Research Article
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İnternet Gazeteciliğinde Hipermetin Üretimi

Year 2016, Issue: 43, 118 - 149, 25.12.2016

Abstract

İnternet teknolojilerindeki hızlı gelişmeler ile İnternet kullanımının yaygınlaşmasının sonuçlarından en çok etkilenen alanların başında gazetecilik sektörü gelmektedir. İnternet haberlerinin sunumundaki en temel farklılık hipermetinsellik olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hipermetinsellik, arayüz ve/veya ağ üzerinden başka alternatif mecralara/metinlere linkler ve etiketler aracılığıyla kolaylıkla erişimin gerçekleşmesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır.

Bu araştırmanın amacı yeni medyanın ayırt edici özelliklerinden biri olan hipermetin biçimselliğinin haber üretim sürecinin temel aktörleri olan İnternet medya profesyonellerinin çalışma pratiklerinde yarattığı dönüşümü saptamaktır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, Türkiye’de İnternet medyası çalışanları ile yapılan derinlemesine mülakatların analizi ile gazetecilik sektöründe hipermetin kullanım alışkanlıklarının ve stratejilerinin neler olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Araştırmada ayrıca meslek çalışanlarının bu yeni metin biçiminden kaynaklanan yeni etik sorunlar tespit edip etmedikleri ve habere ilişkin yeni sorun alanlarının doğup doğmadığı saptanmaya çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Aytekin, Çiğdem (2012). “Yeni Medyada Sosyal Ağ Uygulaması Olarak Twitter ve Fikir Madenciliği”, Yeni Medya Ve..., (ed.) Deniz Yengin içinde, Anahtar Kitaplar, İstanbul, s.102-122.
  • Bakhtin, Mihail (1981). The Dialogic Imagination (M. Holquist, Ed.; C. Emerson ve M. Holquist, Transl.), Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
  • Baş, Türker ve Akturan, Ulun (2008). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Seçkin.
  • Bauman, Zigmund (2000). Liquid Modernity, Cambridge, Polity.
  • Binark, Mutlu ve Bayraktutan, Günseli (2013). Yeni Medya ve Etik, Kalkedon, İstanbul.
  • Binark, Mutlu ve Bek, Mine Gencel (2010). Eleştirel Medyaokuryazarlığı, Kalkedon, İkinci Basım, İstanbul.
  • Binark, Mutlu ve Löker, Koray (2011). Sivil Toplum Örgütleri İçin Bilişim Rehberi, Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Boczkowski, Pablo (2004). “The Processes of Adopting Multimedia and Interactivity in Three Online Newsrooms”, Journal of Communication, 54 (2): s. 197–213.
  • Boldt, Klaus (1996). “Die Online-Revolution. Immer mehr US-Journalisten gehen bei ihren Recherchen online: Fast ein Viertel der Redaktionen klinkt sich mindestens einmal täglich ins İnternet oder in kommerzielle Online-Dienste ein”, (The Online Revolution: A growing number of US journalists is going online when doing research. Nearly one fourth are using the İnternet or commercial online services each day), Journalist (6), s. 69-70.
  • Brannon, Jody. 2008. “Maximize the Medium: Assessing Obstacles to Performing Multimedia Journalism in Three US Newsrooms”, içinde Making Online News: The Ethnography of New Media Production, ed. Chris Paterson ve David Domingo, New York, Peter Lang, s. 99–111.
  • Burbules, Nicholas C. (1998). “Rhetorics of the Web: Hyperreading and Critical Literacy”. içinde I. Snyder (ed), Page to Screen: Taking Literacy into The Electronic Era. London: Routledge, London, s. 102–122.
