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Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Topluluk Önünde Konuşma Kaygısının Nedenleri ve Geliştirilen Baş Etme Mekanizmaları

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 351 - 367, 11.12.2018

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı, üniversite öğrencilerinin topluluk karşısında konuşmaktan doğan iletişim kaygılarının nedenlerinin belirlenmesi, bu iletişim görevi süresince yaşanılan bilişsel, duygusal ve davranışsal değişimlerin ve baş etme mekanizmalarının anlaşılmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda topluluk karşısında konuşma görevi verildiğinde yoğun kaygı yaşadığını ifade eden otuz üniversite öğrencisiyle odak grup görüşme yöntemi kullanılarak derinlemesine görüşmeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular değerlendirildiğinde katılımcıların iletişim kaygısının kaynağının, özellikle ebeveyn tutumları, okul deneyimleri ve genetik yatkınlık olduğu bulunmuştur. Kaygıyla baş etmeye yönelik olarak öğrencilerin, genellikle beceri geliştirme egzersizleri yapmanın yanı sıra sosyal destek sistemlerinden de yararlandıkları fakat bu çabaların genellikle sonuç vermediği bulunmuştur.

References

  • Avtgis, T. A. (1999). “The relationship between unwillingness to communicate and family communication patterns.” Communication Research Reports, 16, 333–338. DOI: 10.1080/08824099909388734
  • Ayres, J. (1986). “Perceptions of speaking ability: An explanation for stage fright.” Communication Education, 35, 275-287 DOI: 10.1080/03634528609388350
  • Ayres, J. (1988). “Antecedents of communication apprehension: A reaffirmation.” Communication Research Reports, 5, 76-83. DOI: 10.1080/08824098809359804
  • Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J.C., & Heisel, A. D. (1998). “Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm.” Communication Monograph.o, 65, 197-219. DOI: 10.1080/03637759809376448
  • Beatty, M. J., Plax, T. G., & Kearney, P. (1985). “Reinforcement versus modeling in the development of communication apprehension.” Communication Research Reports, 2, 80-85.
  • Behnke, R. R., Sawyer, C. R., & King, P. E. (1994). “Contagion theory and the communication of public speaking state anxiety.” Communication Education, 43, 246- 251 DOI: 10.1080/03634529409378981
  • Booth-Butterfíeld, S. (1988). “Inhibition and student recall of instructional messages.” Communication Education, 37, 312-324 DOI: 10.1080/03634528809378732
  • Buss, A. H. (1980). “Self-consciousness and social anxiety.” San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Comp
  • Chesebro, J. W., McCroskey, J. C, Atwater, D. F., Bahrenfuss, R. M., Cawleti, G., & Gaudino, J. L. (1992). “Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence of at-risk students.” Communication Education, 41, 345-360 DOI: 10.1080/03634529209378897
  • Daly, J. A., & Buss, A. H. (1984). “The transitory causes of audience anxiety.” In J. A. Daly &J. C. McCroskey (Eds.),“Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension” (1st ed., ss. 67-78). Beverly Hills, CA
  • Daly, J. A., & Friedrich, G. (1981). “The development of communication apprehension: A retrospective analysis of contributing correlates.” Communication Quarterly, 29, 243-255 DOI: 10.1080/01463378109369412
  • Daly, J. A., Lawrence, S. G. (1985). “Conceptualizing conversational complexity.” Human Communication Research 12.1: 30-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00065.x
  • Daly, J. A., Vangelisti, A. L., & Lawrence, S. G. (1989). “Self-focused attention and public speaking anxiety.” Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 903-913 DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90025-1
  • Daly, J. A., Vangelisti, A. L, Neel, H. L, & Gavanaugh, P. D. (1989). “Pre-performance concerns associated with public speaking anxiety.” Communication Quarterly, 37, 39-53 DOI: 10.1080/01463378909385524
  • Daly, J. A., Vangelisti, A. L., & Weber, D. J. (1995). “Speech anxiety affects how people prepare speeches: A protocol analysis of the preparation processes of speakers.” Communication Monographs, 62, 383-397 DOI: 10.1080/03637759509376368
  • Denny, N. W., & Connors, G. J. (1974). “Altering the questioning strategies of preschool children.” Child Development, 45, 1108-1112. DOI: 10.2307/1128103
  • Elwood, T. D., & Schrader, D. C. (1998). “Family communication patterns and communication apprehension.” Journal of Social Behavior and personality, 13, 493-502.
  • Evers-Pasquale, W., & Sherman, M. (1975). “The reward value of peers: A variable influencing the efficiency of filmed modeling in social isolation in preschoolers.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 179-189.
  • Eysenck, H.J. (1986). “Can personality study ever be scientific?” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 3- 20.
  • Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2004). “Family communication patterns theory: Observations on its development and application.” The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3&4), 167-179. DOI: 10.1080/15267431.2004.9670129
  • Garrison, J.P & Garrison, K.R. (1979) “Measurement of oral communication apprehension among children: A factor in the development of basic speech skills”, Communication Education, 28:2, 119-128, DOI: 10.1080/03634527909378340
  • Glowgower, F. D., Fremouw, W. J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1978). “A component analysis of cognitive restructuring.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 209-223.
  • Horvath, C.W. (1995). “Biological origins of communicator style.” Communication Quarterly, 43, 394-407 DOI: 10.1080/01463379509369987
  • Horvath, C. W. (1998). “Biological origins of communicator style.” In J. C. McCroskey, J. A. Daly, M. M. Martin, & M. J. Beatty (Eds.), “Communication and personality: Trait perspectives” (pp. 69-94). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press
