Zihniyet Teorisi ve Uygulama Alanları: Eğitimden Spora Gelişim Odaklı Yaklaşım

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 65 - 85, 30.06.2025

Enes Özdemir , Cengiz Karagözoğlu

https://doi.org/10.55376/ijtsep.1689948

Abstract

Bu derleme çalışması, Carol Dweck tarafından geliştirilen Zihniyet Teorisi’nin kuramsal temelini incelemekte ve eğitim, iş yaşamı, spor ve kişisel gelişim alanlarındaki uygulamalarını çok yönlü bir perspektifle değerlendirmektedir. Zihniyet, bireylerin zekâ ve yeteneklerinin değişebilir oluşuna yönelik inançlarını ifade eder ve gelişim odaklı zihniyet ile sabit zihniyet olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Gelişim odaklı zihniyetin bireylerin motivasyonu, öğrenme süreci ve psikolojik dayanıklılıkları üzerindeki olumlu etkileri çok sayıda bilimsel araştırmayla ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada zihniyetin bireysel, sosyal ve kültürel bağlamlarda nasıl şekillendiği ve dönüştürülebileceği ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca nörobilimsel bulgular, liderlik stilleri, eğitim politikaları ve dijital araçlarla zihniyet gelişiminin nasıl desteklenebileceği tartışılmıştır. Bulgular, gelişim odaklı zihniyetin hem bireysel potansiyelin açığa çıkmasında hem de örgütsel ve sosyal düzeyde sürdürülebilir başarıda belirleyici rol oynadığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Zihniyet teorisi , gelişim odaklı zihniyet , sabit zihniyet , eğitim psikolojisi , spor psikolojisi , kişisel gelişim.

Mindset Theory and Its Applications: A Growth-Oriented Approach from Education to Sports

Abstract

This review study examines the theoretical foundations of the Mindset Theory developed by Carol Dweck and evaluates its multifaceted applications in education, professional life, sports, and personal development. The concept of mindset refers to individuals’ beliefs about the malleability of intelligence and abilities, and it is categorized into two types: growth mindset and fixed mindset. Numerous scientific studies have demonstrated the positive impact of a growth mindset on motivation, learning processes, and psychological resilience. This study discusses how mindset is shaped and transformed within individual, social, and cultural contexts. It also explores how neuroscience findings, leadership styles, educational policies, and digital tools can support mindset development. The findings suggest that a growth mindset plays a decisive role not only in realizing individual potential but also in achieving sustainable success at organizational and societal levels.

Keywords

Mindset theory , growth mindset , fixed mindset , educational psychology , sport psychology , personal development

