Potential biological effects of phenolic acid components of Campanula L. (Campanulaceae) species: A review

Abstract

Plants containing phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity are used in traditional treatment and alternative medicine today. Campanula L. (bellflower) is the largest genus in the Campanulaceae family. In the literature reviews, phenolic compounds were examined in extracts obtained from different tissues of some Campanula species using different solvents, and their antioxidant capacities were determined using more than one test. Campanula species have been recognized as significant research subjects for their antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. However, they have not been sufficiently investigated. It is known that extracts of some Campanula species have high antiradical activity and antioxidant potential. Inhibitory effects of extracts on some enzymes play a critical role in disease processes, and these enzymes are selected as therapeutic targets. Due to their bioactive properties, extracts from these species have shown significant biological significance in disease treatment. These properties contribute to their effectiveness in managing conditions such as constipation, laryngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and warts. Additionally, they exhibit antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, antiallergic, and antiviral activities, along with potential benefits in addressing lung and heart disorders, as well as ear infections. Campanula species appear to be rich in phytochemicals and have many beneficial effects on health, especially in preventing oxidative stress. Therefore, this review discusses the diverse biological activities of Campanula species, focusing on their phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer properties. Further investigation into the natural bioactive compounds found in Campanula species would be highly beneficial, considering their potential for improving human nutrition and health.

Keywords

• Antioxidant activity
• Antimicrobial effects
• Campanula
• Cytotoxic effects
• Enzyme inhibition
• Phytochemicals

Potential biological effects of phenolic acid components of Campanula L. (Campanulaceae) species: A review

Abstract

Plants containing phytochemicals with antioxidant capacity are used in traditional treatment and alternative medicine today. Campanula (bellflower) is the largest genus in the Campanulaceae family. In the literature reviews, phenolic compounds were examined in extracts obtained from different tissues of some Campanula species using different solvents, and their antioxidant capacities were determined using more than one test. Campanula species have been recognized as significant research subjects for their antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. However, they have not been sufficiently investigated. It is known that extracts of some Campanula.species have high antiradical activity and antioxidant potential. Inhibitory effects of extracts on some enzymes play a critical role in disease processes, and these enzymes are selected as therapeutic targets. Due to their bioactive properties, extracts from these species have shown significant biological significance in disease treatment. These properties contribute to their effectiveness in managing conditions such as constipation, laryngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, and warts. Additionally, they exhibit antiphlogistic, spasmolytic, antiallergic, and antiviral activities, along with potential benefits in addressing lung and heart disorders, as well as ear infections. Campanula species appear to be rich in phytochemicals and have many beneficial effects on health, especially in preventing oxidative stress. Therefore, this review discusses the diverse biological activities of Campanula species, focusing on their phytochemical composition, antioxidant potential, and antimicrobial, cytotoxic and anticancer properties. Further investigation into the natural bioactive compounds found in Campanula species would be highly beneficial, considering their potential for improving human nutrition and health.

Keywords

• Antioxidant activity
• Antimicrobial effects
• Cytotoxic effects
• Enzyme inhibition
• Phytochemicals

