Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Questioning the Role of Empathy with Animals on the Relationship Between Speciesism and Collective Action Orientation for Animal Rights

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 119 - 140, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1372866

Abstract

People must attribute minds to non-human beings in order to accord them various rights and feel moral responsibility toward them. Speciesism, on the other hand, limits human moral responsibility to species membership by prioritizing the interests of human species over those of non-human species. The current study examined the role of empathy with animals on the associations of speciesism and mind attribution to animals with collective action orientation for animal rights. The sample consisted of 196 females and 103 males, whose ages ranged between 18 and 61 (MAge = 25.56, SD = 7.80). Participants were given a socio-demographic information form as well as scales of speciesism, mind attribution to animals (sensation and intellect capacity), empathy with animals, and collective action orientation for animal rights. According to the results, emotional and cognitive empathy with animals indirectly explained the link between speciesism and collective action orientation. Moreover, emotional empathy with animals also indirectly explained the relationship between perceived sensation capacity of animals and collective action orientation. The findings highlight the importance of animal empathy-related mechanisms in collective action orientation for animal rights.

Ethical Statement

The authors declare that this article complies with ethical standards and rules. The application for conducting this research was submitted to the Scientific Ethics Evaluation Board of the Faculty of Letters at Selcuk University and approval was obtained for the study (Decision date: Jan 27, 2023, Decision no: 2023/003).

Supporting Institution

No financial support was received from any person or institution for the study.

