Usage of encapsulated Hypericum scabrum in Ayran and determination of antioxidant, phenolic and sensory properties

Abstract

Hypericum scabrum (HS) widely used in traditional medicine due to its bioactive compounds was extracted by using ethanol-water (3:7, v/v). The extract was encapsulated with maltodextrin and gum arabic in a spray dryer in order to protect the phenolic compounds in its structure. Different amounts of microcapsules were added to our traditional drink, i.e. ayran (drinking yoghurt). The total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the microcapsules in extract of HS and ayran samples were determined. The amount of total phenolic compounds in the microcapsule provided a superior effect than the extract. The ayran samples were supplemented with 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% of Hypericum scabrum microcapsules and it is observed that total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity indicated an increase with concentration. TPC and DPPH activity were determined as 268.86 mg GAE100 mL-1 and 78.05% for 6% supplemented samples. As a result of the sensory analysis, ayran samples supplemented with 4% of HS microcapsule gained the highest scores by the panelists and received more appreciation than the control group. It is concluded that HS4 (ayran produced by 4% HS supplemented microcapsule) sample was determined as the best sample according to the sensory analyses while the HS6 (ayran produced by 6% HS supplemented microcapsule) sample had the highest value in terms of DPPH scavenging activity and TPC results. The overall results of the present study revealed that 4% HS supplemented ayran can be produced with its enhanced health beneficial and desirable properties.

Keywords

• Ayran
• Antioxidant
• Hypericum scabrum
• Extract
• Encapsulation
• Functional milk product

References

1. Aksoylu, Z. 2012. The fortification of biscuits with some botanical ingredients having functional properties (Master's Thesis). Available from Council of Higher Education and Theses data base. (Thesis No. 316561)
2. Anonym. 1982. Türk Standartları. Ayran, T.S. 3810. TSE, Necatibey Cad. Bakanlıklar, Ankara
3. Aras, A., Khalid, S., Jabeen, S., Farooqi, A. A., & Xu, B. 2018. Regulation of cancer cell signaling pathways by mushrooms and their bioactive molecules: Overview of the journey from benchtop to clinical trials. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 119, 206-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.04.038
4. Aydemir, K. 2015. Use of St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) extract in the production of ice cream (Master'sThesis). Available from Council of Higher Education and Theses data base. (Thesis No. 425832)
5. Barış, D., Kızıl, M., Aytekin, Ç., Kızıl, G., Yavuz, M., Çeken, B., & Ertekin, A. S. 2011. In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of three Hypericum and three Achillea species from Turkey. International Journal of Food Properties, 14(2), 339-355. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910903189256
6. Barnes, J., Anderson, L. A., & Phillipson, J. D. 2001. St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.): a review of its chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 53(5), 583-600. https://doi.org/10.1211/0022357011775910
7. Barretto, F. J. D. F. P., Clemente, H. A., Santana, A. L. B. D., & Vasconcelo, M. A. D. S. 2020. Stability of encapsulated and non-encapsulated anthocyanin in yogurt produced with natural dye obtained from Solanum melongena L. Bark. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 42. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452020137
8. Calvo, P., Castaño, Á. L., Lozano, M., & González-Gómez, D. 2012. Influence of the microencapsulation on the quality parameters and shelf-life of extra-virgin olive oil encapsulated in the presence of BHT and different capsule wall components. Food Research International, 45(1), 256-261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.10.036.