References

1. Abotaleb, M., Liskova, A., Kubatka, P.,  Büsselberg, D. (2020). Therapeutic potential of plant phenolic acids in the treatment of cancer. Biomolecules, 10, 221. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10020221
2. Alçıtepe, E. (2011). New combinations in Campanula section quinqueloculares from Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43, 22432254.
3. Alhage, J., Elbitar, H., Taha, S.,  Benvegnu, T. (2018). In vitro assessment of antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of Campanula retrorsa crude extracts. Pharmacognosy Research, 10, 397403. https://doi.org/10.4103/pr.pr_73_18
4. Anestis, I., Pipinis, E., Kostas, S., Papaioannou, E., Karapatzak, E., Dariotis, E., Tsoulpha, P., Koundourakis, E., Chatzileontari, E., Tsoktouridis, G., Hatzilazarou, S., & Krigas, N. (2023). GIS-Facilitated germination of stored seeds from five wild-growing populations of Campanula pelviformis Lam. and fertilization effects on growth, nutrients, phenol content and antioxidant potential. Horticulturae, 9, 877. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9080877
5. Anwar, N., Teo, Y.K.,  Tan, J.B.L. (2019). The role of plant metabolites in drug discovery: Current challenges and future perspectives. In M.K. Swamy  M.S. Akhtra (Eds.), Natural bioactive compounds (pp. 2551). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7205-6_2
6. Asnaashari, S., Khabiri, A., & Heshmati-Afshar, F. (2025). Anti-microbial and anti-oxidant effects of Campanula involucrata Aucher ex A.DC. and Nepeta menthoides Boiss & Buhse from Iran. Acta Pharmaceutica Sciencia, 63(3), 579–592. https://doi.org/10.23893/1307-2080.APS6337
7. Assiri, A.M., Ramadan, M.F., Alshmy, H.,  Morsel, J.T. (2014). Bioactive compounds and antiradical potential of Campanula medium lipids. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50, 10881091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-014-1165-8
8. Ayaz, F. (2021). Determination of enzyme inhibition effects and antioxidant activities of Campanula lyrata Lam. subsp. lyrata grown in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 100108. https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.831558