References

• Aronson J, Fried C. B, Good C. (2002). Reducing the Effects of Stereotype Threat on African American College Students by Shaping Theories of Intelligence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 38(2), 113–125.
• Bailenson J. (2018). Experience On Demand: What Virtual Reality Is, How It Works, And What It Can Do. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
• Bandura A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise Of Control. W H Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co.
• Bayrakçeken S, Samancı O, Gökbulut H. N. (2021). Zihniyet Kuramı ve Öğrenme Motivasyonu. Uluslararası Alan Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi (Synergy), 2(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.54971/synergy.986217
• Blakemore S. J. (2018). Inventing Ourselves: The Secret Life Of The Teenage Brain. New York: PublicAffairs.
• Blackwell L. S, Trzesniewski K. H, Dweck C. S. (2007). Implicit Theories of Intelligence Predict Achievement Across an Adolescent Transition: A Longitudinal Study and an Intervention. Child Development, 78(1), 246–263. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00995.x
• Buchanan A. (2024). A Systematic Review Of Mindset Theory.
• Burnette J. L, O’Boyle E. H, VanEpps E. M, Pollack J. M, Finkel E. J. (2013). Mind-Sets Matter: A Meta-Analytic Review of Implicit Theories and Self-Regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 146(1), 1–30.
• Burnette J. L., Knouse L. E., Billingsley J., Earl S., Pollack J. M., Hoyt C. L. (2022). A Systematic Review Of Growth Mindset Intervention Implementation Strategies. Social And Personality Psychology Compass, 17(2), e12723. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12723
• Canning E. A., Murphy M. C., Emerson K. T. U., Chatman J. A., Dweck C. S. (2020). Cultures Of Genius At Work: Organizational Mindsets Predict Cultural Norms, Trust, And Commitment. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 46(4), 626–642.
• Claro S, Paunesku D, Dweck C. S. (2016). Growth Mindset Tempers the Effects of Poverty on Academic Achievement. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(31), 8664–8668.
• Cohen G. L., Garcia J., Apfel N., Master A. (2006). Reducing The Racial Achievement Gap: A Social-Psychological Intervention. Science, 313(5791), 1307–1310.
• Deci E. L., Ryan R. M. (1985). Intrinsic Motivation And Self-Determination In Human Behavior. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
• Dickhäuser O., Dinger F. C., Janke S., Spinath B., Steinmayr R. (2016). A Prospective Correlational Analysis Of Achievement Goals As Mediating Constructs Linking Distal Motivational Dispositions To Intrinsic Motivation And Academic Achievement. Learning And Individual Differences, 50, 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.06.020
• Dweck C. S. (2006). Mindsets: The New Psychology Of Success. New York: Random House Digital, Inc.
• Dweck C. S. (2012). Mindsets And Human Nature: Promoting Change In The Middle East, The Schoolyard, The Racial Divide, And Willpower. American Psychologist, 67, 614–622. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029783
• Dweck C. S. (2012). Self-Theories: Their Role In Motivation, Personality, And Development. New York: Psychology Press.
• Dweck C. S. (2017). The Journey To Children's Mındsets—And Beyond. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 139–144.
• Dweck C. S., Molden D. C. (2005). Self-Theories: Their Impact On Competence Motivation And Acquisition. In: Elliot A. J., Dweck C. S. (Eds.), Handbook Of Competence And Motivation (ss. 122–140). New York: Guilford Publications.
• Dweck C. S., Yeager D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A View From Two Eras. Perspectives On Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166
• Grabowski A., Bereska D., Probierz E., Gałuszka A. (2024). The Influence Of Human-Computer Interface On Usability And Technology Acceptance Of VR-Based Shooting Training With A Comparison With Typical Shooting Range. Displays, 81, 102621.
• Gucciardi D. F., Jackson B., Hodge K., Anthony D. R., Brooke L. E. (2014). Implicit Theories Of Mental Toughness: Relations With Cognitive, Motivational, And Behavioral Correlates. Sport, Exercise, And Performance Psychology, 3(3), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000024
• Hecht C. A., Yeager D. S., Dweck C. S., Murphy M. C. (2021). Beliefs, Affordances, And Adolescent Development: Lessons From A Decade Of Growth Mindset Interventions. In Lockman J. J. (Ed.), Advances In Child Development And Behavior (Cilt 61, ss. 169–197). JAI. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acdb.2021.04.004
• Haimovitz K., Dweck C. S. (2016). What Predicts Children’s Fixed And Growth Intelligence Mindsets? Not Their Parents’ Views Of Intelligence But Their Parents’ Views Of Failure. Psychological Science, 27(6), 859–869.