  • Hsu, C. F. (1998). “Relationships between family characteristics and communication apprehension.” Communication Research Reports, 15, 91–98. DOI: 10.1080/08824099809362101
  • Huang, L. N. (1999). “Family communication patterns and personality characteristics.” Communication Quarterly, 47, 230–243. DOI: 10.1080/01463379909370136
  • Hutchinson, K. L., & Neuliep, J. W. (1993). “The influence of parent and peer modeling on the development of communication apprehension in elementary school children.” Communication Quarterly, 41, 16-25 DOI: 10.1080/01463379309369864
  • Jakibchuk, Z., & Smerigilio, V. L., (1976). “The influence of symbolic modeling on the social behavior of preschool children with low levels of social responsiveness.” Child Development, 47, 338-341. DOI: 10.2307/1128203
  • Kelly, L., Keaten, J. A., Finch, C., Duarte, I. B., Hoffman, P., & Michels, M. M. (2002). “Family communication patterns and the development of reticence.” Communication Education, 51(2), 202-209. DOI: 10.1080/03634520216506
  • Maclntyre, P. D., Thivierge, K. A., & MacDonald, J. R. (1997). “The effects of audience interest, responsiveness, and evaluation on public speaking anxiety and related variables.” Communication Research Reports, 14, 157-168 DOI: 10.1080/08824099709388657
  • McCroskey, J. C. (1970). “Measures of communication-bound anxiety.” Speech Monographs, 37, 269-277.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Andersen, J. F. (1976). “The relationship between communication apprehension and academic achievement among college students.” Human Communication Research, 3, 73-81 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00506.x
  • McCroskey, J. C., Daly, J. A., & Sorensen, G. A. (1976). “Personality correlates of communication apprehension: A research note”. Human Communication Research, 2, 376-380.
  • McCroskey,J.C. (1977). “Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research.” Human Communication Research, 4, 78-96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x
  • McCroskey, J. C. (1982). “Oral communication apprehension: A reconceptualization.” In M. E. Burgoon (Ed.), Communication year book 6 (pp. 136-170). Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • McCroskey, J. C., Booth-Butterfield, S., & Payne, S. K. (1989). “The impact of communication apprehension on college student retention and success.” Communication Quarterly, 37, 100-108 DOI: 10.1080/01463378909385531
  • McCroskey, J. C., & McVetta, R. W. (1978). “Classroom seating arrangements: Instructional communication theory versus student preferences.” Communication Education, 27, 101-102. DOI: 10.1080/03634527809378281
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1976). “The effects of communication apprehension on the perception of peers.” Western Speech Communication Journal, 40, 14-21. DOI: 10.1080/10570317609373881
  • Melanlıoğlu, D., Demir, T. (2013). “Türkçe Öğrenen Yabancılar İçin Konuşma Kaygısı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6 (3), 389-404.
  • Michael J. Beatty & P. J. Beatty (1976). “Interpersonal communications anxiety.” Theory Into Practice, 15:5, 368-372 DOI: 10.1080/00405847609542660
  • Moerk, E. L. (1975). “Verbal interaction between children and their mothers during preschool years.” Developmental Psychology, 11, 788-794. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.11.6.788
  • Mowrer, O.H. (1960). “Learning theory and behavior.” New York: Wiley.
  • Mussen, P. H., Congor, J.J., & Kagan, J . (1974). “Child development and personality.” NewYork: Harper & Row.
  • O’Connor, R. D. (1972). “Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 327-334. DOI: 10.1037/h0033226
  • Olaniran B. A., & Roach, K. D. (1994). “Communication apprehension and classroom apprehension in Nigerian classrooms.” Communication Quarterly, 42, 379-389. DOI: 10.1080/01463379409369944
  • Phillips. G. M. (1968). “Reticence: Pathology of the normal speaker.” Speech Monographs,35. 39- 49. DOI: 10.1080/03637756809375564
  • Powers, W. C., & Hutchinson, K. L. (1979). “The measurement of communication apprehension in the marriage relationship.” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 89-95. DOI: 10.1080/01463379309369864
  • Richardson, S. A., Hastorf, A., & Dornbusch, S. (1964) “Effects of physical disability on a child’s description of himself.” Child Development, 35, 893-907.
  • Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1989). “Communication: Apprehension, avoidance, and effectiveness (2nd ed.).” Scottsdale, Arizona: Gorsuch Scarisbrick, Publishers.
  • Roach, K.D. (1998). “Teaching assistant communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and state communication anxiety in the classroom”, Communication Research Reports, 15:2, 130-140, DOI: 10.1080/08824099809362107
  • Seitz, S., & Stewart, C. (1975). “Imitation and expansion: Some developmental aspects of motherchild communications.” Developmental Psychology, 11, 763-768. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.11.6.763
  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). “Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model.” Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641
  • Sibinga, M.S. and Friedman, C.J. (1971). “Complexities of parental understanding of phenylketonuria.” Pediatrics 48: 216-224
  • Skinner, B. F. (1938). “The Behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis.” New York: Appleton- Century.
  • Skinner, B.F. (1957). “Verbal behavior.” New York: Appleton-Century-Croft. Williamson, A. M., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Turtle, L. (1991). “The effects of trait CA and spouse CA on communication satisfaction in intimate relationships.” Paper presented to the Speech Communication Association, Atlanta, GA.
  • Whitehurst, G. J. (1976). “The development of communication: Change with usage and modeling.” Child Development, 47, 473-482 DOI: 10.2307/1128804