References

  • Altınal, B. E. (2019). Hayvanların türcülük bağlamında ötekileştirilmesi (Yayın no. 566064) [Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. (2017). Solidarity with animals: Assessing a relevant dimension of social identification with animals. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0168184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168184
  • Angantyr, M., Hansen, E. M., Eklund, J. H., & Malm, K. (2016). Reducing sex differences in children’s empathy for animals through a training intervention. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2016.1178198
  • Apostol, L., Rebega, O. L., & Miclea, M. (2013). Psychological and socio-demographic predictors of attitudes toward animals. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 521–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.343
  • Bagci, S. C., & Turnuklu, A. (2019). Intended, unintended, and unknown consequences of contact: The role of positive-negative contact on outgroup attitudes, collective action tendencies, and psychological well-being. Social Psychology, 50(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000355
  • Bastian, B., & Loughnan, S. (2017). Resolving the meat-paradox: A motivational account of morally troublesome behavior and its maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316647562
  • Bastian, B., Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Radke, H. R. M. (2012). Don’t mind meat? The denial of mind to animals used for human consumption. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424291
  • Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Tsang, J.-a. (2002). Four motives for community involvement. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00269
  • Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
  • Bentham, J. (2000). An introduction to the principles of morality and legislation. Batoche Books.
  • Berenguer, J. (2007). The effect of empathy in proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 39(2), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506292937
  • Bilewicz, M., Imhoff, R., & Drogosz, M. (2011). The humanity of what we eat: Conceptions of human uniqueness among vegetarians and omnivores. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.766
  • Brady, H. E. (1994). Political participation. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Ed.), Measures of political attitudes (pp. 737 – 801). Academic Press.
  • Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., & Bastian, B. (2011). The effect of categorization as food on the perceived moral standing of animals. Appetite, 57(1), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.020
  • Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its social psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bujang, M. A., Sa’at, N., & Sidik, T. M. I. T. A. B. (2017). Determination of minimum sample size requirement for multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance based on experimental and non-experimental studies. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health 14(3), e12117-1-e12117-9. https://doi.org/10.2427/12117
  • Burghardt, G. M. (2004). Ground rules for dealing with anthropomorphism. Nature, 430(6995), 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/430015b
  • Caviola, L. (2019). How we value animals: The psychology of animals. [Dissertation, University of Oxford]. Oxford University Research Archive. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9000a8be-b6dc-4c63-88e8-974b9daaa83a
  • Caviola, L., Everett, J. A. C., & Faber, N. S. (2019). The moral standing of animals: Towards a psychology of speciesism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(6), 1011–1029. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000182
  • Caviola, L., Kahane, G., Everett, J. A. C., Teperman, E., Savulescu, J., & Faber, N. S. (2021). Utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people? Harming animals and humans for the greater good. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 150(5), 1008–1039. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000988
  • Cornish, A., Raubenheimer, D., & McGreevy, P. (2016). What we know about the public’s level of concern for farm animal welfare in food production in developed countries. Animals, 6, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6110074
  • Crimston, C. R., Bain, P. G., Hornsey, M. J., & Bastian, B. (2016). Moral expansiveness: Examining variability in the extension of the moral world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(4), 636–653. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000086
  • Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M., & Heath, A. (2016). Predicting support for collective action in the conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived threats as a mediator of intergroup contact and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(6), 732–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216641303
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
  • D’Andrade, R. (1987). The folk model of the mind. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Ed.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 112–148). Cambridge University Press.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2009). The age of empathy: Nature’s lessons for a kinder society. McClelland & Stewart.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2017). Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are? Copernicus Center Press.
  • Dhont, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption? Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.002
  • Dhont, K., Hodson, G., & Leite, A. C. (2016). Common ideological roots of speciesism and generalized ethnic prejudice: The social dominance human-animal relations model (sd‐harm). European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2069
  • Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Leite, A. C., & Salmen, A. (2020). The psychology of speciesism. İçinde K. Dhont & G. Hodson (Ed.), Why people love and exploit animals: Bridging insights from academia and advocacy (ss. 29–49). Routledge.
  • Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Loughnan, S., & Amiot, C. E. (2019). Rethinking human-animal relations: The critical role of social psychology. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 769–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219864455
  • Eddy, T. J., Gallup, G. G., & Povinelli, D. J. (1993). Attribution of cognitive states to animals: Anthropomorphism in comparative perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00910.x
  • Epley, N., Akalis, S., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: Loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychological Science, 19(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02056.x
  • Epley, N., & Waytz, A. (2009). Mind perception. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindsay (Ed.), The handbook of social psychology (5th Ed., pp. 498–541). Wiley.
  • Everett, J. A. C., Caviola, L., Savulescu, J., & Faber, N. S. (2019). Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 785–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218816962
  • Francione, G. L. (2010). Animal welfare and the moral value of nonhuman animals. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 6(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872109348989
  • Furnham, A., McManus, C., & Scott, D. (2003). Personality, empathy and attitudes to animal welfare. Anthrozoös, 16(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279303786992260
  • Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
  • Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315(5812), 619. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134475
  • Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012). Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry, 23(2), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.651387
  • Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 505–520. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013748
  • Gregoire, J. (2018). ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (Second edition). International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
  • Harrison, M. A., & Hall, A. E. (2010). Anthropomorphism, empathy, and perceived communicative ability vary with phylogenetic relatedness to humans. Journal of Social, Evolutionary & Cultural Psychology, 4(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099303
  • Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Loughnan, S., Shi, J., & Suitner, C. (2008). Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman. Contrasting humans with non-humans in three cultures. Social Cognition, 26(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248
  • Hawkins, R. D., & Williams, J. M. (2016). Children’s beliefs about animal minds (Child-BAM): Associations with positive and negative child–animal interactions. Anthrozoös, 29(3), 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1189749
  • Herrewijn, L., De Groeve, B., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2021). VR outreach and meat reduction advocacy: The role of presence, empathic concern and speciesism in predicting meat reduction intentions. Appetite, 166, 105455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105455
  • Herzog, H. (2010). Some we love, some we hate, some we eat: Why it’s so hard to think straight about animals. HarperCollins.
  • Hills, A. M. (1993). The motivational bases of attitudes toward animals. Society & Animals: Journal of Human-Animal Studies, 1(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853093X00028
  • Hills, A. M. (1995). Empathy and belief in the mental experiences of animals. Anthrozoös, 8(3), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279395787156347
  • Horta, O. (2010). What is speciesism? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 23(3), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9205-2
  • Joy, M. (2020). Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows: An introduction to carnism. Red Wheel Weiser.
  • Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Basic Blackwell.
  • Knight, S., Vrij, A., Bard, K., & Brandon, D. (2009). Science versus human welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01609.x
  • Knight, S., Vrij, A., Cherryman, J., & Nunkoosing, K. (2004). Attitudes towards animal use and belief in animal mind. Anthrozoös, 17(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279304786991945
  • Kristjánsson, K. (2004). Empathy, sympathy, justice and the child. Journal of Moral Education, 33(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724042000733064
  • Kteily, N., Ho, A. K., & Sidanius, J. (2012). Hierarchy in the mind: The predictive power of social dominance orientation across social contexts and domains. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.11.007
  • Kupsala, S., Vinnari, M., Jokinen, P., & Räsänen, P. (2016). Public perceptions of mental capacities of nonhuman animals: Finnish population survey. Society & Animals, 24(5), 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341423
  • La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences. (2018). Declaration of animal rights. https://www.fondation-droit-animal.org/la-fondation/declaration-des-droits-de-lanimal/declaration-of-animal-rights-en
  • Leach, S., Sutton, R. M., Dhont, K., Douglas, K. M., & Bergström, Z. M. (2023). Changing minds about minds: Evidence that people are too sceptical about animal sentience. Cognition, 230, 105263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105263