9. Chew, S. C., Tan, C. P., & Nyam, K. L. 2018. Microencapsulation of refined kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil by spray drying using β-cyclodextrin/gum arabic/sodium caseinate. Journal of food engineering, 237,78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2018.05. 016.
10. da Rosa, J. R., Nunes, G. L., Motta, M. H., Fortes, J. P., Weis, G. C. C., Hecktheuer, L. H. R., ... & da Rosa, C. S. 2019. Microencapsulation of anthocyanin compounds extracted from blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) by spray drying: Characterization, stability and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Food Hydrocolloids, 89, 742-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.11.042
11. Dall'Agnol, R., Ferraz, A., Bernardi, A. P., Albring, D., Nör, C., Sarmento, L., ... & Schapoval, E. E. S. 2003. Antimicrobial activity of some Hypericum species. Phytomedicine, 10(6-7), 511-516. https://doi.org/10.1078/094471103322331476
12. de Barros Fernandes, R. V., Borges, S. V., & Botrel, D. A. 2014. Gum arabic/starch/ maltodextrin / inulin as wall materials on the microencapsulation of rosemary essential oil. Carbohydrate polymers, 101, 524-532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.083.
13. Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., Nabavi, S. M., Nabavi, S. F., & Ahangar, N. 2013. Anticonvulsant activity of Hypericum scabrum L.; possible mechanism involved. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci, 17(16), 2141-4.
14. Farhan, M., Malik, A., Ullah, M. F., Afaq, S., Faisal, M., Farooqi, A. A., ... & Ahmad, A. 2019. Garcinol sensitizes NSCLC cells to standard therapies by regulating EMT-modulating miRNAs. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(4), 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20040800
15. Farooqi, A. A., Qureshi, M. Z., Khalid, S., Attar, R., Martinelli, C., Sabitaliyevich, U. Y., ... & Xu, B. 2019. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by berberine in different cancers: searching for missing pieces of an incomplete jig-saw puzzle for an effective cancer therapy. Cancers, 11(4), 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11040478
16. Farooqi, A. A., & Ahmad, A. 2019. Gaze through the clinical lens: molecular and clinical advancements of botanicals. https://doi.org/10.4155/fmc-2018-0371 Franceschinis, L., Salvatori, D. M., Sosa, N., & Schebor, C. 2014. Physical and functional properties of blackberry freeze-and spray-dried powders. Drying Technology, 32(2), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2013.814664
17. Franceschinis, L., Salvatori, D. M., Sosa, N., & Schebor, C. 2014. Physical and functional properties of blackberry freeze-and spray-dried powders. Drying Technology, 32(2), 197-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/07373937.2013.814664
18. Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Fatahi-Vanani, M., Craker, L., & Shirmardi, H. 2014. Chemical composition and bioactivity of essential oils of Hypericum helianthemoides. Hypericum perforatum and Hypericum scabrum. Pharmaceutical biology, 52(2), 175-181. https://doi.org/10.3109/13880209.2013.821663
19. Hasanuddin, A., Anwar, K., & Mappatoba, M. 2019. Antibacterial And Antioxidant Activities Of Ethanol Extracts Of Cocoa Husk (Theobroma cacao L.) With Maltodextrine In Various Concentration. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 255, No. 1, p. 012017). IOP Publishing.
20. Jalal, J. 2018. Meyve İlevasinin Ayranların Fizikokimyasal, Duyusal ve Mikrobiyolojik Özelliklerine Etkisi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Gıda Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Samsun, 91 s.
21. Karatoprak, G. Ş., Yücel, Ç., Kaytan, H. Ç., İlgün, S., Şafak, E. K., & Koşar, M. 2019. Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Aerial and Underground Parts of Hypericum Scabrum L. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science, 43(5), 2107-2113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-019-00717-1
22. Keser, S., Keser, F., Kaygili, O., Tekin, S., Demir, E., Turkoglu, I., ... & Kirbag, S. 2020. Phytochemical compounds and antiradical, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of the extracts from Hypericum scabrum L. Flowers. Natural product research, 34(5), 714-719. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1493735.
23. Kızıl, G., Kızıl, M., Çeken, B., Yavuz, M., & Demir, H. 2011. Protective ability of ethanol extracts of Hypericum scabrum L. and Hypericum retusum Aucher against the protein oxidation and DNA damage. International Journal of Food Properties, 14(4), 926-940. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910903491181
24. Koca, I., Ustun, N. S., Koca, A. F., & Karadeniz, B. 2008. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin profiles of purple mulberry (Morus rubra) fruits. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6(2), 39.
25. Koç, M., Güngör, Ö., Zungur, A., Yalçın, B., Selek, İ., Ertekin, F. K., & Ötles, S. 2015. Microencapsulation of extra virgin olive oil by spray drying: effect of wall materials composition, process conditions, and emulsification method. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 8(2), 301-318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-014-1404-9
26. Korma, S. A., Wei, W., Ali, A. H., Abed, S. M., Zheng, L., Jin, Q., & Wang, X. 2019. Spray-dried novel structured lipids enriched with medium-and long-chain triacylglycerols encapsulated with different wall materials: Characterization and stability. Food Research International, 116, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.071.
