Research Article
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Di̇ji̇tal Kültür Ortamında Belleği̇n Durumu*

Year 2019, Issue: 48, 529 - 545, 28.06.2019

Abstract

Toplumların içinde bulundukları aşamaya uygun olarak yaşamlarını biçimlendiren belli bir kültürel dizgeye sahip oldukları görülmektedir. Her kültürel dizgenin çerçevelediği
ilişkilerin, davranış kalıplarının, alışkanlıkların yapısı ve koşullarında orada geçerli iletişim biçimleri, araçları ve ortamlarının da etkin olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Toplumların şimdiye
dek geçtikleri kültürel aşamalara bakılacak olunduğunda, yaşananları paylaşmakta ve geleceğe aktarmakta o kültürel yapıya uyumlu bir iletişim biçiminin kullanılmakta olduğu
göze çarpmaktadır. Buna bağlı olarak da toplumların bireylerinin, o iletişim biçiminin yönlendirdiği bir bellek işleyişine sahip hale geldikleri açığa çıkmaktadır. Birbirinden beslendikleri şeklinde değerlendirilip ele alınmaya müsait üç farklı kültürel dinamik olan sözel, yazılı ve dijital kültürler de, geçerli iletişim şekli ile dolayımlanan üç farklı bireysel bellek durumunu sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da, bu üç kültürel düzlemde bu belleğin gösterdiği işleyiş tarzları görülmeye çabalanmaktadır.