  • Carpenter, Serena (2010). “A Study of Content Diversity in Online Citizen Journalism and Online Newspaper Articles”, New Media & Society, 12(7), s. 1064–1084.
  • Cisco (2013).Visual Networking Index Forecast Projects (2012-2017).
  • Dahlgren, Peter (1996). “Media Logic in Cyberspace: Repositioning Journalism and Its Publics”, Javnost/The Public 3(3), s. 59–72.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1981). Writing and Difference, translated by A. Bass. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1999). “Platon’un Eczanesi”, çev. Zeynep Direk, Toplumbilim: Derrida Özel Sayısı, Sayı: 10, s.63-82.
  • Deuze, Mark (2001). “Online Journalism: Modelling the First Generation of News Media on the World Wide Web”. First Monday 6(10). http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/ issue6_10/deuze/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2004).
  • Deuze, Mark (2003). “The Web and Its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of News Media Online”, New Media & Society, 5(2), s.203-230.
  • Deuze, Mark (2006). “Liquid Journalism”, Political Communication Report, 16(1), http://www.mtsu.edu/~pcr/1601_2005_winter/roundtable_Deuze.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2009).
  • Deuze, Mark (2007). Media Work, Cambridge, Polity.
  • Dimitrova, Daniela V., Connolly-Ahern, Colleen, Williams, Andrew Paul, Kaid, Lynda Lee ve Reid Amanda (2003). “Hyperlinking as Gatekeeping: Online Newspaper Coverage of the Execution of an American Terrorist”, Journalism Studies, 4(3), s. 401- 414.
  • Engebretsen, Martin (2005). Writing for the Web: An Introduction to Online Journalism, Tartu University, Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas.
  • Ess, Charles (2009). Digital Media Ethics, Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
  • Franklin, Bob; Hamer, Martin; Hanna, Mark; Kinsey, Marie ve Richardson, John E. (2005). Key Concepts in Journalism Studies, SAGE Publications, California.
  • Gülener, Serdar (2012). “Dijital Hafızadan Silinmeyi İstemek: Temel Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak “Unutulma Hakkı”, TBB Dergisi, 2012 (102), s. 219-240.
  • Heinonen, Ari (1999). Journalism in the Age of the Net, University of Tampere Bookshop, Finland.
  • Hibbert, Bill (1998). “Publishing and the Media Industries in the Digital Age”, Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 1, s. 393-403.
  • Himelboim, Itai (2010). “The International Network Structure ofNews Media: An Analysis of Hyperlinks Usage in News Web Sites”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(3), 2010, s. 373–390.
  • Horrocks, Clare (2014). “Nineteenth-Century Journalism Online—The Market Versus Academia?”, Media History, Vol.20, No.1,s.21-33.
  • Jones, Rodney H. ; Hafner, Christoph A. (2012). Understanding Digital Literecies, Routledge, Oxon, USAve Canada.
  • Karlsson, Michael; Clerwall, Christer ve Örnebring, Henrik (2014). “Hyperlinking Practices in Swedish Online News 2007–2013: The Rise, Fall, and Stagnation of Hyperlinking as a Journalistic Tool”, Information, Communication & Society, Published online: 24 Nov 2014, s.1-17.