9. Banica, F., Bungau, S., Tit, D.M., Behl, T., Otrisal, P., Nechifor, A.C., Gitea, D., Pavel, F.-M., & Nemeth, S. (2020). Determination of the total polyphenols content and antioxidant activity of Echinacea purpurea extracts using newly manufactured glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes. Processes, 8, 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8070833
10. Barragán-Zarate, G.S., Lagunez Rivera, L., Solano, R., Carranza Alvarez, C., Hernandez Benavides, D.M.,  Vilarem, G. (2022). Validation of the traditional medicinal use of a Mexican endemic orchid (Prosthechea karwinskii) through UPLC˗ESI˗qTOF˗MS/MS characterization of its bioactive compounds. Heliyon, 8, e09867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09867
11. Baytop, T. (1984). Türkiye’de bitkiler ile tedavi: geçmişte ve bugün [Treatment with plants in Turkey: past and present]. Nobel Tıp Kitapevleri.
12. Baytop, T. (1994). Türkçe bitki adları sözlüğü [Dictionary of Turkish plant names]. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
13. Benli, M., Bingol, U., Geven, F., Guney, K.,  Yigit, N. (2008). An investigation on the antimicrobial activity of some endemic plant species from Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7, 15. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2007.000-2260
14. Bergonci, T., Fomsgaard, I. S., Kjaer, K. H., & Paponov, I. A. (2023). Hormone–flavonoid patterns in two genotypes of Campanula portenschlagiana with distinct adventitious rooting competence. Horticulturae, 9, 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010121
15. Cornara, L., La Rocca, A., Marsili, S.,  Mariotti, M.G. (2009). Traditional uses of plants in the Eastern Riviera (Liguria, Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 125, 16˗30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.06.021
16. Cragg, G.M., & Newman, D.J. (2013). Natural products: A continuing source of novel drug leads. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)General Subjects, 1830, 36703695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.02.008
17. Cuendet, M., Potterat, O.,  Hostettmann, K. (2001). Flavonoids and phenylpropanoid derivatives from Campanula barbata. Phytochemistry, 56, 631636.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00423-4
18. Dalar, A. (2018). Plant taxa used in the treatment of diabetes in Van province, Turkey. International Journal of Secondery Metabolite, 5, 171–185. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.430703
19. Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (1988). [Campanula L.] In: Davis, P.H., Mill, R.R. & Tan, K. (Eds.). Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 10 (Suppl. 1). Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, pp. 177–180.
20. Dimitriadis, K.M., Karavergou, S., HadjipavlouLitina, D., Krigas, N.,  Lazari, D. (2022). Phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation of the exsitu cultivated species Petromarula pinnata (L.) A. DC. and Campanula cretica (A. DC.) Dietr. (Campanulaceae), from Crete (Greece). Planta Medica, 88, P239. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1759213
21. Dong, R., Yu. Q., Liao, W., Liu, S., He, Z., Hu, X., Chen, Y., Xie, J., Nie, S., & Xie, M. (2021). Composition of bound polyphenols from carrot dietary fiber and its in vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 339, 127879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127879
22. Dumlu, M.U., Gurkan, E.,  Tuzlaci, E. (2008). Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Campanula alliariifolia. Natural Product Research, 22, 477482. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786410701640429
23. Erb, M.,  Kliebenstein, D.J. (2020). Plant secondary metabolites as defenses, regulators, and primary metabolites: the blurred functional trichotomy. Plant Physiology, 184, 3952. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.20.00433
24. Erdoğan, A., Sarı, A.,  Özsoy, N. (2025). Phytochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of some Campanula species from Turkey. Spectroscopy Letters, 112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00387010.2025.2467430
25. Fırat, M., Özüdoğru, B. & Yıldırım, H. (2022). A new bellflower, Campanula dersimensis (Campanulaceae), from E Anatolia, Turkey. Wildenowia, 52(2), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.52.52202
26. Guarrera, P.M.,  Savo, V. (2016). Wild food plants used in traditional vegetable mixtures in Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 185, 202234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.050
27. Hamilton, A.C. (2004). Medicinal plants, conservation and livelihoods. Biodiversity & Conservation, 13, 14771517. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:BIOC.0000021333.23413.42
28. Hayta, S., Polat, R., & Selvi, S. (2014). Traditional uses of medicinal plants in Elazığ (Turkey). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 154, 613623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.026