The Causes Communication Apprehension For Public Speaking Among University Students And The Coping Mechanisms Developed

Year 2018, Issue: 47, 351 - 367, 11.12.2018

Abstract

The aim of this study is both to uncover the causes of communication apprehension owing to the fact that university students’ public speaking and to understand the mechanisms
experienced cognitive, emotional and behavioral changes during the given public speaking task and also their coping mechanisms. To this end, deep analyses with the method of focus group are done by thirty university students who have high communication concerns when they are given public speeches. When the findings are evaluated, especially attitudes of parents, school experiences and genetic predisposition are founded as the main causes of participants’ communication concerns. Besides, the findings indicate that in order to cope with anxiety, students usually make some practices to improve their skills and take some helps form social support systems but these attempts do not usually give positive results.

References

  • Avtgis, T. A. (1999). “The relationship between unwillingness to communicate and family communication patterns.” Communication Research Reports, 16, 333–338. DOI: 10.1080/08824099909388734
  • Ayres, J. (1986). “Perceptions of speaking ability: An explanation for stage fright.” Communication Education, 35, 275-287 DOI: 10.1080/03634528609388350
  • Ayres, J. (1988). “Antecedents of communication apprehension: A reaffirmation.” Communication Research Reports, 5, 76-83. DOI: 10.1080/08824098809359804
  • Beatty, M. J., McCroskey, J.C., & Heisel, A. D. (1998). “Communication apprehension as temperamental expression: A communibiological paradigm.” Communication Monograph.o, 65, 197-219. DOI: 10.1080/03637759809376448
  • Beatty, M. J., Plax, T. G., & Kearney, P. (1985). “Reinforcement versus modeling in the development of communication apprehension.” Communication Research Reports, 2, 80-85.
  • Behnke, R. R., Sawyer, C. R., & King, P. E. (1994). “Contagion theory and the communication of public speaking state anxiety.” Communication Education, 43, 246- 251 DOI: 10.1080/03634529409378981
  • Booth-Butterfíeld, S. (1988). “Inhibition and student recall of instructional messages.” Communication Education, 37, 312-324 DOI: 10.1080/03634528809378732
  • Buss, A. H. (1980). “Self-consciousness and social anxiety.” San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Comp
  • Chesebro, J. W., McCroskey, J. C, Atwater, D. F., Bahrenfuss, R. M., Cawleti, G., & Gaudino, J. L. (1992). “Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence of at-risk students.” Communication Education, 41, 345-360 DOI: 10.1080/03634529209378897
  • Daly, J. A., & Buss, A. H. (1984). “The transitory causes of audience anxiety.” In J. A. Daly &J. C. McCroskey (Eds.),“Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension” (1st ed., ss. 67-78). Beverly Hills, CA
  • Daly, J. A., & Friedrich, G. (1981). “The development of communication apprehension: A retrospective analysis of contributing correlates.” Communication Quarterly, 29, 243-255 DOI: 10.1080/01463378109369412
  • Daly, J. A., Lawrence, S. G. (1985). “Conceptualizing conversational complexity.” Human Communication Research 12.1: 30-53. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1985.tb00065.x
  • Daly, J. A., Vangelisti, A. L., & Lawrence, S. G. (1989). “Self-focused attention and public speaking anxiety.” Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 903-913 DOI: 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90025-1
  • Daly, J. A., Vangelisti, A. L, Neel, H. L, & Gavanaugh, P. D. (1989). “Pre-performance concerns associated with public speaking anxiety.” Communication Quarterly, 37, 39-53 DOI: 10.1080/01463378909385524
  • Daly, J. A., Vangelisti, A. L., & Weber, D. J. (1995). “Speech anxiety affects how people prepare speeches: A protocol analysis of the preparation processes of speakers.” Communication Monographs, 62, 383-397 DOI: 10.1080/03637759509376368
