Transposons Continue the Amaze

Year 2019, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 19.08.2019

Nermin Gozukirmizi

https://doi.org/10.38058/ijsl.585052

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Transposable
elements (TEs)
were first discovered in maize plants. However, they
exist almost in all species with a few exceptions (Plasmodium falciparum,
Ashbya gossypii and Kluveromuyces lactis). They are the most important contributors to genome
plasticity and evolution and even epigenetic genome regulation. Organisms
with large genomes have high transposon percentages. For example, Arabidopsis
thaliana has a genome size of 125 Mb which comprises 14% transposons, Homo sapiens (3000 Mb) 45-48.5%, and Hordeum
vulgare genome (5300 Mb) has 80%. TEs are classified into two major groups
based on their transposition mechanisms: Class I (RNA transposons –
retrotransposons) and Class II (DNA transposons). Recent progress in whole-genome sequencing and long-read
assembly have resulted in identification of unprecedentedly long transposable
units spanning dozens or even hundreds of kilobases, initially in prokaryotic
and more recently in eukaryotic systems. All TEs in a cell are
named as transposome (mobilome), and transposomics is a new area to work with
transposome. Although a number of bioinformatics softwares have recently been
developed for the annotation of TEs in sequenced genomes, there are very few
computational tools strictly dedicated to the identification of active TEs
using genome-wide approaches. In this review article, after a brief
introduction and review of the transposable elements, I discussed their effects
in gene expression, evolution, recent applications and also share our research on
retrotransposons with different organisms.

Keywords

Evolution, Genome dynamics, Mobile elements, Over-sized transposable elements, , Transposon based genome editing

Thanks

I would like to give my sincere thanks to young researchers (Msc and PhD students) whose together with me during transposon studies. I also would like to thank Istanbul University Molecular Biology Genetics Department, Istanbul University Research Fund supporting us during our transposon research.

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