• Haimovitz K., Dweck C. S. (2017). The Origins Of Children’s Growth And Fixed Mindsets: New Research And A New Model. Child Development, 88(6), 1849–1859.
• Hammond D. A. (2021). Mindset Theory. In: Egbert J., Roe M. F. (Eds.), Theoretical Models For Teaching And Research (Bölüm 11).
• Heslin P. A., Keating L. A. (2017). In Learning Mode? The Role Of Mindsets In Derailing And Enabling Experiential Leadership Development. The Leadership Quarterly, 28(3), 367–384.
• Heslin P. A., VandeWalle D. (2008). Managers' Implicit Assumptions About Personnel. Current Directions In Psychological Science, 17(3), 219–223.
• Hirsch A., Bieleke M., Schüler J., Wolff W. (2020). Implicit Theories About Athletic Ability Modulate The Effects Of If-Then Planning On Performance In A Standardized Endurance Task. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(7), 2576. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072576
• Hoyt C. L., Burnette J. L. (2013). Gender Bias In Leader Evaluations: Merging Implicit Theories And Role Congruity Perspectives. Personality And Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(10), 130-1319. Kapasi A., Pei J. (2022). Mindset Theory And School Psychology. Canadian Journal Of School Psychology, 37(1), 57–74.
• Keating L. A., Heslin P. A. (2015). The Potential Role Of Mindsets In Unleashing Employee Engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 25(4), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2015.01.008
• Keating L., Heslin P. A., Minbashian A. (2017). A Mindset Theory Of Career Success. Academy Of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 2017(1).
• Keegan R. J., Harwood C. G., Spray C. M., Lavallee D. E. (2014). A Qualitative Investigation Of The Motivational Climate In Elite Sport. Psychology Of Sport And Exercise, 15(1), 97–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2013.10.006
• Kondratowicz B., Godlewska-Werner D. (2022). Growth Mindset And Life And Job Satisfaction: The Mediatory Role Of Stress And Self-Efficacy. Health Psychology Report, 11(2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpr/152158
• Li Y., Bates T. C. (2019). You Can’t Change Your Basic Ability, But You Work At Things, And That’s How We Get Hard Things Done: Testing The Role Of Growth Mindset On Response To Setbacks, Educational Attainment, And Cognitive Ability. Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(9), 1640–1655.
• Liu Q., Tong Y. (2022). Employee Growth Mindset And Innovative Behavior: The Roles Of Employee Strengths Use And Strengths-Based Leadership. Frontiers In Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.814154
• Loftesnes J. M., Sigmundsson H., Stensdotter A.-K. (2021). Mindset, Passion And Grit: The Role Of Psychological Traits In Junior And Elite Football Players. Frontiers In Psychology, 12, 642741.
• Luckin R., Holmes W., Griffiths M., Forcier L. B. (2016). Intelligence Unleashed: An Argument For AI In Education. Pearson Education.
• Mangels J. A., Butterfield B., Lamb J., Good C., Dweck C. S. (2006). Why Do Beliefs About Intelligence Influence Learning Success? A Social Cognitive Neuroscience Model. Social Cognitive And Affective Neuroscience, 1(2), 75–86.
• Mansell P., Sparks K., Wright J., Roe L., Carrington S., Lock J., Slater M. (2024). Mindset: Performing Under Pressure – A Multimodal Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention To Enhance The Well-Being And Performance Of Young Athletes. Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 36(4), 623–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2023.2296900
• McNeil D. G., Phillips W. J., Scoggin S. A. (2024). Examining The Importance Of Athletic Mindset Profiles For Level Of Sport Performance And Coping. International Journal Of Sport And Exercise Psychology, 22(4), 995–1011. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2023.2180073
• Mueller C. M., Dweck C. S. (1998). Praise For Intelligence Can Undermine Children’s Motivation And Performance. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 75(1), 33–52. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.1.33
• Ng B., Nguyen V. T., Teo W. Z. (2021). Growth Mindset And Brain Plasticity: A Review Of The Evidence And Implications For Practice. Frontiers In Psychology, 12, 1234.
• Nilsen D. A., Sigurjonsson T., Ivarsson A., Pensgaard A. M. (2024). Part I Of A Two-Step Mixed-Methods Approach In Developing The Growth Talent Mindsets For Sports Coaches Intervention: The Design And Targeting Of The Intervention. Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 37(1), 49–72.
• Nilsen D. A., Sigurjonsson T., Ivarsson A., Pensgaard A. M. (2025). Part II Of A Two-Step Mixed-Methods Approach In Developing The Growth Talent Mindsets For Sports Coaches Intervention 2.0: The Coaches’ Perceptions Of Delivery And Possible Psychological Processes Of Change. Journal Of Applied Sport Psychology, 37(1), 73–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2024.2370797
