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The Biological Activities of Lavandula stoechas L. against Food Pathogens

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, Special Issue 1, 270 - 279, 25.11.2017
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.372221

Abstract

Foodborne pathogens are microorganisms as well as a number of parasites, which are capable of infecting humans via contaminated food or water. In recent years, diseases caused by foodborne pathogens have become an important public health problem in the world, producing a significant rate of morbidity and mortality. In traditional medicine, numerous plants and their extracts have used for thousands of years to treat health disorders. Although many studies were made on natural herbs, those involving the antimicrobial, antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of the herb species are rather rare. This study researches the biological activities of ethanol and methanol extracts of Lavandula stoechas L., which are prevalent in Turkey. In this study, 8 food pathogens were used for antimicrobial activity studies. Antimicrobial activity studies were done by disk diffusion assay and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). DPPH method was used for non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. The Lavandula extracts were screened for their antimutagenic activity against sodium azide by Ames test in absence of rat microsomal liver enzyme (-S9). The ethanol and methanol extracts of Lavandula stoechas showed antibacterial activity (7 mm) against most of bacteria. The antifungal activity of L. stoechas was not determined against C. albicans RSKK02029. The lowest MIC value was determined as 3250 µg/mL. The highest radical inhibition was determined as 79 % by Lavandula stoechas flower methanol extract. The flower extract of L. stoechas (12500 µg/plate) was found to have its highest antimutagenic activity for Salmonella Typhimurium TA98. This inhibition value is 42 %. L. stoechas leaves extracts (6250 and 3125 µg/plate) showed a moderate positive inhibitory effect for Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, and TA100. L. stoechas flower extracts (12500 and 6250 µg/plate) showed a moderate positive inhibitory effect (respectively 31 and 30 %) for Salmonella Typhimurium TA100. The extracts of L. stoechas have antimicrobial, antioxidant and antimutagenic activities.