References

  • Altmann, Erik M. ve Gray, Wayne D. (2002). “Forgetting To Remember: The Functional Relationship Of Decay and Interference”, Psychological Science, 13( 1), s.27-33.
  • Anastasio, Thomas J., Ehrenberger, Kristen Ann, Watson, Patrick ve Zhang, Wenyi (2012). Individual And Collective Memory Consolidation: Analogous Processes On Different Levels, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Bergson, Henri (1986). Yaratıcı Tekamül, Şekip Tunç (çev.), II. Basım, İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Yayınları.
  • Bergson, Henri (1989). Zihin Kudreti, Miraç Katırcıoğlu (çev.), İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınevi.
  • Bergson, Henri (1998). Metafiziğe Giriş, Barış Karacasu (çev.), Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Bergson, Henri (2007). Madde ve Bellek, Işık Ergüden (çev.), Birinci Basım, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Bjork, Robert A. (1970). “Positive Forgetting: The Noninterference Of Items Intentionally Forgotten”, Journal Of Verbal Learning And Verbal Behavior, 9, s.255-268.
  • Block, Richard A. (1971). “Effects Of Instructıons To Forget In Short-Term Memory”, Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 89( 1), s.1-9.
  • Bozkurt, Nimet Işıl, Utkan, Tijen ve Arıcıoğlu, Feyza (2011). “Agmatinin Kognitif Fonksiyonlara Etkisinin Araştırılması”, MÜSBED, 1(1), s.8-16.
  • Budak, Selçuk. (2000). Psikoloji Sözlüğü, Ankara:Bilim ve Sanat Yay. Cangöz, Banu (2002). “İleri Yaşlılar İle Genç Yetişkinlerde Kodlama Düzeyinin Örtük Ve Açık Bellek Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Geriatri (Turkish Journal of Geriatrics), 5(4), s.125-131.
  • Casey, Edward S. (2000). Remembering: A Phenomenological Study, 2. Baskı, USA: Indiana Universty Press.
  • Casalegno, Federico (2004). “Thought On The Convergence Of Digital Media, Memory, And Social And Urban Spaces”, Space & Culture, 7(3), s. 313-326.
  • Cubelli, Roberto (2010). “A New Taxonomy Of Memory And Forgetting”, Sergio Della Sala (ed.), Forgetting, New York: Psychology Press, s. 35-48.
  • Depeli, Gülsüm (2010). “Görsellik Ve Kültürel Bellek İlişkisi: Göçmenin Evi”, Kültür ve İletişim (Culture & Communication), 13(2), s. 9-39.
  • Deuze, Mark (2006). “Participation, Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components Of A Digital Culture”, The Information Society, 22, s.63–75.
  • Doueihi, Milad (2011). Digital Cultures, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Dunn, John C. (2004). “Remember–Know: A Matter Of Confidence”, Psychological Review, 111(2), s. 524 –542.
  • Elmes, David G., Adams, Carl ve Roediger, Henry L. (1970). “Cued Forgetting In Short-term Memory: Response Selection”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 86, s.103–107.
  • Engin, Ali Osman, Calapoğlu, Mustafa ve Gürbüzoğlu, Sibel (2008). “Uzun Süreli Bellek Ve Öğrenme”, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences), 2, s.251-262
  • Evans-Roberts, Cathryn E. Y. ve Turnbul, Oliver H. (2011 ). “Remembering Relationships: Preserved Emotion-based Learning In Alzheimer’s Disease”,Experimental Aging Research, 37, s.1–16.
  • Frostig, Karen (2009). “Data As Memory And Memory As Data”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom: Inter-Disciplinary Press, s.161-166.
  • Gabrieli, John D. E. (1998). “Cognitive Neuroscience Of Human Memory”, Annual Reviews Psychol, 49, s. 87-115.
  • Gere, Charlie (2008). Digital Culture, 2. Basım, London: Reaktion Books Ltd.
  • Hadot, Pierre (2011). Wittgenstein Ve Dilin Sınırları, Murat Erşen (çev.), 2. Baskı, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Hedstrom, Margaret (2002). “Archives, Memory, And Interfaces With The Past”, Archival Science, 2, s. 21–43.
  • Hoskins, Andrew (2011) “Media, Memory, Metaphor: Remembering And The Connective Turn”, Parallax, 17(4), s.19–31.
  • Jacoby, Larry L. (1991). “A Process Dissociation Framework: Separating Automatic From Intentional Uses Of Memory”, Journal of Memory and Language, 30, s.513-541.
  • Johnson, Marcia K. (1992). “Mem: Mechanisms Of Recollection”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(3), s. 268-280.
  • Jonker, Tanya R., Seli, Paul ve MacLeod, Colin M. (2015). “Retrieval-Induced Forgetting And Context”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(4), s. 273–278.
  • Kesinger, Elizabeth A. (2009). “Remembering The Details: Effects of Emotion”, Emotion Review, 1(2), s. 99-113.