  • Leite, A. C., Dhont, K., & Hodson, G. (2019). Longitudinal effects of human supremacy beliefs and vegetarian threat on moral exclusion (vs. inclusion) of animals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2497
  • Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Bastian, B. (2010). The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals. Appetite, 55(1), 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.043
  • Myers, G. (2007). The significance of children and animals: Social development and our connections to other species (2nd Ed.). Purdue University Press.
  • Niemyjska, A., Cantarero, K., Byrka, K., & Bilewicz, M. (2018). Too humanlike to increase my appetite: Disposition to anthropomorphize animals relates to decreased meat consumption through empathic concern. Appetite, 127, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.012
  • Özkan, K. (2014). Kadınların kolektif eylem yöneliminin yordayıcıları: Kültürel benlik kurguları, kadın kimliği ile özdeşleşme, kadınların sosyal baskınlık yönelimi ve sistemi meşrulaştırma eğilimi (Yayın no. 363758) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Paul, E. (2000). Empathy with animals and with humans: Are they linked? Anthrozoös, 13(4), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279300786999699
  • Piazza, J., & Loughnan, S. (2016). When meat gets personal, animals’ minds matter less: Motivated use of intelligence information in judgments of moral standing. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(8), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616660159
  • Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. Penguin.
  • Plous, S. (1991). An attitude survey of animal rights activists. Psychological Science, 2(3), 194–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00131.x
  • Plous, S. (1993). Psychological mechanisms in the human use of animals. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1), 11–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00907.x
  • Plous S. (2003). Is there such a thing as prejudice toward animals? In S. Plous (Ed.), Understanding prejudice and discrimination (pp. 509–528). McGraw-Hill.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
  • Reid, C., Davis, H., Horlin, C., Anderson, M., Baughman, N., & Campbell, C. (2013). The Kids’ Empathic Development Scale (KEDS): A multi-dimensional measure of empathy in primary school-aged children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12002
  • Rothgerber, H., & Mican, F. (2014). Childhood pet ownership, attachment to pets, and subsequent meat avoidance. The mediating role of empathy toward animals. Appetite, 79, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.032
  • Ryder, R. D. (2004). Speciesism revisited. Think, 2(06), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477175600002840
  • Serpell, J. A. (2009). Having our dogs and eating them too: Why animals are a social issue. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01617.x
  • Signal, T. D., & Taylor, N. (2007). Attitude to animals and empathy: Comparing animal protection and general community samples. Anthrozoös, 20(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303707X207918
  • Singer, P. (1975). Animal liberation: A new ethics for our treatment of animals. New York Review.
  • Singer, P. (1981). The expanding circle: Ethics and sociobiology. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
  • Tam, K.-P. (2015). Mind attribution to nature and proenvironmental behavior. Ecopsychology, 7(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0054
  • Taylor, L. K., O’Driscoll, D., Dautel, J. B., & McKeown, S. (2020). Empathy to action: Child and adolescent out‐group attitudes and prosocial behaviors in a setting of intergroup conflict. Social Development, 29(2), 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12421
  • Taylor, L. K., & McKeown, S. (2021). Adolescent outgroup helping, collective action, and political activism in a setting of protracted conflict. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.09.001
  • Taylor, N., & Signal, T. D. (2005). Empathy and attitudes to animals. Anthrozoös, 18(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279305785594342
  • Thovex, L. (2022). Anti speciesism. Challenges for a fair relationship between humans and other sensitive species in the face of political liberalism [Master’s thesis, University of Geneva]. The Archive Ouverte UNIGE. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:164716
  • Urquiza-Haas, E. G., & Kotrschal, K. (2015). The mind behind anthropomorphic thinking: Attribution of mental states to other species. Animal Behaviour, 109, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.011
  • van Zomeren, M., & Iyer, A. (2009). Introduction to the social and psychological dynamics of collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01618.x
  • Verducci, S. (2000). A moral method? Thoughts on cultivating empathy through method acting. Journal of Moral Education, 29(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/030572400102952
  • Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010). Who sees human? The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610369336
  • Wuensch, K., Poteat, G., & Jernigan, L. (1991, June). Support for animal rights and perceived similarity between humans and other animals [Conference session]. The Annual Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, Wilmington, NC, United States. https://core.ecu.edu/wuenschk/Animals/ABS91.htm
  • Young. A., Khalil, K., & Wharton, J. (2018). Empathy for animals: A review of the existing literature. Curator: The Museum Journal, 61(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/CURA.12257