27. Lazarova, I., Zengin, G., Gevrenova, R., Nedialkov, P., Aneva, I., Aumeeruddy, M. Z., & Mahomoodally, M. F. 2019. A comparative study of UHPLC/Orbitrap MS metabolomics profiles and biological properties of Asphodeline taurica from Bulgaria and Turkey. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, 168, 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2019.02.008
28. Llorent-Martínez, E. J., Zengin, G., Lobine, D., Molina-García, L., Mollica, A., & Mahomoodally, M. F. 2018. Phytochemical characterization, in vitro and in silico approaches for three Hypericum species. New Journal of Chemistry, 42(7), 5204-5214. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8NJ00347E
29. Madene, A., Jacquot, M., Scher, J., & Desobry, S. 2006. Flavour encapsulation and controlled release–a review. International journal of food science & technology, 41(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.00980.x
30. Mahdavi, S. A., Jafari, S. M., Assadpour, E., & Ghorbani, M. 2016. Storage stability of encapsulated barberry's anthocyanin and its application in jelly formulation. Journal of food engineering, 181, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.03.003.
31. Omidi, G., Rezvani-Kamran, A., Ganji, A., Komaki, S., Etaee, F., Asadbegi, M., & Komaki, A. 2020. Effects of Hypericum scabrum extract on dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity in high fat diet-fed rats. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 70(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12576-020-00747-0
32. Parikh, B., & Patel, V. H. 2018. Total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity of common Indian pulses and split pulses. Journal of food science and technology, 55(4), 1499-1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-3066-5
33. Parikh, B., & Patel, V. H. 2017. Quantification of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of an underutilized Indian fruit: Rayan [Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard]. Food Science and Human Wellness, 6(1), 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2016.11.002
34. Peanparkdee, M., Iwamoto, S., Borompichaichartkul, C., Duangmal, K., & Yamauchi, R. 2016. Microencapsulation of bioactive compounds from mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf extracts by protein–polysaccharide interactions. International journal of food science & technology, 51(3), 649-655. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13032
35. Qureshi, M. Z., Attar, R., Romero, M. A., Sabitaliyevich, U. Y., Nurmurzayevich, S. B., Ozturk, O., ... & Farooqi, A. A. 2019. Regulation of signaling pathways by β‐elemene in cancer progression and metastasis. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 120(8), 12091-12100. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.28624
36. Robert, P., Gorena, T., Romero, N., Sepulveda, E., Chavez, J., & Saenz, C. 2010. Encapsulation of polyphenols and anthocyanins from pomegranate (Punica granatum) by spray drying. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 45(7), 1386-1394. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2010.02270.x
37. Seyrekoğlu, F., & Temiz, H. 2020. Effect of Extraction Conditions on the Phenolic Content and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of Hypericum perforatum L. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(1), 226-229. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.226-229.3013
38. Singleton, V. L., & Rossi, J. A. 1965. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. American journal of Enology and Viticulture, 16(3), 144-158.
39. Spss, I. I. B. M. 2011. IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 20.0. New York: IBM Corp, 440, 394.
40. Tatar Turan, F., Cengiz, A., Sandıkçı, D., Dervisoglu, M., & Kahyaoglu, T. 2016. Influence of an ultrasonic nozzle in spray‐drying and storage on the properties of blueberry powder and microcapsules. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 96(12), 4062-4076. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.7605
41. Tseng, A., & Zhao, Y. 2013. Wine grape pomace as antioxidant dietary fibre for enhancing nutritional value and improving storability of yogurt and salad dressing. Food chemistry, 138(1), 356-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.148
42. Unal, E. L., Mavi, A., Kara, A. A., Cakir, A., Şengül, M., & Yildirim, A. 2008. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some plants used as remedies in Turkish traditional medicine. Pharmaceutical Biology, 46(3), 207-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880200701735577
43. Uysal, S., Senkardes, I., Mollica, A., Zengin, G., Bulut, G., Dogan, A., ... & Mahomoodally, F. M. 2018. Biologically active compounds from two members of the Asteraceae family: Tragopogon dubius Scop. and Tussilago farfara L. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2018.1506361
44. Yeo, J., & Shahidi, F. 2015. Critical evaluation of changes in the ratio of insoluble bound to soluble phenolics on antioxidant activity of lentils during germination. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 63(2), 379-381. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf505632p
45. Zengin, G., Bulut, G., Mollica, A., Picot-Allain, C. M. N., & Mahomoodally, M. F. 2018. In vitro and in silico evaluation of Centaurea saligna (K. Koch) Wagenitz—An endemic folk medicinal plant. Computational biology and chemistry, 73, 120-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.02.010
46. Zengin, G., Rodrigues, M. J., Abdallah, H. H., Custodio, L., Stefanucci, A., Aumeeruddy, M. Z., ... & Mahomoodally, M. F. 2018. Combination of phenolic profiles, pharmacological properties and in silico studies to provide new insights on Silene salsuginea from Turkey. Computational biology and chemistry, 77, 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.10.005