29. Jaradat, N.A., & Abualhasan, M. (2015). Comparison in vitro of antioxidant activity between fifteen Campanula species (Bellflower) from Palestinian flora. Pharmacognosy Journal, 7, 276279. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2015.5.4
30. Jovanović, A.A., Djordjević, V.B., Petrović, P.M., Pljevljakušić, D.S., Zdunić, G.M., Šavikin, K.P., & Bugarski, B.M. (2021). The influence of different extraction conditions on polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of wild thyme. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 25, 100328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmap.2021.100328
31. Kalt, W., Cassidy, A., Howard, L.R., Krikorian, R., Stull, A.J., Tremblay, F., & ZamoraRos, R. (2020). Recent research on the health benefits of blueberries and their anthocyanins. Advances in Nutrition, 11, 224236. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmz065
32. Karalija, E., Dahija, S., Demir, A., BeštaGajević, R., Zeljković, S.Ć., & Tarkowski, P. (2022). Exploring new sources of bioactive phenolic compounds from western Balkan mountains. Plants, 11, 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11071002
33. Karunakaran, T., Ismail, I.S., Ee, G.C.L., Nor, S.M.M., Palachandran, K., & Santhanam, R.K. (2018). Nitric oxide inhibitory and antibacillus activity of phenolic compounds and plant extracts from Mesua species. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 28, 231234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.01.007
34. Khan, A., Kanwal, F., Ullah, S., Fahad, M., Tariq, L., Altaf, M.T., Riaz, A., & Zhang, G. (2025). Plant secondary metabolites—Central regulators against abiotic and biotic stresses. Metabolites, 15(4), 276. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15040276
35. Kim, M.S., Kim, K.H., & Yook, H.S. (2012). Antioxidative effects of Campanula takesimana Nakai extract. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition, 41, 13311337. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.10.1331
36. Kim, H.J., Son, D.C., Kim, H.J., Choi, K., Oh, S.H., & Kang, S.H. (2017). The chemotaxonomic classification of Korean Campanulaceae based on triterpene, sterol, and polyacetylene contents. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 74, 1118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2017.07.002
37. Korkmaz, B., Fandakli, S., Barut, B., Yildirim, S., Sener, S.O., Ozturk, E., Terzioğlu, S., & Yayli, N. (2020). Volatile and phenolic components and antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, αglucosidase inhibitory effects of extracts obtained from Campanula latifolia L. subsp. latifolia. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 23, 11181131. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1856004
38. Marah, S., Ipek, Y., Gul, F., Demirtas, I., Behcet, L., & Ozen, T. (2024a). Phytochemical profiles, bioactivities, and molecular docking and molecular dynamics approaches of endemic Campanula baskilensis Behçet (Campanulaceae). Journal of the Indian Chemical Society, 101, 101358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2024.101358
39. Marah, S., Özen, T., İpek, Y., Gül, F., Demirtaş, İ., & Behçet, L. (2024b). GC-MS/MS and 1H-NMR analysis of endemic Campanula baskilensis Behçet (Campanulaceae) leaf fractions. Current Perspectives on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 7(1), 48 57. https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1477900
40. Marah, S., İpek, Y., Ozen, T., Demirtas, İ., & Behçet, L. (2025). Bioactivity-guided isolation of inositol as acetylcholinesterase inhibitory from endemic Campanula baskilensis Behcet: In vitro bioactivity, PCA analysis, and silico supporting studies. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 28(3), 717–735. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1632935
41. Mihoğlugil, F., Akalgan, D., & Tosun, F. (2023). Cytotoxicity screening of some Turkish plants against renal cancer cells. Journal of Research in Pharmacy, 27, 636641.
42. Mohammed, F.S., Uysal, İ., Sabik, A.E., Dogan, M., & Sevindik, M. (2023). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of Campanula strigosa Banks & Sol. Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 13, 10057. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9083-1876
43. Mongalo, N.I., McGaw, L.J., Segapelo, T.V., Finnie, J.F., & Van Staden, J. (2016). Ethnobotany, phytochemistry, toxicology and pharmacological properties of Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. (Combretaceae) A review. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 789802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.10.072
44. Moosavi, S.R., Ardekani, M.R.S., Vazirian, M., & Lamardi, S.N.S. (2018). Campanula latifola, giant bellflower: Ethnobotany, phytochemical and antioxidant evaluation. Traditional and Integrative Medicine, 3, 113119.
45. Muller, A.G., Sarker, S.D., Saleem, I.Y., & Hutcheon, G.A. (2019). Delivery of natural phenolic compounds for the potential treatment of lung cancer. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27, 433449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-019-00267-2