  • Lee, Alice Y.L., (2012). “Online News Media in the Web 2.0 Era: From Boundary Dissolution to Journalistic Transformation, Chinese Journal of Communication, ifirst, s.1-17.
  • Levi, Michael D. ve Conrad, Frederick G. (1996). “A Heuristic Evaluation of a World Wide Web Prototype”, Interactions, July/August, s. 50-61.
  • Lewis, Diana M. (2003). “Online News: A New Genre?”, New Media Language, ed. Jean Aitchison ve Diana M. Lewis, Routledge, Londra ve New York, s. 95-104.
  • Martin, Meg (2011). “Online Journalism Ethics: Guidelines from the Conference”, Poynter, http://www.poynter.org/uncategorized/80445/online-journalism-ethics- guidelines-from-the-conference/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2014).
  • Mosco, Vincent (2004). The Digital Sublime: Myth, Power, and Cyberspace, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Newhagen, John E. ve Sheizaf, Rafaeli (1996). “Why Communication Researchers Should Study the Internet: a Dialogue”, Political Communication, 46(1), s. 4–13.
  • Nisenholtz, Martin (2008). “The Hyperlinked News Organization”, içinde The Hyperlinked Society, ed. Joseph Turow ve Lokman Tsui, The University of Michigan Press, USA.
  • Oblak, Tanja (2005). “The Lack of Interactivity and Hypertextuality in Online Media”, Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 67(1), s. 87-106.
  • Opgenhaffen, Michaël (2009). Multimedia, Interactivity, and Hypertext in Online News: Effect on News Processing and Objective and Subjective Knowledge, Katholıeke Unıversiteit Leuven Faculteıt Socıale Wetenschappen.
  • Pavlik, John V. (1999). “New Media and News: Implications for the Fsuture of Journalism”, New Media & Society, April, 1, s. 154-59.
  • Pew (2005). “How Women and Men Use the İnternet”, Internet&American Life Project. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
  • Pew (2013). Pew Research Center’s 2013 State of the News Media Report.
  • Pryor, Larry (2002). “The Third Wave of Online Journalism”, Online Journalism Review, 18 April, http://www.ojr.org/ojr/future/1019174689.php, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2002).
  • Quandt, Thorsten (2006). “(No) News on the World Wide Web? A comparative content analysis of journalistic news sites in four European countries”, International Conference: Thinking Journalism Across National Boundaries: New Challenges and Emergent Perspectives (3—5 November 2006, Porto Alegre, Brazil), s.1-17.
  • Ritzer, George ve Stepnisky, Jeffery (2014). Sosyoloji Kuramları, Çev. Himmet Hülür, Ankara, De Ki Basım Yayım.
  • Steensen, Steen (2009). “What’s Stopping Them? Towards a Grounded Theory of Innovation in Online Journalism.”, Journalism Studies, 10 (6), s. 821–836.
  • Stephens, Mithchell (1998). The Rise of the Image the Fall of The Word, New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Tsui, Lokman (2008). “The Hyperlink in Newspapers and Blogs”, The Hyperlinked Society, ed. Joseph Turow ve Lokman Tsui, The University of Michigan Press, USA, s.70-84.
  • UCLA (2003). The UCLA İnternet Report Year Three- Surveying the Digital Future, Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Communication Policy.
  • Weinberger, David (2008). “The Morality of Links”, içinde The Hyperlinked Society, ed. Joseph Turow ve Lokman Tsui, The University of Michigan Press, USA.