References

  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2003). Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk. MMWR, 52:613. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, ABD.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2004) Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food. MMWR, 53:338. United States.
  • www.cspinet.org. (2013). DeWaal, C.S., J.D., and Grooters, S.V., M.P.H. Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. Center for Science in the Public Interest, pp22. Washington, DC.
  • Grabley, S., & Thiericke, R. (1999). The impact of natural products on drug discovery. Drug Discovery from Nature, Vol. 3. Springer: Berlin, pp. 51-55.
  • Ahmed, M., Ahamed, R. N., Aladakatti, R. H., & Ghosesawar, M. G. (2002). Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 13(1), 51-60.
  • Singab, A.N.B., El-Beshbishy, H.A., Yonekawa, M., Nomura, T., & Fukai, T. (2005). Hypoglycemic effect of Egyptian Morus alba root bark extract: effect on diabetes and lipid peroxidation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(3), 333-338.
  • Bhandari, M.R., Jong-Anurakkun, N., Hong, G., & Kawabata, J. (2008). α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chemistry, 106(1), 247-252.
  • Ogbera, A.O., Dada, O., Adeleye, F., & Jewo, P. I. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine use in diabetes mellitus. West African Journal of Medicine, 29(3), 158-162.
  • Kara, N., & Baydar, H. (2013). Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turk J Field Crops, 18, 58-65.
  • Raev, R.T., Jordanov, R., & Zheljazkov, V. (1996). Induced polyploidy in lavender. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 426, 561–572.
  • Nartowska, J. (2012). Rośliny lecznicze – lawenda. Panacea, 3 (40), 5–7.
  • Sabara, D., & Kunicka-Styczyńska, A. (2009). Lavender oil–flavouring or active cosmetic ingredient. Scientific Bulletin of the Technical University of Lodz, 78, 33-41.
  • Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Salvatore, G., & Mazzanti, G. (1999). Local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia. Planta Medica, 65(08), 700-703.
  • Cavanagh, H.M.A., & Wilkinson, J.M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.
  • Hritcu, L., Cioanca, O., & Hancianu, M. (2012). Effects of lavender oil inhalation on improving scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment in laboratory rats. Phytomedicine, 19(6), 529-534.
  • Nascimento, G.G.F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P.C., & Silva, G.L. (2000). Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 31(4), 247-256.
  • Davis, P.H. (1988). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: University Press.
  • Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4), 493.
  • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute). (2003). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically- 6th Edition. Approved Standard M7-A, CLSI, Wayne, Philadelphia, USA.
  • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute). (2006). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing -16th Edition. Informational supplement, M100-S16, CLSI, Wayne, Philadelphia, USA.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C.L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.
  • Maron, D.M., & Ames, B.N. (1983). Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Research, 113(3-4), 173-215.
  • Ong, T.M., Whong, W.Z., Stewart, J., & Brockman, H.E. (1986). Chlorophyllin: a potent antimutagen against environmental and dietary complex mixtures. Mutation Research, 173(2), 111-115.
  • Palombo, E.A. (2011). Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep067.
  • Gören, A.C., Topçu, G., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Aydoğmuş, Z., & Pezzuto, J.M. (2002). The chemical constituents and biological activity of essential oil of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 57(9-10), 797-800.
  • Oskay, M., Oskay, D., & Kalyoncu, F. (2009). Activity of some plant extracts against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 293-300.
  • Khosravi, A., & Malecan, M. (2004). Effects of Lavandula stoechas extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram negative bacteria. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci , 7(5), 3-9. [ Cherrat, L., Espina, L., Bakkali, M., Pagán, R., & Laglaoui, A. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas and Satureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 22, 221-229.
  • Lin, J., Opoku, A.R., Geheeb-Keller, M., Hutchings, A.D., Terblanche, S.E., Jäger, A.K., & Van Staden, J. (1999). Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 68(1), 267-274.
  • Parekh, J., & Chanda, S. (2006). In-vitro antimicrobial activities of extracts of Launaea procumbens Roxb. (Labiateae), Vitis vinifera L.(Vitaceae) and Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 9, 89-93.
  • Yao, J.D., Moellering R.C. (1995). Antibacterial agents. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, (Eds. Murray, P., Baron, E., Pfaller, M., Tenover, F., Yolken, R.). American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, 1281-1290.
  • Zuzarte, M., Gonçalves, M.J., Cavaleiro, C., Cruz, M.T., Benzarti, A., Marongiu, B., & Salgueiro, L. (2013). Antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of Lavandula stoechas and Thymus herba-barona essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 97-103.
  • Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., & Arsenakis, M. (1998). Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(5), 1739-1745.
  • Uzun, E., Sariyar, G., Adsersen, A., Karakoc, B., Ötük, G., Oktayoglu, E., & Pirildar, S. (2004). Traditional medicine in Sakarya province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2), 287-296.
  • Ünsal, Ç., Vural, H., Sariyar, G., Özbek, B., & Ötük, G. (2010). Traditional medicine in Bilecik province (TURKEY) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2), 139-150.
  • Nunes, R., Pasko, P., Tyszka-Czochara, M., Szewczyk, A., Szlosarczyk, M., & Carvalho, I.S. (2017). Antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties and zinc content of five south Portugal herbs. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 114-123.
  • Ruberto, G., & Baratta, M.T. (2000). Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry, 69(2), 167-174.
  • Lertsatitthanakorn, P., Taweechaisupapong, S., Aromdee, C., & Khunkitti, W. (2006). In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 16(1), 43-49.
  • Matos, F., Miguel, M.G., Duarte, J., Venâncio, F., Moiteiro, C., Correia, A.I., & Pedro, L.G. (2009). Antioxidant capacity of the essential oils from Lavandula luisieri, L. stoechas subsp. Lusitanica, L. stoechas subsp. Lusitanica x L. luisieri and L. viridis grown in Algarve (Portugal). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(4), 327-336.
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
  • Hohmann, J., Zupkó, I., Rédei, D., Csányi, M., Falkay, G., Máthé, I., & Janicsák, G. (1999). Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia and their constituents against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation. Planta Medica, 65(06), 576-578.
  • Beirao, A.R.B., & Bernardo-Gil, M.G. (2005). Antioxidant from Lavandula luisieri. Proceeding of 2nd Mercosur Congress on Chemical Engineering and 4th Mercosur Congress on Process Systems Engineering. Costa Verde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Negi, P. S., Jayaprakasha, G. K., & Jena, B.S. (2003). Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of pomegranate peel extracts. Food Chemistry, 80(3), 393-397.