  • Denny, N. W., & Connors, G. J. (1974). “Altering the questioning strategies of preschool children.” Child Development, 45, 1108-1112. DOI: 10.2307/1128103
  • Elwood, T. D., & Schrader, D. C. (1998). “Family communication patterns and communication apprehension.” Journal of Social Behavior and personality, 13, 493-502.
  • Evers-Pasquale, W., & Sherman, M. (1975). “The reward value of peers: A variable influencing the efficiency of filmed modeling in social isolation in preschoolers.” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 3, 179-189.
  • Eysenck, H.J. (1986). “Can personality study ever be scientific?” Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 7, 3- 20.
  • Fitzpatrick, M. A. (2004). “Family communication patterns theory: Observations on its development and application.” The Journal of Family Communication, 4(3&4), 167-179. DOI: 10.1080/15267431.2004.9670129
  • Garrison, J.P & Garrison, K.R. (1979) “Measurement of oral communication apprehension among children: A factor in the development of basic speech skills”, Communication Education, 28:2, 119-128, DOI: 10.1080/03634527909378340
  • Glowgower, F. D., Fremouw, W. J., & McCroskey, J. C. (1978). “A component analysis of cognitive restructuring.” Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2, 209-223.
  • Horvath, C.W. (1995). “Biological origins of communicator style.” Communication Quarterly, 43, 394-407 DOI: 10.1080/01463379509369987
  • Horvath, C. W. (1998). “Biological origins of communicator style.” In J. C. McCroskey, J. A. Daly, M. M. Martin, & M. J. Beatty (Eds.), “Communication and personality: Trait perspectives” (pp. 69-94). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press
  • Hsu, C. F. (1998). “Relationships between family characteristics and communication apprehension.” Communication Research Reports, 15, 91–98. DOI: 10.1080/08824099809362101
  • Huang, L. N. (1999). “Family communication patterns and personality characteristics.” Communication Quarterly, 47, 230–243. DOI: 10.1080/01463379909370136
  • Hutchinson, K. L., & Neuliep, J. W. (1993). “The influence of parent and peer modeling on the development of communication apprehension in elementary school children.” Communication Quarterly, 41, 16-25 DOI: 10.1080/01463379309369864
  • Jakibchuk, Z., & Smerigilio, V. L., (1976). “The influence of symbolic modeling on the social behavior of preschool children with low levels of social responsiveness.” Child Development, 47, 338-341. DOI: 10.2307/1128203
  • Kelly, L., Keaten, J. A., Finch, C., Duarte, I. B., Hoffman, P., & Michels, M. M. (2002). “Family communication patterns and the development of reticence.” Communication Education, 51(2), 202-209. DOI: 10.1080/03634520216506
  • Maclntyre, P. D., Thivierge, K. A., & MacDonald, J. R. (1997). “The effects of audience interest, responsiveness, and evaluation on public speaking anxiety and related variables.” Communication Research Reports, 14, 157-168 DOI: 10.1080/08824099709388657
  • McCroskey, J. C. (1970). “Measures of communication-bound anxiety.” Speech Monographs, 37, 269-277.
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Andersen, J. F. (1976). “The relationship between communication apprehension and academic achievement among college students.” Human Communication Research, 3, 73-81 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1976.tb00506.x
  • McCroskey, J. C., Daly, J. A., & Sorensen, G. A. (1976). “Personality correlates of communication apprehension: A research note”. Human Communication Research, 2, 376-380.
  • McCroskey,J.C. (1977). “Oral communication apprehension: A summary of recent theory and research.” Human Communication Research, 4, 78-96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.1977.tb00599.x
  • McCroskey, J. C. (1982). “Oral communication apprehension: A reconceptualization.” In M. E. Burgoon (Ed.), Communication year book 6 (pp. 136-170). Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • McCroskey, J. C., Booth-Butterfield, S., & Payne, S. K. (1989). “The impact of communication apprehension on college student retention and success.” Communication Quarterly, 37, 100-108 DOI: 10.1080/01463378909385531