Türcülük ve Hayvan Hakları İçin Kolektif Eylem Yönelimi Arasındaki İlişkide Hayvanlarla Empatinin Rolünün Sorgulanması

Year 2024, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 119 - 140, 30.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1372866

Abstract

İnsan dışı varlıklara zihin atfetmek onlara çeşitli haklar tanınması ve insanların onlara karşı ahlaki sorumluluk hissetmesi açısından kritiktir. Bununla birlikte insan türünün çıkarlarını insan dışı türlerinkinden üstün tutmaya karşılık gelen türcülük insanın ahlaki sorumluluk alanını türe üyeliğe göre sınırlandırır. Bu çalışmada türcülük ve hayvanlara zihin atfının hayvan hakları için kolektif eylem yönelimiyle olan ilişkisinde hayvanlarla empatinin dolaylı rolü incelenmiştir. Çalışma örneklemini yaşları ranjı 18 ile 61 arasında değişen (Myaş = 25,56, SD = 7,80), 196 kadın ve 103 erkek oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcılara demografik bilgi formu ile türcülük, hayvanlara zihin (duyum ve akıl kapasitesi) atfı, hayvanlarla empati ve hayvan hakları için kolektif eylemlere katılım yönelimini değerlendirmeye yönelik ölçekler uygulanmıştır. Bulgulara göre hayvanlarla duygusal ve bilişsel empati kurma, türcülük ile kolektif eylem yönelimi arasındaki ilişkiyi dolaylı olarak açıklamaktadır. Hayvanlarla duygusal empati kurma ayrıca hayvanların duyum kapasitesine ilişkin atıflar ile kolektif eylem yönelimi arasındaki ilişkiyi dolaylı olarak açıklamıştır. Bulgular hayvan hakları için kolektif eylem yöneliminde hayvanlara yönelik empatiyle bağlantılı mekanizmaların önemine işaret etmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmada etik ilke ve standartlara uyulduğu beyan edilmiştir. Bu araştırma için Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Bilimsel Etik Değerlendirme Kuruluna başvuru yapılarak çalışmanın etik kurul onayı alınmıştır (Karar tarihi: 27.01.2023, Karar no: 2023/003).