The Biological Activities of Lavandula stoechas L. against Food Pathogens

Year 2017, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, Special Issue 1, 270 - 279, 25.11.2017
https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.372221

Abstract

Foodborne
pathogens are microorganisms as well as a number of parasites, which are
capable of infecting humans via contaminated food or water. In recent years,
diseases caused by foodborne pathogens have become an important public health
problem in the world, producing a significant rate of morbidity and mortality.
In traditional medicine, numerous plants and their extracts have used for
thousands of years to treat health disorders. Although many studies were made
on natural herbs, those involving the antimicrobial, antioxidant and
antimutagenic activity of the herb species are rather rare. This study
researches the biological activities of ethanol and methanol extracts of Lavandula stoechas L., which are
prevalent in Turkey. In this study, 8 food pathogens were used for
antimicrobial activity studies. Antimicrobial activity studies were done by
disk diffusion assay and MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration). DPPH method
was used for non-enzymatic antioxidant activity. The Lavandula extracts were screened for their antimutagenic activity
against sodium azide by Ames test in absence of rat microsomal liver enzyme
(-S9). The ethanol and methanol extracts of Lavandula
stoechas
showed antibacterial activity (7 mm) against most of bacteria. The
antifungal activity of L. stoechas was
not determined against C. albicans RSKK02029.
The lowest MIC value was determined as 3250 µg/mL. The highest radical
inhibition was determined as 79 % by Lavandula
stoechas
flower methanol extract. The flower extract of L. stoechas (12500 µg/plate) was found
to have its highest antimutagenic activity for Salmonella Typhimurium TA98. This inhibition value is 42 %. L. stoechas leaves extracts (6250 and
3125 µg/plate) showed a moderate positive inhibitory effect for Salmonella Typhimurium TA98, and TA100. L. stoechas flower extracts (12500 and
6250 µg/plate) showed a moderate positive inhibitory effect (respectively 31
and 30 %) for Salmonella Typhimurium
TA100. The extracts of L. stoechas have antimicrobial,
antioxidant and antimutagenic activities
.