  • McCroskey, J. C., & McVetta, R. W. (1978). “Classroom seating arrangements: Instructional communication theory versus student preferences.” Communication Education, 27, 101-102. DOI: 10.1080/03634527809378281
  • McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1976). “The effects of communication apprehension on the perception of peers.” Western Speech Communication Journal, 40, 14-21. DOI: 10.1080/10570317609373881
  • Melanlıoğlu, D., Demir, T. (2013). “Türkçe Öğrenen Yabancılar İçin Konuşma Kaygısı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Formunun Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6 (3), 389-404.
  • Michael J. Beatty & P. J. Beatty (1976). “Interpersonal communications anxiety.” Theory Into Practice, 15:5, 368-372 DOI: 10.1080/00405847609542660
  • Moerk, E. L. (1975). “Verbal interaction between children and their mothers during preschool years.” Developmental Psychology, 11, 788-794. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.11.6.788
  • Mowrer, O.H. (1960). “Learning theory and behavior.” New York: Wiley.
  • Mussen, P. H., Congor, J.J., & Kagan, J . (1974). “Child development and personality.” NewYork: Harper & Row.
  • O’Connor, R. D. (1972). “Modification of social withdrawal through symbolic modeling.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 79, 327-334. DOI: 10.1037/h0033226
  • Olaniran B. A., & Roach, K. D. (1994). “Communication apprehension and classroom apprehension in Nigerian classrooms.” Communication Quarterly, 42, 379-389. DOI: 10.1080/01463379409369944
  • Phillips. G. M. (1968). “Reticence: Pathology of the normal speaker.” Speech Monographs,35. 39- 49. DOI: 10.1080/03637756809375564
  • Powers, W. C., & Hutchinson, K. L. (1979). “The measurement of communication apprehension in the marriage relationship.” Journal of Marriage and the Family, 41, 89-95. DOI: 10.1080/01463379309369864
  • Richardson, S. A., Hastorf, A., & Dornbusch, S. (1964) “Effects of physical disability on a child’s description of himself.” Child Development, 35, 893-907.
  • Richmond, V. P., & McCroskey, J. C. (1989). “Communication: Apprehension, avoidance, and effectiveness (2nd ed.).” Scottsdale, Arizona: Gorsuch Scarisbrick, Publishers.
  • Roach, K.D. (1998). “Teaching assistant communication apprehension, willingness to communicate, and state communication anxiety in the classroom”, Communication Research Reports, 15:2, 130-140, DOI: 10.1080/08824099809362107
  • Seitz, S., & Stewart, C. (1975). “Imitation and expansion: Some developmental aspects of motherchild communications.” Developmental Psychology, 11, 763-768. DOI: 10.1037/0012-1649.11.6.763
  • Schlenker, B. R., & Leary, M. R. (1982). “Social anxiety and self-presentation: A conceptualization and model.” Psychological Bulletin, 92, 641-669. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.641
  • Sibinga, M.S. and Friedman, C.J. (1971). “Complexities of parental understanding of phenylketonuria.” Pediatrics 48: 216-224
  • Skinner, B. F. (1938). “The Behavior of organisms: An experimental analysis.” New York: Appleton- Century.
  • Skinner, B.F. (1957). “Verbal behavior.” New York: Appleton-Century-Croft. Williamson, A. M., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Turtle, L. (1991). “The effects of trait CA and spouse CA on communication satisfaction in intimate relationships.” Paper presented to the Speech Communication Association, Atlanta, GA.
  • Whitehurst, G. J. (1976). “The development of communication: Change with usage and modeling.” Child Development, 47, 473-482 DOI: 10.2307/1128804
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ömer Erdoğan This is me

Publication Date December 11, 2018
Submission Date September 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Issue: 47

Cite

APA Erdoğan, Ö. (2018). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Topluluk Önünde Konuşma Kaygısının Nedenleri ve Geliştirilen Baş Etme Mekanizmaları. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2022(47), 351-367.