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar bu çalışma için herhangi bir finansal destek almadıklarını beyan etmiştir.

References

  • Altınal, B. E. (2019). Hayvanların türcülük bağlamında ötekileştirilmesi (Yayın no. 566064) [Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Amiot, C. E., & Bastian, B. (2017). Solidarity with animals: Assessing a relevant dimension of social identification with animals. PLOS ONE, 12(1), e0168184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0168184
  • Angantyr, M., Hansen, E. M., Eklund, J. H., & Malm, K. (2016). Reducing sex differences in children’s empathy for animals through a training intervention. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, 30(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/02568543.2016.1178198
  • Apostol, L., Rebega, O. L., & Miclea, M. (2013). Psychological and socio-demographic predictors of attitudes toward animals. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 78, 521–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.343
  • Bagci, S. C., & Turnuklu, A. (2019). Intended, unintended, and unknown consequences of contact: The role of positive-negative contact on outgroup attitudes, collective action tendencies, and psychological well-being. Social Psychology, 50(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000355
  • Bastian, B., & Loughnan, S. (2017). Resolving the meat-paradox: A motivational account of morally troublesome behavior and its maintenance. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21(3), 278–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868316647562
  • Bastian, B., Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Radke, H. R. M. (2012). Don’t mind meat? The denial of mind to animals used for human consumption. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(2), 247–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211424291
  • Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., & Tsang, J.-a. (2002). Four motives for community involvement. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00269
  • Batson, C. D., Polycarpou, M. P., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H. J., Mitchener, E. C., Bednar, L. L., Klein, T. R., & Highberger, L. (1997). Empathy and attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(1), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.1.105
  • Bentham, J. (2000). An introduction to the principles of morality and legislation. Batoche Books.
  • Berenguer, J. (2007). The effect of empathy in proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. Environment and Behavior, 39(2), 269–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506292937
  • Bilewicz, M., Imhoff, R., & Drogosz, M. (2011). The humanity of what we eat: Conceptions of human uniqueness among vegetarians and omnivores. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(2), 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.766
  • Brady, H. E. (1994). Political participation. In J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, & L. S. Wrightsman (Ed.), Measures of political attitudes (pp. 737 – 801). Academic Press.
  • Bratanova, B., Loughnan, S., & Bastian, B. (2011). The effect of categorization as food on the perceived moral standing of animals. Appetite, 57(1), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.04.020
  • Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its social psychology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Bujang, M. A., Sa’at, N., & Sidik, T. M. I. T. A. B. (2017). Determination of minimum sample size requirement for multiple linear regression and analysis of covariance based on experimental and non-experimental studies. Epidemiology Biostatistics and Public Health 14(3), e12117-1-e12117-9. https://doi.org/10.2427/12117
  • Burghardt, G. M. (2004). Ground rules for dealing with anthropomorphism. Nature, 430(6995), 15. https://doi.org/10.1038/430015b
  • Caviola, L. (2019). How we value animals: The psychology of animals. [Dissertation, University of Oxford]. Oxford University Research Archive. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:9000a8be-b6dc-4c63-88e8-974b9daaa83a
  • Caviola, L., Everett, J. A. C., & Faber, N. S. (2019). The moral standing of animals: Towards a psychology of speciesism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 116(6), 1011–1029. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000182
  • Caviola, L., Kahane, G., Everett, J. A. C., Teperman, E., Savulescu, J., & Faber, N. S. (2021). Utilitarianism for animals, Kantianism for people? Harming animals and humans for the greater good. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 150(5), 1008–1039. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000988
  • Cornish, A., Raubenheimer, D., & McGreevy, P. (2016). What we know about the public’s level of concern for farm animal welfare in food production in developed countries. Animals, 6, 74. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani6110074
  • Crimston, C. R., Bain, P. G., Hornsey, M. J., & Bastian, B. (2016). Moral expansiveness: Examining variability in the extension of the moral world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 111(4), 636–653. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000086
  • Çakal, H., Hewstone, M., Güler, M., & Heath, A. (2016). Predicting support for collective action in the conflict between Turks and Kurds: Perceived threats as a mediator of intergroup contact and social identity. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 19(6), 732–752. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430216641303
  • Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113
  • D’Andrade, R. (1987). The folk model of the mind. In D. Holland & N. Quinn (Ed.), Cultural models in language and thought (pp. 112–148). Cambridge University Press.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy. Annual Review of Psychology, 59(1), 279-300. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2009). The age of empathy: Nature’s lessons for a kinder society. McClelland & Stewart.
  • de Waal, F. B. M. (2017). Are we smart enough to know how smart animals are? Copernicus Center Press.
  • Dhont, K., & Hodson, G. (2014). Why do right-wing adherents engage in more animal exploitation and meat consumption? Personality and Individual Differences, 64, 12–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.02.002
  • Dhont, K., Hodson, G., & Leite, A. C. (2016). Common ideological roots of speciesism and generalized ethnic prejudice: The social dominance human-animal relations model (sd‐harm). European Journal of Personality, 30(6), 507–522. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2069
  • Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Leite, A. C., & Salmen, A. (2020). The psychology of speciesism. İçinde K. Dhont & G. Hodson (Ed.), Why people love and exploit animals: Bridging insights from academia and advocacy (ss. 29–49). Routledge.
  • Dhont, K., Hodson, G., Loughnan, S., & Amiot, C. E. (2019). Rethinking human-animal relations: The critical role of social psychology. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 769–784. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219864455
  • Eddy, T. J., Gallup, G. G., & Povinelli, D. J. (1993). Attribution of cognitive states to animals: Anthropomorphism in comparative perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1), 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00910.x
  • Epley, N., Akalis, S., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2008). Creating social connection through inferential reproduction: Loneliness and perceived agency in gadgets, gods, and greyhounds. Psychological Science, 19(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02056.x
  • Epley, N., & Waytz, A. (2009). Mind perception. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindsay (Ed.), The handbook of social psychology (5th Ed., pp. 498–541). Wiley.
  • Everett, J. A. C., Caviola, L., Savulescu, J., & Faber, N. S. (2019). Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 785–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218816962
  • Francione, G. L. (2010). Animal welfare and the moral value of nonhuman animals. Law, Culture and the Humanities, 6(1), 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872109348989
  • Furnham, A., McManus, C., & Scott, D. (2003). Personality, empathy and attitudes to animal welfare. Anthrozoös, 16(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279303786992260
  • Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(5), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015141
  • Gray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315(5812), 619. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1134475
  • Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012). Mind perception is the essence of morality. Psychological Inquiry, 23(2), 101–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2012.651387
  • Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 505–520. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013748
  • Gregoire, J. (2018). ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests (Second edition). International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
  • Harrison, M. A., & Hall, A. E. (2010). Anthropomorphism, empathy, and perceived communicative ability vary with phylogenetic relatedness to humans. Journal of Social, Evolutionary & Cultural Psychology, 4(1), 34–48. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0099303
  • Haslam, N., Kashima, Y., Loughnan, S., Shi, J., & Suitner, C. (2008). Subhuman, inhuman, and superhuman. Contrasting humans with non-humans in three cultures. Social Cognition, 26(2), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.248
  • Hawkins, R. D., & Williams, J. M. (2016). Children’s beliefs about animal minds (Child-BAM): Associations with positive and negative child–animal interactions. Anthrozoös, 29(3), 503–519. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2016.1189749
  • Herrewijn, L., De Groeve, B., Cauberghe, V., & Hudders, L. (2021). VR outreach and meat reduction advocacy: The role of presence, empathic concern and speciesism in predicting meat reduction intentions. Appetite, 166, 105455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105455
  • Herzog, H. (2010). Some we love, some we hate, some we eat: Why it’s so hard to think straight about animals. HarperCollins.
  • Hills, A. M. (1993). The motivational bases of attitudes toward animals. Society & Animals: Journal of Human-Animal Studies, 1(2), 111–128. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853093X00028
  • Hills, A. M. (1995). Empathy and belief in the mental experiences of animals. Anthrozoös, 8(3), 132–142. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279395787156347
  • Horta, O. (2010). What is speciesism? Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 23(3), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10806-009-9205-2
  • Joy, M. (2020). Why we love dogs, eat pigs, and wear cows: An introduction to carnism. Red Wheel Weiser.
  • Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Basic Blackwell.
  • Knight, S., Vrij, A., Bard, K., & Brandon, D. (2009). Science versus human welfare? Understanding attitudes toward animal use. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 463–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01609.x
  • Knight, S., Vrij, A., Cherryman, J., & Nunkoosing, K. (2004). Attitudes towards animal use and belief in animal mind. Anthrozoös, 17(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279304786991945
  • Kristjánsson, K. (2004). Empathy, sympathy, justice and the child. Journal of Moral Education, 33(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/0305724042000733064
  • Kteily, N., Ho, A. K., & Sidanius, J. (2012). Hierarchy in the mind: The predictive power of social dominance orientation across social contexts and domains. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 543–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2011.11.007
  • Kupsala, S., Vinnari, M., Jokinen, P., & Räsänen, P. (2016). Public perceptions of mental capacities of nonhuman animals: Finnish population survey. Society & Animals, 24(5), 445–466. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685306-12341423
  • La Fondation Droit Animal, Éthique et Sciences. (2018). Declaration of animal rights. https://www.fondation-droit-animal.org/la-fondation/declaration-des-droits-de-lanimal/declaration-of-animal-rights-en
  • Leach, S., Sutton, R. M., Dhont, K., Douglas, K. M., & Bergström, Z. M. (2023). Changing minds about minds: Evidence that people are too sceptical about animal sentience. Cognition, 230, 105263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105263
  • Leite, A. C., Dhont, K., & Hodson, G. (2019). Longitudinal effects of human supremacy beliefs and vegetarian threat on moral exclusion (vs. inclusion) of animals. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49, 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2497