References

  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2003). Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Typhimurium infections associated with drinking unpasteurized milk. MMWR, 52:613. Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Tennessee, ABD.
  • CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2004) Preliminary FoodNet data on the incidence of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food. MMWR, 53:338. United States.
  • www.cspinet.org. (2013). DeWaal, C.S., J.D., and Grooters, S.V., M.P.H. Antibiotic resistance in foodborne pathogens. Center for Science in the Public Interest, pp22. Washington, DC.
  • Grabley, S., & Thiericke, R. (1999). The impact of natural products on drug discovery. Drug Discovery from Nature, Vol. 3. Springer: Berlin, pp. 51-55.
  • Ahmed, M., Ahamed, R. N., Aladakatti, R. H., & Ghosesawar, M. G. (2002). Reversible anti-fertility effect of benzene extract of Ocimum sanctum leaves on sperm parameters and fructose content in rats. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 13(1), 51-60.
  • Singab, A.N.B., El-Beshbishy, H.A., Yonekawa, M., Nomura, T., & Fukai, T. (2005). Hypoglycemic effect of Egyptian Morus alba root bark extract: effect on diabetes and lipid peroxidation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(3), 333-338.
  • Bhandari, M.R., Jong-Anurakkun, N., Hong, G., & Kawabata, J. (2008). α-Glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of Nepalese medicinal herb Pakhanbhed (Bergenia ciliata, Haw.). Food Chemistry, 106(1), 247-252.
  • Ogbera, A.O., Dada, O., Adeleye, F., & Jewo, P. I. (2010). Complementary and alternative medicine use in diabetes mellitus. West African Journal of Medicine, 29(3), 158-162.
  • Kara, N., & Baydar, H. (2013). Determination of lavender and lavandin cultivars (Lavandula sp.) containing high quality essential oil in Isparta, Turkey. Turk J Field Crops, 18, 58-65.
  • Raev, R.T., Jordanov, R., & Zheljazkov, V. (1996). Induced polyploidy in lavender. Acta Hort. (ISHS), 426, 561–572.
  • Nartowska, J. (2012). Rośliny lecznicze – lawenda. Panacea, 3 (40), 5–7.
  • Sabara, D., & Kunicka-Styczyńska, A. (2009). Lavender oil–flavouring or active cosmetic ingredient. Scientific Bulletin of the Technical University of Lodz, 78, 33-41.
  • Ghelardini, C., Galeotti, N., Salvatore, G., & Mazzanti, G. (1999). Local anaesthetic activity of the essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia. Planta Medica, 65(08), 700-703.
  • Cavanagh, H.M.A., & Wilkinson, J.M. (2002). Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research, 16(4), 301-308.
  • Hritcu, L., Cioanca, O., & Hancianu, M. (2012). Effects of lavender oil inhalation on improving scopolamine-induced spatial memory impairment in laboratory rats. Phytomedicine, 19(6), 529-534.
  • Nascimento, G.G.F., Locatelli, J., Freitas, P.C., & Silva, G.L. (2000). Antibacterial activity of plant extracts and phytochemicals on antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 31(4), 247-256.
  • Davis, P.H. (1988). Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Edinburgh: University Press.
  • Bauer, A.W., Kirby, W.M., Sherris, J.C., & Turck, M. (1966). Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 45(4), 493.
  • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute). (2003). Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility test for bacteria that grow aerobically- 6th Edition. Approved Standard M7-A, CLSI, Wayne, Philadelphia, USA.
  • CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standarts Institute). (2006). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing -16th Edition. Informational supplement, M100-S16, CLSI, Wayne, Philadelphia, USA.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.E., & Berset, C.L.W.T. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.
  • Maron, D.M., & Ames, B.N. (1983). Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutation Research, 113(3-4), 173-215.
  • Ong, T.M., Whong, W.Z., Stewart, J., & Brockman, H.E. (1986). Chlorophyllin: a potent antimutagen against environmental and dietary complex mixtures. Mutation Research, 173(2), 111-115.
  • Palombo, E.A. (2011). Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep067.
  • Gören, A.C., Topçu, G., Bilsel, G., Bilsel, M., Aydoğmuş, Z., & Pezzuto, J.M. (2002). The chemical constituents and biological activity of essential oil of Lavandula stoechas ssp. stoechas. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 57(9-10), 797-800.
  • Oskay, M., Oskay, D., & Kalyoncu, F. (2009). Activity of some plant extracts against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 8(4), 293-300.