  • Lee, Taeyeong (2014). “Sözlü Ve Yazılı Kültür”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21, s. 349-352.
  • Lovejoy, Grant (2008). “The Extent Of Orality”, The Journal for Baptist Theology And Ministry, 5 (1), s.121-133.
  • Maj, Anna ve Riha, Daniel (2009). “Introduction”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom: Inter-Disciplinary Press, s.1-9.
  • Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language Of New Media, London: The MIT Press.
  • Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor (2009). Delete: The Virtue Of Forgetting In The Digital Age, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Mavroskoufis, Dimitris K. (2012). “Memory, Forgetting, And History Education In Greece: The Case Of Greek Jews History As An Example Of “Catastrophe Didactics”, International Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 2(18), s. 55-64.
  • Nyirubugara, Olivier (2009). “Clickable Memories: Hyperlinking And Memory Contextualization”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha. (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom:Inter-Disciplinary Press, s.63-72.
  • O’Hara, Kieron, Morris, Richard, Shadbolt, Nigel , Hitch, Graham J, Hall, Wendy, Beagrie, Neil (2006). “Memories For Life: A Review Of The Science And Technology”, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 3, s. 351–365.
  • Ong, Walter J. (1995). Sözlü Ve Yazılı Kültür: Sözün Teknolojikleşmesi, Sema Postacıoğlu Banon (çev.), 1. Basım, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Ong, Walter (1999). “Orality, Literacy, And Modern Media”, David Crowley and Paul Heyer (ed.), Communication In History: Technology, Culture, Society, 3. Basım. New York: Longman, s.60-67.
  • Özak Öymen, Nilüfer ve Gökmen Pulat, Gülçin (2009). “Bellek Ve Mekan İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Model Önerisi”, İtüdergisi/a Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım, 8(2), s.145-155.
  • Picard, Robert G. (2011). Mapping Digital Media: Digitization And Media Business Models, London: Open Society Foundation.
  • Pogačar, Martin (2009). “(New) Media And Representations Of The Past”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom:Inter-Disciplinary Press, s. 23-29.
  • Roediger, Henry L., Weinstein, Yana ve Agarwal, Pooja K. (2010). “Forgetting: Preliminary Considerations”, Sergio Della Sala (ed.), Forgetting, New Yok: Psychology Press, s.1-22.
  • Sá, Alberto (2009). “Can Web 2.0 Shape Metamemory?”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford,United Kingdom: InterDisciplinary Press, s. 51-61.
  • Sağlam, Mehmet (1997). Beynin Kimliği Ve Becerileri, İstanbul: Denge Yayınları.
  • Sanders, Barry (1999). Öküzün A’sı: Elektronik Çağda Yazılı Kültürün Çöküşü ve Şiddetin Yükselişi, Şehnaz Tahir (çev.), 1. Basım, İstanbul:Ayrntı Yayınları.
  • Sara, Susan J. (2000). “Retrieval And Reconsolidation: Toward A Neurobiology Of Remembering”, Learning & Memory, 7, s.73–84.
  • Sellen, Abigail ve Whittaker, Steve (2010). “Beyond Total Capture: A Constructive Critique Of Lifelogging”, Communications Of The ACM, 53(5), s.70-77.
  • Sözen, Didem (2005). “Sbst Sözel Bellek Ve Wms Görsel Bellek Testleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8, s.73-83.
  • Subrt, Jiri ve Valisova, Alena (2012). “New Media And The Educational Process: The Problem Of Time And Memory”, Nikos E. Mastorakis, Valeri Mladenov ve Zoran Bojkovic (ed.), Latest Advances In Educational Technologies, Singapur : Wseas Press, s.100-104.
  • Taburoğlu, Özgür (2014). “Söz, Yazı Ve Bellek: Ünal Nalbantoğlu’nun Yapıtı”, Erdem, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 67, s.105-123.
  • Thumim, Nancy (2012). Self-Representation And Digital Culture, London: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Tulving, Endel (1987). “Multiple Memory Systems And Consciousness”, Human Neurobiology, 6, s.67-80.
  • Wickelgren, Wayne A. (1981). “Human Learning And Memory”, Annual Reviews Psychology, 32, s.2l-52.
  • Wilken, Rowan (2010). “Video Stores, Media Technologies And Memory”, Media Fields Journal, 1, s.1-9.
  • Wixted, John T. ve Ebbesen, Ebbe B. (1991). “On The Form Of Forgetting”, Psychological Science, 2(6), s. 409-415.
  • Woodward, Addison E. ve Bjork, Robert A. (1971). “Forgetting And Remembering In Free Recall: Intentional And Unintentional”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89(1), s.109-116.