The Hypertext Production in Online Journalim

Year 2016, Issue: 43, 118 - 149, 25.12.2016

Abstract

The rapid developments in Internet technology highly affect the journalism industry. One of the main differences in the creation of online news is hypertextuality. The term, hypertextuality, can be described as easily accessing the other alternative pages or texts via links and tags through an interface and/or a network.

The aim of the present study is determining the transformation of working conditions of Internet media professionals which arises from the new media’s hypertuality feature. In accordance with this purpose, the results of the in-depth interviews with the Turkish online media professionals show the hypertext usage habits and strategies in Internet journalis m. The new ethical issues, which arising from the hypertextuality, are also tried to be determined through the research.

References

  • Aytekin, Çiğdem (2012). “Yeni Medyada Sosyal Ağ Uygulaması Olarak Twitter ve Fikir Madenciliği”, Yeni Medya Ve..., (ed.) Deniz Yengin içinde, Anahtar Kitaplar, İstanbul, s.102-122.
  • Bakhtin, Mihail (1981). The Dialogic Imagination (M. Holquist, Ed.; C. Emerson ve M. Holquist, Transl.), Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
  • Baş, Türker ve Akturan, Ulun (2008). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara, Seçkin.
  • Bauman, Zigmund (2000). Liquid Modernity, Cambridge, Polity.
  • Binark, Mutlu ve Bayraktutan, Günseli (2013). Yeni Medya ve Etik, Kalkedon, İstanbul.
  • Binark, Mutlu ve Bek, Mine Gencel (2010). Eleştirel Medyaokuryazarlığı, Kalkedon, İkinci Basım, İstanbul.
  • Binark, Mutlu ve Löker, Koray (2011). Sivil Toplum Örgütleri İçin Bilişim Rehberi, Sivil Toplum Geliştirme Merkezi, Ankara.
  • Boczkowski, Pablo (2004). “The Processes of Adopting Multimedia and Interactivity in Three Online Newsrooms”, Journal of Communication, 54 (2): s. 197–213.
  • Boldt, Klaus (1996). “Die Online-Revolution. Immer mehr US-Journalisten gehen bei ihren Recherchen online: Fast ein Viertel der Redaktionen klinkt sich mindestens einmal täglich ins İnternet oder in kommerzielle Online-Dienste ein”, (The Online Revolution: A growing number of US journalists is going online when doing research. Nearly one fourth are using the İnternet or commercial online services each day), Journalist (6), s. 69-70.
  • Brannon, Jody. 2008. “Maximize the Medium: Assessing Obstacles to Performing Multimedia Journalism in Three US Newsrooms”, içinde Making Online News: The Ethnography of New Media Production, ed. Chris Paterson ve David Domingo, New York, Peter Lang, s. 99–111.
  • Burbules, Nicholas C. (1998). “Rhetorics of the Web: Hyperreading and Critical Literacy”. içinde I. Snyder (ed), Page to Screen: Taking Literacy into The Electronic Era. London: Routledge, London, s. 102–122.
  • Carpenter, Serena (2010). “A Study of Content Diversity in Online Citizen Journalism and Online Newspaper Articles”, New Media & Society, 12(7), s. 1064–1084.
  • Cisco (2013).Visual Networking Index Forecast Projects (2012-2017).
  • Dahlgren, Peter (1996). “Media Logic in Cyberspace: Repositioning Journalism and Its Publics”, Javnost/The Public 3(3), s. 59–72.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1981). Writing and Difference, translated by A. Bass. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Derrida, Jacques (1999). “Platon’un Eczanesi”, çev. Zeynep Direk, Toplumbilim: Derrida Özel Sayısı, Sayı: 10, s.63-82.
  • Deuze, Mark (2001). “Online Journalism: Modelling the First Generation of News Media on the World Wide Web”. First Monday 6(10). http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/ issue6_10/deuze/index.html (Erişim Tarihi: 28.01.2004).
  • Deuze, Mark (2003). “The Web and Its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of News Media Online”, New Media & Society, 5(2), s.203-230.
  • Deuze, Mark (2006). “Liquid Journalism”, Political Communication Report, 16(1), http://www.mtsu.edu/~pcr/1601_2005_winter/roundtable_Deuze.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2009).
  • Deuze, Mark (2007). Media Work, Cambridge, Polity.
  • Dimitrova, Daniela V., Connolly-Ahern, Colleen, Williams, Andrew Paul, Kaid, Lynda Lee ve Reid Amanda (2003). “Hyperlinking as Gatekeeping: Online Newspaper Coverage of the Execution of an American Terrorist”, Journalism Studies, 4(3), s. 401- 414.
  • Engebretsen, Martin (2005). Writing for the Web: An Introduction to Online Journalism, Tartu University, Vytauto Didziojo Universitetas.
  • Ess, Charles (2009). Digital Media Ethics, Cambridge, England: Polity Press.
  • Franklin, Bob; Hamer, Martin; Hanna, Mark; Kinsey, Marie ve Richardson, John E. (2005). Key Concepts in Journalism Studies, SAGE Publications, California.