• Paunesku D., Walton G. M., Romero C., Smith E. N., Yeager D. S., Dweck C. S. (2015). Mind-Set Interventions Are A Scalable Treatment For Academic Underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784–793.
• Rattan A., Good C., Dweck C. S. (2012). “It’s OK — Not Everyone Can Be Good At Math”: Instructors With An Entity Theory Comfort (And Demotivate) Students. Journal Of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(3), 731–737.
• Rees T., Hardy L., Güllich A., Abernethy B., Côté J., Woodman T., ve diğ. (2016). The Great British Medalists Project: A Review Of Current Knowledge On The Development Of The World’s Best Sporting Talent. Sports Medicine, 46, 1041–1058. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0476-2
• Rittenberg B. S. P. (2023). A Preliminary Investigation Of The Implicit Theories In Sport Coaches (Master's thesis). Dalhousie University.
• Ryan R. M., Deci E. L. (2000). Self-Determination Theory And The Facilitation Of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, And Well-Being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
• Sarkar M., Fletcher D. (2014). Psychological Resilience In Sport Performers: A Review Of Stressors And Protective Factors. Journal Of Sports Sciences, 32, 1419–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.901551
• Sarrasin J. B., Nenciovici L., Foisy L. M. B., Allaire-Duquette G., Riopel M., Masson S. (2018). Effects Of Teaching The Concept Of Neuroplasticity To Induce A Growth Mindset On Motivation, Achievement, And Brain Activity: A Meta-Analysis. Trends In Neuroscience And Education, 12, 22–31.
• Shapcott S., Carr S. (2020). Golf Coaches’ Mindsets About Recreational Golfers: Gendered Golf Experiences Start On The Practice Tee. Motivation Science, 6(3), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000154
• Shi Y., Wang Y., Huang Z. (2022). Does Growth Mindset Benefit Mental Health In Asia? Evidence From Chinese Students. Journal Of Pacific Rim Psychology, 16, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221135358
• Sigmundsson H., Haga M., Hermundsdottir F. (2020). Passion, Grit And Mindset In Young Adults: Exploring The Relationship And Gender Differences. New Ideas In Psychology, 59, 100795.
• Smiley P., Buttitta K., Chung S., Dubon V., Chang L. (2016). Mediation Models Of Implicit Theories And Achievement Goals Predict Planning And Withdrawal After Failure. Motivation And Emotion, 40(1), 158–172.
• Søhus S. H. (2021). Passion, Grit, And Mindset Among Female Football Players In Norway (Master’s thesis, Professor Hermundur Sigmundsson, Norwegian University of Science and Technology). https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2776118
• Stenling A., Hassmén P., Holmström S. (2014). Implicit Theories Of Ability And Self-Determination Theory In Sport: Relationships Between Implicit Beliefs, Motivational Climate, And Competence Need Satisfaction. Psychology Of Sport And Exercise, 15(2), 173–180.
• Toktaş E., Köse N. (2025). Predicting Coping With Performance Failure By Self-Compassion And Growth Mindset In Professional Athletes. Health Nexus, 3(3), 1–9.
• Xiao X., Zhu Y., Jiang D., Vinnikova A., Zhang J., Zhang R., ve diğ. (2025). Group Psychological Counseling-Based Growth Mindset Intervention To Promote Active Aging Behaviors In Older People: Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Psychology, 13, 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-025-02402-y
• Yeager D. S., Romero C., Paunesku D., Hulleman C. S., Schneider B., Hinojosa C., ve diğ. (2019). Using Design Thinking To Improve Psychological Interventions: The Case Of The Growth Mindset During The Transition To High School. Journal Of Educational Psychology, 111(3), 354–372.
• Yeager D. S., Dweck C. S., Cohen G. L. (2020). What Can Be Learned From Growth Mindset Controversies? American Psychologist, 75(9), 1269–1284.
• Yeager D. S., Bryan C. J., Gross J. J., Murray J., Cobb D. K., Santos P. H. F., ve diğ. (2022). A Synergistic Mindsets Intervention Protects Adolescents From Stress. Nature, 607, 512–520. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04907-7
• Yeager D. S., Hanselman P., Walton G. M., Murray J. S., Crosnoe R., Muller C., ve diğ. (2022). National Study Shows Mindset Interventions Boost Academic Achievement For Disadvantaged Students. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(2), 189–201.
• Yoon M., Choi K., Yoon S., Jo I. H. (2024). Task Type Matters: The Impact Of Virtual Reality Training On Training Performance. Journal Of Computer Assisted Learning, 40(1), 205–218.
• Zhang W., Li J. (2025). Sports Atmosphere And Psychological Resilience In College Students: Mediating Role Of Growth Mindset. Frontiers In Psychology, 16, 1532498. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1532498