46. Murai, Y., Kitajima, J., & Iwashina, T. (2014). Flavonoids from two alpine Campanula species in Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Nature and Science, 40, 113118.
47. Muscolo, A., Mariateresa, O., Giulio, T., & Mariateresa, R. (2024). Oxidative stress: The role of antioxidant phytochemicals in the prevention and treatment of diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(6), 3264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063264
48. Okinaka, Y., Shimada, Y., Nakano-Shimada, R., Ohbayashi, M., Kiyokawa, S., & Kikuchi, Y. (2003). Selective accumulation of delphinidin derivatives in tobacco using a putative flavonoid 3′,5′hydroxylase cDNA from Campanula medium. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry, 67, 161165. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.67.161
49. Özdöl, T., Altıoğlu, Y., Deniz, İ.G. & Yıldırım, H. (2022). A new variety of Campanula myrtifolia (Campanulaceae) from South Anatolia, Türkiye. Herbarium Turcicum, 1, 37 43. https://doi.org/10.26650/HT.2022.1204
50. Papoutsis, K., Zhang, J., Bowyer, M.C., Brunton, N., Gibney, E.R., & Lyng, J. (2021). Fruit, vegetables, and mushrooms for the preparation of extracts with αamylase and αglucosidase inhibition properties: A review. Food Chemistry, 338, 128119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128119
51. Petlevski, R., Flajs, D., Kalođera, Z., & Končić, M.Z. (2013). Composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic Pelargonium radula extracts. South African Journal of Botany, 85, 1722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2012.11.009
52. Pieroni, A. (2000). Medicinal plants and food medicines in the folk traditions of the upper Lucca Province, Italy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 70, 235273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00207-X
53. Politeo, O., Skocibusic, M., Burcul, F., Maravic, A., Carev, I., Ruscic, M., & Milos, M. (2013). Campanula portenschlagiana Roem. et Schult.: Chemical and Antimicrobial Activities. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 10(6), 10721080. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201200094
54. Poyrazoğlu, E., & Barışık, E. (2021). Investigation of the antimicrobial activities of solvent extracts of two endemic species from Turkey: Campanula tomentosa Lam. and Verbascum mykales Bornm. Istanbul Journal of Pharmacy, 51, 348356. https://doi.org/10.26650/istanbuljpharm.2021.821070
55. Qaderi, M.M., Martel, A.B., & Strugnell, C.A. (2023). Environmental factors regulate plant secondary metabolites. Plants, 12, 447. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030447
56. Qi, Y., Choi, S.I., Son, S.R., Han, H.S., Ahn, H.S., Shin, Y.K., Lee, S.H., Lee, K.T., Kwon, H.C., & Jang, D.S. (2020). Chemical constituents of the leaves of Campanula takesimana (Korean Bellflower) and their inhibitory effects on LPSinduced PGE2 production. Plants, 9, 1232. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9091232
57. Rauf, A., Khalil, A.A., Awadallah, S., Khan, S. A., Abu‐Izneid, T., Kamran, M., Hemeg, H.A., Mubarak, M.S., Khalid, A., & Wilairatana, P. (2024). Reactive oxygen species in biological systems: Pathways, associated diseases, and potential inhibitors—A review. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(2), 675693. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3784
58. Rigat, M., Bonet, M.À., Garcia, S., Garnatje, T., & Vallès, J. (2007). Studies on pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the high river Ter valley (Pyrenees, Catalonia, Iberian Peninsula). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 113, 267277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.06.004
59. Roquet, C., Sanmartín, I., GarciaJacas, N., Sáez, L., Susanna, A., Wikström, N., & Aldasoro, J.J. (2009). Reconstructing the history of Campanulaceae with a Bayesian approach to molecular dating and dispersal vicariance analyses. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 52, 575587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.05.014
60. Royal Botanic Gardens (2025, July 21). Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/
61. Sargin, S.A., Selvi, S., & Lopez, V. (2015). Ethnomedicinal plants of Sarigöl district (Manisa), Turkey. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 171, 6484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.031
62. Sarikurkcu, C., Sarikurkcu, R.T., & Tepe, B. (2021). Campanula macrostachya: Biological activity and identification of phenolics using a liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry system. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 2181221822. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11695-y
63. Scherrer, A.M., Motti, R., & Weckerle, C.S. (2005). Traditional plant use in the areas of monte vesole and ascea, cilento national park (Campania, Southern Italy). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97, 129143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.11.002