  • Gülener, Serdar (2012). “Dijital Hafızadan Silinmeyi İstemek: Temel Bir İnsan Hakkı Olarak “Unutulma Hakkı”, TBB Dergisi, 2012 (102), s. 219-240.
  • Heinonen, Ari (1999). Journalism in the Age of the Net, University of Tampere Bookshop, Finland.
  • Hibbert, Bill (1998). “Publishing and the Media Industries in the Digital Age”, Info: The Journal of Policy, Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunications, Information and Media, 1, s. 393-403.
  • Himelboim, Itai (2010). “The International Network Structure ofNews Media: An Analysis of Hyperlinks Usage in News Web Sites”, Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 54(3), 2010, s. 373–390.
  • Horrocks, Clare (2014). “Nineteenth-Century Journalism Online—The Market Versus Academia?”, Media History, Vol.20, No.1,s.21-33.
  • Jones, Rodney H. ; Hafner, Christoph A. (2012). Understanding Digital Literecies, Routledge, Oxon, USAve Canada.
  • Karlsson, Michael; Clerwall, Christer ve Örnebring, Henrik (2014). “Hyperlinking Practices in Swedish Online News 2007–2013: The Rise, Fall, and Stagnation of Hyperlinking as a Journalistic Tool”, Information, Communication & Society, Published online: 24 Nov 2014, s.1-17.
  • Lee, Alice Y.L., (2012). “Online News Media in the Web 2.0 Era: From Boundary Dissolution to Journalistic Transformation, Chinese Journal of Communication, ifirst, s.1-17.
  • Levi, Michael D. ve Conrad, Frederick G. (1996). “A Heuristic Evaluation of a World Wide Web Prototype”, Interactions, July/August, s. 50-61.
  • Lewis, Diana M. (2003). “Online News: A New Genre?”, New Media Language, ed. Jean Aitchison ve Diana M. Lewis, Routledge, Londra ve New York, s. 95-104.
  • Martin, Meg (2011). “Online Journalism Ethics: Guidelines from the Conference”, Poynter, http://www.poynter.org/uncategorized/80445/online-journalism-ethics- guidelines-from-the-conference/ (Erişim Tarihi: 30.11.2014).
  • Mosco, Vincent (2004). The Digital Sublime: Myth, Power, and Cyberspace, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Newhagen, John E. ve Sheizaf, Rafaeli (1996). “Why Communication Researchers Should Study the Internet: a Dialogue”, Political Communication, 46(1), s. 4–13.
  • Nisenholtz, Martin (2008). “The Hyperlinked News Organization”, içinde The Hyperlinked Society, ed. Joseph Turow ve Lokman Tsui, The University of Michigan Press, USA.
  • Oblak, Tanja (2005). “The Lack of Interactivity and Hypertextuality in Online Media”, Gazette: The International Journal for Communication Studies, 67(1), s. 87-106.
  • Opgenhaffen, Michaël (2009). Multimedia, Interactivity, and Hypertext in Online News: Effect on News Processing and Objective and Subjective Knowledge, Katholıeke Unıversiteit Leuven Faculteıt Socıale Wetenschappen.
  • Pavlik, John V. (1999). “New Media and News: Implications for the Fsuture of Journalism”, New Media & Society, April, 1, s. 154-59.
  • Pew (2005). “How Women and Men Use the İnternet”, Internet&American Life Project. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
  • Pew (2013). Pew Research Center’s 2013 State of the News Media Report.
  • Pryor, Larry (2002). “The Third Wave of Online Journalism”, Online Journalism Review, 18 April, http://www.ojr.org/ojr/future/1019174689.php, (Erişim Tarihi: 04.04.2002).
  • Quandt, Thorsten (2006). “(No) News on the World Wide Web? A comparative content analysis of journalistic news sites in four European countries”, International Conference: Thinking Journalism Across National Boundaries: New Challenges and Emergent Perspectives (3—5 November 2006, Porto Alegre, Brazil), s.1-17.
  • Ritzer, George ve Stepnisky, Jeffery (2014). Sosyoloji Kuramları, Çev. Himmet Hülür, Ankara, De Ki Basım Yayım.
  • Steensen, Steen (2009). “What’s Stopping Them? Towards a Grounded Theory of Innovation in Online Journalism.”, Journalism Studies, 10 (6), s. 821–836.
  • Stephens, Mithchell (1998). The Rise of the Image the Fall of The Word, New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Tsui, Lokman (2008). “The Hyperlink in Newspapers and Blogs”, The Hyperlinked Society, ed. Joseph Turow ve Lokman Tsui, The University of Michigan Press, USA, s.70-84.
  • UCLA (2003). The UCLA İnternet Report Year Three- Surveying the Digital Future, Los Angeles: UCLA Center for Communication Policy.
  • Weinberger, David (2008). “The Morality of Links”, içinde The Hyperlinked Society, ed. Joseph Turow ve Lokman Tsui, The University of Michigan Press, USA.
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fatma Bilge Narin This is me

Publication Date December 25, 2016
Submission Date September 25, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Issue: 43

Cite

APA Narin, F. B. (2016). İnternet Gazeteciliğinde Hipermetin Üretimi. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2016(43), 118-149.