  • Khosravi, A., & Malecan, M. (2004). Effects of Lavandula stoechas extracts on Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram negative bacteria. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci , 7(5), 3-9. [ Cherrat, L., Espina, L., Bakkali, M., Pagán, R., & Laglaoui, A. (2014). Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Mentha pulegium, Lavandula stoechas and Satureja calamintha Scheele essential oils and an evaluation of their bactericidal effect in combined processes. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 22, 221-229.
  • Lin, J., Opoku, A.R., Geheeb-Keller, M., Hutchings, A.D., Terblanche, S.E., Jäger, A.K., & Van Staden, J. (1999). Preliminary screening of some traditional Zulu medicinal plants for anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 68(1), 267-274.
  • Parekh, J., & Chanda, S. (2006). In-vitro antimicrobial activities of extracts of Launaea procumbens Roxb. (Labiateae), Vitis vinifera L.(Vitaceae) and Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae). African Journal of Biomedical Research, 9, 89-93.
  • Yao, J.D., Moellering R.C. (1995). Antibacterial agents. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology, (Eds. Murray, P., Baron, E., Pfaller, M., Tenover, F., Yolken, R.). American Society of Microbiology, Washington DC, 1281-1290.
  • Zuzarte, M., Gonçalves, M.J., Cavaleiro, C., Cruz, M.T., Benzarti, A., Marongiu, B., & Salgueiro, L. (2013). Antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential of Lavandula stoechas and Thymus herba-barona essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 44, 97-103.
  • Adam, K., Sivropoulou, A., Kokkini, S., Lanaras, T., & Arsenakis, M. (1998). Antifungal activities of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Mentha spicata, Lavandula angustifolia, and Salvia fruticosa essential oils against human pathogenic fungi. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 46(5), 1739-1745.
  • Uzun, E., Sariyar, G., Adsersen, A., Karakoc, B., Ötük, G., Oktayoglu, E., & Pirildar, S. (2004). Traditional medicine in Sakarya province (Turkey) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 95(2), 287-296.
  • Ünsal, Ç., Vural, H., Sariyar, G., Özbek, B., & Ötük, G. (2010). Traditional medicine in Bilecik province (TURKEY) and antimicrobial activities of selected species. Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(2), 139-150.
  • Nunes, R., Pasko, P., Tyszka-Czochara, M., Szewczyk, A., Szlosarczyk, M., & Carvalho, I.S. (2017). Antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties and zinc content of five south Portugal herbs. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 114-123.
  • Ruberto, G., & Baratta, M.T. (2000). Antioxidant activity of selected essential oil components in two lipid model systems. Food Chemistry, 69(2), 167-174.
  • Lertsatitthanakorn, P., Taweechaisupapong, S., Aromdee, C., & Khunkitti, W. (2006). In vitro bioactivities of essential oils used for acne control. International Journal of Aromatherapy, 16(1), 43-49.
  • Matos, F., Miguel, M.G., Duarte, J., Venâncio, F., Moiteiro, C., Correia, A.I., & Pedro, L.G. (2009). Antioxidant capacity of the essential oils from Lavandula luisieri, L. stoechas subsp. Lusitanica, L. stoechas subsp. Lusitanica x L. luisieri and L. viridis grown in Algarve (Portugal). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 21(4), 327-336.
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
  • Hohmann, J., Zupkó, I., Rédei, D., Csányi, M., Falkay, G., Máthé, I., & Janicsák, G. (1999). Protective effects of the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia and their constituents against enzyme-dependent and enzyme-independent lipid peroxidation. Planta Medica, 65(06), 576-578.
  • Beirao, A.R.B., & Bernardo-Gil, M.G. (2005). Antioxidant from Lavandula luisieri. Proceeding of 2nd Mercosur Congress on Chemical Engineering and 4th Mercosur Congress on Process Systems Engineering. Costa Verde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  • Negi, P. S., Jayaprakasha, G. K., & Jena, B.S. (2003). Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of pomegranate peel extracts. Food Chemistry, 80(3), 393-397.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülten Ökmen

Publication Date November 25, 2017
Submission Date April 27, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 4 Issue: 3, Special Issue 1

Cite

APA Ökmen, G. (2017). The Biological Activities of Lavandula stoechas L. against Food Pathogens. International Journal of Secondary Metabolite, 4(3, Special Issue 1), 270-279. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.372221
International Journal of Secondary Metabolite

e-ISSN: 2148-6905