The Situation of Memory in Digital Culture Environment

Year 2019, Issue: 48, 529 - 545, 28.06.2019

Abstract

It appears that societies have a certain cultural pattern that shapes their lives in accordance with the stage of development they are in. It is understood that the forms, means
and mediums of communication that are relevant for each society influence the structures and conditions of relations, behavior patterns and habits shaped by each cultural pattern.
When we look at the cultural phases societies have gone through so far, we notice that a form of communication that is compatible with the relevant culture’s structure is used in
the sharing and in the projection into the future of events. Correspondingly, it becomes clear that the individuals of society have become a memory functioning that is steered
by that communication form. Oral, written and digital cultures -which are three different cultural dynamics evaluated and treated as feeding from each other- present three different
individual memory situations that are mediated by the relevant form of communication. In this study, we try to determine the functioning mechanisms of memory in these three
cultural platforms.

References

  • Altmann, Erik M. ve Gray, Wayne D. (2002). “Forgetting To Remember: The Functional Relationship Of Decay and Interference”, Psychological Science, 13( 1), s.27-33.
  • Anastasio, Thomas J., Ehrenberger, Kristen Ann, Watson, Patrick ve Zhang, Wenyi (2012). Individual And Collective Memory Consolidation: Analogous Processes On Different Levels, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
  • Bergson, Henri (1986). Yaratıcı Tekamül, Şekip Tunç (çev.), II. Basım, İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Yayınları.
  • Bergson, Henri (1989). Zihin Kudreti, Miraç Katırcıoğlu (çev.), İstanbul: Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınevi.
  • Bergson, Henri (1998). Metafiziğe Giriş, Barış Karacasu (çev.), Ankara: Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Bergson, Henri (2007). Madde ve Bellek, Işık Ergüden (çev.), Birinci Basım, Ankara: Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Bjork, Robert A. (1970). “Positive Forgetting: The Noninterference Of Items Intentionally Forgotten”, Journal Of Verbal Learning And Verbal Behavior, 9, s.255-268.
  • Block, Richard A. (1971). “Effects Of Instructıons To Forget In Short-Term Memory”, Journal Of Experimental Psychology, 89( 1), s.1-9.
  • Bozkurt, Nimet Işıl, Utkan, Tijen ve Arıcıoğlu, Feyza (2011). “Agmatinin Kognitif Fonksiyonlara Etkisinin Araştırılması”, MÜSBED, 1(1), s.8-16.
  • Budak, Selçuk. (2000). Psikoloji Sözlüğü, Ankara:Bilim ve Sanat Yay. Cangöz, Banu (2002). “İleri Yaşlılar İle Genç Yetişkinlerde Kodlama Düzeyinin Örtük Ve Açık Bellek Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Geriatri (Turkish Journal of Geriatrics), 5(4), s.125-131.
  • Casey, Edward S. (2000). Remembering: A Phenomenological Study, 2. Baskı, USA: Indiana Universty Press.
  • Casalegno, Federico (2004). “Thought On The Convergence Of Digital Media, Memory, And Social And Urban Spaces”, Space & Culture, 7(3), s. 313-326.
  • Cubelli, Roberto (2010). “A New Taxonomy Of Memory And Forgetting”, Sergio Della Sala (ed.), Forgetting, New York: Psychology Press, s. 35-48.
  • Depeli, Gülsüm (2010). “Görsellik Ve Kültürel Bellek İlişkisi: Göçmenin Evi”, Kültür ve İletişim (Culture & Communication), 13(2), s. 9-39.
  • Deuze, Mark (2006). “Participation, Remediation, Bricolage: Considering Principal Components Of A Digital Culture”, The Information Society, 22, s.63–75.
  • Doueihi, Milad (2011). Digital Cultures, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Dunn, John C. (2004). “Remember–Know: A Matter Of Confidence”, Psychological Review, 111(2), s. 524 –542.
  • Elmes, David G., Adams, Carl ve Roediger, Henry L. (1970). “Cued Forgetting In Short-term Memory: Response Selection”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 86, s.103–107.
  • Engin, Ali Osman, Calapoğlu, Mustafa ve Gürbüzoğlu, Sibel (2008). “Uzun Süreli Bellek Ve Öğrenme”, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi (Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences), 2, s.251-262
  • Evans-Roberts, Cathryn E. Y. ve Turnbul, Oliver H. (2011 ). “Remembering Relationships: Preserved Emotion-based Learning In Alzheimer’s Disease”,Experimental Aging Research, 37, s.1–16.
  • Frostig, Karen (2009). “Data As Memory And Memory As Data”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom: Inter-Disciplinary Press, s.161-166.
  • Gabrieli, John D. E. (1998). “Cognitive Neuroscience Of Human Memory”, Annual Reviews Psychol, 49, s. 87-115.
  • Gere, Charlie (2008). Digital Culture, 2. Basım, London: Reaktion Books Ltd.
  • Hadot, Pierre (2011). Wittgenstein Ve Dilin Sınırları, Murat Erşen (çev.), 2. Baskı, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
  • Hedstrom, Margaret (2002). “Archives, Memory, And Interfaces With The Past”, Archival Science, 2, s. 21–43.
  • Hoskins, Andrew (2011) “Media, Memory, Metaphor: Remembering And The Connective Turn”, Parallax, 17(4), s.19–31.
  • Jacoby, Larry L. (1991). “A Process Dissociation Framework: Separating Automatic From Intentional Uses Of Memory”, Journal of Memory and Language, 30, s.513-541.