64. Sewell, R.D., & RafieianKopaei, M. (2014). The history and ups and downs of herbal medicine usage. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 3, 13.
65. Shahrajabian, M.H., & Sun, W. (2023). Medicinal plants, economical and natural agents with antioxidant activity. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 19(8), 763784. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401318666221003110058
66. Sies, H., Belousov, V.V., Chandel, N.S., Davies, M.J., Jones, D.P., Mann, G.E., Murphy, M.P., Yamamoto, M., & Winterbourn, C. (2022). Defining roles of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell biology and physiology. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 23, 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41580-022-00456-z
67. Sun, W., Shahrajabian, M.H., & Cheng, Q. (2019). Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a dominant spice and traditional medicinal herb for both food and medicinal purposes. Cogent Biology, 5, 1673688. https://doi.org/10.1080/23312025.2019.1673688
68. Suntar, İ., Akkol, E.K., Gonenc, T.M., Erdogan, T.F., Keles, H., & Kivçak, B. (2015). Scientific assessment of the anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of Campanula lyrata subsp. lyrata, a Turkish folk remedy. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 12(2), 157-168.
69. Taqui, R., Debnath, M., Ahmed, S., & Ghosh, A. (2022). Advances on plant extracts and phytocompounds with acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity for possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Phytomedicine Plus, 2, 100184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100184
70. Targan, Ş., Yelboğa, E.G., & Cittan, M. (2018). Macro and trace element contents of some wild plants consumed as vegetable in Manisa District, Turkey. Journal of the Turkish Chemical Society Section A: Chemistry, 5, 751762. http://doi.org/10.18596/jotcsa.363151
71. Taskın, T., & Bıtıs, L. (2016). In vitro antioxidant activity of eight wild edible plants in Bursa province of Turkey. Medicine, 64, 706711.
72. Touafek, O., Kabouche, Z., Brouard, I., & Barrera Bermejo, J. (2011). Flavonoids of Campanula alata and their antioxidant activity. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 46, 968970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-011-9799-2
73. Tsiftsoglou, O.S., Lagogiannis, G., Psaroudaki, A., Vantsioti, A., Mitić, M.N., Mrmošanin, J.M., & Lazari, D. (2023). Phytochemical analysis of the aerial parts of Campanula pelviformis Lam. (Campanulaceae): Documenting the dietary value of a local endemic plant of Crete (Greece) traditionally used as wild edible green. Sustainability, 15, 7404. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097404
74. Tumilaar, S.G., Hardianto, A., Dohi, H., & Kurnia, D. (2024). A comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: Overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions, and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds. Journal of Chemistry, 2024(1), 5594386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5594386
75. Usta, C., Yildirim, A.B., & Turker, A.U. (2014). Antibacterial and antitumour activities of some plants grown in Turkey. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 28, 306315. https://doi.org/10.1080/13102818.2014.909708
76. Yasir, M., Sultana, B., & Amicucci, M. (2016). Biological activities of phenolic compounds extracted from Amaranthaceae plants and their LC/ESIMS/MS profiling. Journal of Functional Foods, 26, 645656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.029
77. Yildirim, H. (2018). Campanula leblebicii (Campanulaceae), a new chasmophyte species from western Turkey. Phytotaxa, 376, 114122. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.376.2.5
78. Yıldırım, H. & Özdöl, T. (2019). A new suggestion IUCN threat category for Campanula peshmenii Güner (Campanulaceae). Acta Biologica Turcica, 32(3), 168–173.
79. Yıldırım, H., Özdöl, T., & Pirhan, A.F. (2023). Campanula quercetorum subsp. densiflora: A New Taxon of Campanula (Campanulaceae) from Eastern Anatolia (Türkiye). Türler ve Habitatlar, 4(2), 79–90. https://doi.org/10.53803/turvehab.1297608
80. Yildirim, H., Şentürk, O., Özdöl, T., & Pirhan, A.F. (2019). A new bellflower, Campanula phitosiana sp. nov. (Campanulaceae) from Western Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa, 399, 2536. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.399.1.3
81. Yilmaz, M.A., Cakir, O., Izol, E., Tarhan, A., Behcet, L., & Zengin, G. (2023). Detailed phytochemical evaluation of a locally endemic species (Campanula baskilensis) by LC‐MS/MS and its indepth antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 20, e202301182. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202301182
82. Zhang, Y., Lan, M., Lü, J.P., Li, J.F., Zhang, K.Y., Zhi, H., Zhang, H., & Sun, J.M. (2020). Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and cytotoxic activities of polyphenols extracted from Chroogomphus rutilus. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 17, e1900479. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900479