved July 17, 2021, from https://www.education-inequalities.org
59. UNICEF (2021). Education and COVID-19, Retrieved August 5, 2021, from https://data.unicef.org/topic/education/covid-19
60. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. (2021, Feb 10). The economic autonomy of women in a sustainable recovery with equality (COVID-19 Special Report 9). ECLAC. https://oig.cepal.org/sites/default/files/s2000739_en.pdf
61. US Department of the Treasury (2021). Coronavirus state and local fiscal recovery funds [Policy issues]. Retrieved July 15, 2021, from https://home.treasury.gov/policy-issues/coronavirus/assistance-for-state-local-and-tribal-governments/state-and-local-fiscal-recovery-funds
62. Varlık, N. (2020). Geçmiş pandemileri anlamak neden önemli? İçinde D. Bayındır (Ed.). Salgın: Tükeniş çağında dünyayı yeniden düşünmek (ss. 15−43). Tellekt.
63. Young, K. G. (2010). Securing health through rights, İçinde. P., Thomas, Rimmer, M. and Rubenstein, K., (Ed.), Incentives for global public health: Patent law and access to essential medicines (ss. 357−380). Cambridge University Press.
64. Wacquant, L. (2009). Publishing the poor: The neoliberal government of social insecurity. Duke University Press.
65. WHO (2020). COVID-19 pandemic expands reach in Africa. Retrieved August 20, 2021 from https://www.afro.who.int/news/covid-19-pandemic-expands-reach-africa
66. World Bank (2021a, June). Global economic perspective [Flagship report]. Washington. https://thedocs.worldbank.org/en/doc/600223300a3685fe68016a484ee867fb-0350012021/original/Global-Economic-Prospects-June-2021.pdf
67. World Bank (2021b). Part time employment, total (% of total employment). Retrieved July 26, 2021 from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.PART.ZS?view=map
68. World Justice Project (2020, October). The COVID-19 pandemic and the global justice gap [Policy brief]. https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/Global%20Justice%20Gap-11-02.pdf