  • Johnson, Marcia K. (1992). “Mem: Mechanisms Of Recollection”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 4(3), s. 268-280.
  • Jonker, Tanya R., Seli, Paul ve MacLeod, Colin M. (2015). “Retrieval-Induced Forgetting And Context”, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(4), s. 273–278.
  • Kesinger, Elizabeth A. (2009). “Remembering The Details: Effects of Emotion”, Emotion Review, 1(2), s. 99-113.
  • Lee, Taeyeong (2014). “Sözlü Ve Yazılı Kültür”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21, s. 349-352.
  • Lovejoy, Grant (2008). “The Extent Of Orality”, The Journal for Baptist Theology And Ministry, 5 (1), s.121-133.
  • Maj, Anna ve Riha, Daniel (2009). “Introduction”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom: Inter-Disciplinary Press, s.1-9.
  • Manovich, Lev (2001). The Language Of New Media, London: The MIT Press.
  • Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor (2009). Delete: The Virtue Of Forgetting In The Digital Age, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Mavroskoufis, Dimitris K. (2012). “Memory, Forgetting, And History Education In Greece: The Case Of Greek Jews History As An Example Of “Catastrophe Didactics”, International Journal Of Humanities And Social Science, 2(18), s. 55-64.
  • Nyirubugara, Olivier (2009). “Clickable Memories: Hyperlinking And Memory Contextualization”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha. (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom:Inter-Disciplinary Press, s.63-72.
  • O’Hara, Kieron, Morris, Richard, Shadbolt, Nigel , Hitch, Graham J, Hall, Wendy, Beagrie, Neil (2006). “Memories For Life: A Review Of The Science And Technology”, Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 3, s. 351–365.
  • Ong, Walter J. (1995). Sözlü Ve Yazılı Kültür: Sözün Teknolojikleşmesi, Sema Postacıoğlu Banon (çev.), 1. Basım, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları.
  • Ong, Walter (1999). “Orality, Literacy, And Modern Media”, David Crowley and Paul Heyer (ed.), Communication In History: Technology, Culture, Society, 3. Basım. New York: Longman, s.60-67.
  • Özak Öymen, Nilüfer ve Gökmen Pulat, Gülçin (2009). “Bellek Ve Mekan İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Model Önerisi”, İtüdergisi/a Mimarlık, Planlama, Tasarım, 8(2), s.145-155.
  • Picard, Robert G. (2011). Mapping Digital Media: Digitization And Media Business Models, London: Open Society Foundation.
  • Pogačar, Martin (2009). “(New) Media And Representations Of The Past”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford, United Kingdom:Inter-Disciplinary Press, s. 23-29.
  • Roediger, Henry L., Weinstein, Yana ve Agarwal, Pooja K. (2010). “Forgetting: Preliminary Considerations”, Sergio Della Sala (ed.), Forgetting, New Yok: Psychology Press, s.1-22.
  • Sá, Alberto (2009). “Can Web 2.0 Shape Metamemory?”, Anna Maj ve Daniel Riha (ed.), Digital Memories: Exploring Critical Issues, Oxford,United Kingdom: InterDisciplinary Press, s. 51-61.
  • Sağlam, Mehmet (1997). Beynin Kimliği Ve Becerileri, İstanbul: Denge Yayınları.
  • Sanders, Barry (1999). Öküzün A’sı: Elektronik Çağda Yazılı Kültürün Çöküşü ve Şiddetin Yükselişi, Şehnaz Tahir (çev.), 1. Basım, İstanbul:Ayrntı Yayınları.
  • Sara, Susan J. (2000). “Retrieval And Reconsolidation: Toward A Neurobiology Of Remembering”, Learning & Memory, 7, s.73–84.
  • Sellen, Abigail ve Whittaker, Steve (2010). “Beyond Total Capture: A Constructive Critique Of Lifelogging”, Communications Of The ACM, 53(5), s.70-77.
  • Sözen, Didem (2005). “Sbst Sözel Bellek Ve Wms Görsel Bellek Testleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi”, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 8, s.73-83.
  • Subrt, Jiri ve Valisova, Alena (2012). “New Media And The Educational Process: The Problem Of Time And Memory”, Nikos E. Mastorakis, Valeri Mladenov ve Zoran Bojkovic (ed.), Latest Advances In Educational Technologies, Singapur : Wseas Press, s.100-104.
  • Taburoğlu, Özgür (2014). “Söz, Yazı Ve Bellek: Ünal Nalbantoğlu’nun Yapıtı”, Erdem, İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Dergisi, 67, s.105-123.
  • Thumim, Nancy (2012). Self-Representation And Digital Culture, London: Palgrave MacMillan.
  • Tulving, Endel (1987). “Multiple Memory Systems And Consciousness”, Human Neurobiology, 6, s.67-80.
  • Wickelgren, Wayne A. (1981). “Human Learning And Memory”, Annual Reviews Psychology, 32, s.2l-52.
  • Wilken, Rowan (2010). “Video Stores, Media Technologies And Memory”, Media Fields Journal, 1, s.1-9.
  • Wixted, John T. ve Ebbesen, Ebbe B. (1991). “On The Form Of Forgetting”, Psychological Science, 2(6), s. 409-415.
  • Woodward, Addison E. ve Bjork, Robert A. (1971). “Forgetting And Remembering In Free Recall: Intentional And Unintentional”, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 89(1), s.109-116.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Persude Erdem This is me

Publication Date June 28, 2019
Submission Date March 25, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Issue: 48

Cite

APA Erdem, P. (2019). Di̇ji̇tal Kültür Ortamında Belleği̇n Durumu*. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2019(48), 529-545.