  • Loughnan, S., Haslam, N., & Bastian, B. (2010). The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals. Appetite, 55(1), 156–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2010.05.043
  • Myers, G. (2007). The significance of children and animals: Social development and our connections to other species (2nd Ed.). Purdue University Press.
  • Niemyjska, A., Cantarero, K., Byrka, K., & Bilewicz, M. (2018). Too humanlike to increase my appetite: Disposition to anthropomorphize animals relates to decreased meat consumption through empathic concern. Appetite, 127, 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.04.012
  • Özkan, K. (2014). Kadınların kolektif eylem yöneliminin yordayıcıları: Kültürel benlik kurguları, kadın kimliği ile özdeşleşme, kadınların sosyal baskınlık yönelimi ve sistemi meşrulaştırma eğilimi (Yayın no. 363758) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Paul, E. (2000). Empathy with animals and with humans: Are they linked? Anthrozoös, 13(4), 194–202. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279300786999699
  • Piazza, J., & Loughnan, S. (2016). When meat gets personal, animals’ minds matter less: Motivated use of intelligence information in judgments of moral standing. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7(8), 867–874. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550616660159
  • Pinker, S. (2011). The better angels of our nature: Why violence has declined. Penguin.
  • Plous, S. (1991). An attitude survey of animal rights activists. Psychological Science, 2(3), 194–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1991.tb00131.x
  • Plous, S. (1993). Psychological mechanisms in the human use of animals. Journal of Social Issues, 49(1), 11–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb00907.x
  • Plous S. (2003). Is there such a thing as prejudice toward animals? In S. Plous (Ed.), Understanding prejudice and discrimination (pp. 509–528). McGraw-Hill.
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers, 36(4), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03206553
  • Reid, C., Davis, H., Horlin, C., Anderson, M., Baughman, N., & Campbell, C. (2013). The Kids’ Empathic Development Scale (KEDS): A multi-dimensional measure of empathy in primary school-aged children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31(2), 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12002
  • Rothgerber, H., & Mican, F. (2014). Childhood pet ownership, attachment to pets, and subsequent meat avoidance. The mediating role of empathy toward animals. Appetite, 79, 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.03.032
  • Ryder, R. D. (2004). Speciesism revisited. Think, 2(06), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1477175600002840
  • Serpell, J. A. (2009). Having our dogs and eating them too: Why animals are a social issue. Journal of Social Issues, 65(3), 633–644. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01617.x
  • Signal, T. D., & Taylor, N. (2007). Attitude to animals and empathy: Comparing animal protection and general community samples. Anthrozoös, 20(2), 125–130. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303707X207918
  • Singer, P. (1975). Animal liberation: A new ethics for our treatment of animals. New York Review.
  • Singer, P. (1981). The expanding circle: Ethics and sociobiology. Farrar, Straus & Giroux.
  • Tam, K.-P. (2015). Mind attribution to nature and proenvironmental behavior. Ecopsychology, 7(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2014.0054
  • Taylor, L. K., O’Driscoll, D., Dautel, J. B., & McKeown, S. (2020). Empathy to action: Child and adolescent out‐group attitudes and prosocial behaviors in a setting of intergroup conflict. Social Development, 29(2), 461–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12421
  • Taylor, L. K., & McKeown, S. (2021). Adolescent outgroup helping, collective action, and political activism in a setting of protracted conflict. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 85, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.09.001
  • Taylor, N., & Signal, T. D. (2005). Empathy and attitudes to animals. Anthrozoös, 18(1), 18–27. https://doi.org/10.2752/089279305785594342
  • Thovex, L. (2022). Anti speciesism. Challenges for a fair relationship between humans and other sensitive species in the face of political liberalism [Master’s thesis, University of Geneva]. The Archive Ouverte UNIGE. https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:164716
  • Urquiza-Haas, E. G., & Kotrschal, K. (2015). The mind behind anthropomorphic thinking: Attribution of mental states to other species. Animal Behaviour, 109, 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.08.011
  • van Zomeren, M., & Iyer, A. (2009). Introduction to the social and psychological dynamics of collective action. Journal of Social Issues, 65(4), 645–660. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01618.x
  • Verducci, S. (2000). A moral method? Thoughts on cultivating empathy through method acting. Journal of Moral Education, 29(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/030572400102952
  • Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J., & Epley, N. (2010). Who sees human? The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691610369336
  • Wuensch, K., Poteat, G., & Jernigan, L. (1991, June). Support for animal rights and perceived similarity between humans and other animals [Conference session]. The Annual Meeting of the Animal Behavior Society, Wilmington, NC, United States. https://core.ecu.edu/wuenschk/Animals/ABS91.htm
  • Young. A., Khalil, K., & Wharton, J. (2018). Empathy for animals: A review of the existing literature. Curator: The Museum Journal, 61(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/CURA.12257
There are 90 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Development
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Emine Yücel 0000-0003-3663-6003

Hüseyin Haluk Yıldırım This is me 0009-0006-7380-6197

Mevlüt Şemsettin Ceylan This is me 0009-0002-0449-5832

Publication Date April 30, 2024
Submission Date October 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yücel, E., Yıldırım, H. H., & Ceylan, M. Ş. (2024). Türcülük ve Hayvan Hakları İçin Kolektif Eylem Yönelimi Arasındaki İlişkide Hayvanlarla Empatinin Rolünün Sorgulanması. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 17(1), 119-140. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1372866

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26134 26133     Content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------